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1.
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.  相似文献   

2.
Although alterations in biomarkers of cartilage turnover in synovial fluid (SF) have been demonstrated in horses with osteochondrosis (OC), there have been few investigations of such alterations in animals <1 year old. In this study tarsocrural SF samples from foals aged 18, 22 and 52 weeks of age were assessed for: (1) ‘turnover’ biomarkers of type II collagen (CPII and C2C) and proteoglycan (CS846 and glycosaminoglycans [GAG]); (2) matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity; (3) insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1; (4) transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1; (5) prostaglandin (PG) E2; and (6) leukotriene B4.Using a linear mixed model, the concentration of biomarkers was compared between animals that developed or did not develop radiographic evidence of OC at 24 or 48 weeks of age. The CPII:C2C ratio tended to be higher in OC-affected joints compared to controls at all ages, and this difference was statistically significant at 22 weeks of age. The concentrations of CS846 and IGF-1, and the CS846:GAG ratio were reduced in OC-affected joints relative to controls at 18 weeks of age only. At 52 weeks of age, the PGE2 concentration was lower in joints with OC. Overall, there appears to be a consistent anabolic shift in type II collagen turnover in juvenile joints affected by OC. Aberrant proteoglycan turnover is not a hallmark of the late repair of this lesion but reduced concentrations of IGF-1 in SF may be associated with early-stage lesions.  相似文献   

3.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of serum concentrations of biochemical markers of bone metabolism (osteocalcin [OC], bone-specific alkaline phosphatase [BS-ALP], and deoxypyridinoline [DPYR]) to compare healing in infected versus noninfected fractures and in fractures with normal repair versus delayed (nonunion) repair in rabbits. ANIMALS: 32 female 9- to 10-month-old New Zealand White rabbits. PROCEDURE: A femoral fracture defect was made in each rabbit. Rabbits were assigned to the following groups: the bone morphogenetic-2 gene treatment group with either noninfected nonunion or infected (ie, inoculation of defects with Staphylococcus aureus) nonunion fractures or the luciferase (control) gene treatment group with either noninfected nonunion or infected nonunion fractures. Serum samples were obtained before surgery (time 0) and 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks after surgery. Callus formation and lysis grades were evaluated radiographically at 16 weeks. RESULTS: Serum OC and BS-ALP concentrations decreased from time 0 at 4 weeks, peaked at 8 weeks, and then decreased. Serum DPYR concentration peaked at 4 weeks and then decreased, independent of gene treatment group or fracture infection status. Compared with rabbits with noninfected fractures, those with infected fractures had lower serum OC and BS-ALP concentrations at 4 weeks, higher serum OC concentrations at 16 weeks, and higher serum DPYR concentrations at 4, 8, and 16 weeks. Combined serum OC, BS-ALP, and DPYR concentrations provided an accuracy of 96% for prediction of fracture infection status at 4 weeks. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Measurement of multiple serum biochemical markers of bone metabolism could be useful for clinical evaluation of fracture healing and early diagnosis of osteomyelitis.  相似文献   

4.
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum or synovial fluid concentrations of chondroitin sulfate epitope 846 and carboxy propeptides of type II collagen (CPII) can be used to diagnose osteochondral fragmentation (OC) in horses. ANIMALS: 38 horses with unilateral OC of the radiocarpal (n = 31) or intercarpal (33) joints and 8 clinically and radiographically normal horses. Procedures-For horses with OC, serum and synovial fluid concentrations of epitope 846, CPII, and keratan sulfate (KS) were determined, along with synovial fluid WBC counts and total protein concentrations. Serum epitope 846, CPII, and KS concentrations were measured in control horses. RESULTS: Synovial fluid epitope 846 and total protein concentrations were significantly higher in the joints with OC than in unaffected joints, but CPII and KS concentrations and WBC counts were not. Synovial fluid total protein and 846 epitope concentrations were linearly related to grade of OC. Serum epitope 846 and CPII concentrations were significantly higher in horses with OC than in control horses. Discriminant analysis allowed 27 of 34 (79%) horses to be correctly classified as having or not having OC on the basis of serum epitope 846 and CPII concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that serum and synovial fluid concentrations of epitope 846 and CPII are associated with OC. Increases in concentrations of epitope 846 and CPII suggest that increased synthesis of cartilage aggrecan and type II procollagen may be associated with OC. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Measurement of serum epitope 846 and CPII concentrations may be useful in the diagnosis of OC in horses.  相似文献   

5.
The influence of supplements containing magnesium on the etiology of osteochondrosis (OC) is unknown. We did two studies to measure the effect of additional minerals (especially magnesium) on OC. In study 1 (five studs, in total 64 mares and foals aged 0 to 5 months, equally divided into two groups), supplementation with minerals and placebo was used. Blood samples were taken from foals at age of 2, 8, and 16 weeks. At the same time, milk samples were taken from the mare. Bone biomarkers (osteocalcin and C-terminal telopeptide [CTx] of type I [CTx-1] collagen) and minerals (calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium) were measured in blood and the same minerals in milk of the mare. At the end of the study, the femoropatellar (knee), tarsocrural (hock), and metacarpophalangeal and/or metatarsophalangeal (fetlock) were radiographed and scored for the presence and grade of osteochondrotic lesions. In study 2 (six studs, 54 foals aged 5 to 12 months, equally divided into two groups), the same was repeated. At the start and end of the study, again blood samples were taken and analyzed on the same parameters as in study 1. Also, the same radiography was done. In study 1 in the mineral supplemented group, 21.9% were diagnosed with osteochondrosis compared with 41.9% in the placebo group. In study 2, there was no change in OC between 5 and 12 months in the placebo group whereas there was a drop of 14.3% in incidence in the supplement group. We concluded that magnesium supplementation reduced OC prevalence.  相似文献   

6.
Seven untrained Standardbred horses were used in a training programme of 6 weeks to evaluate the effects of exercise and training on bone metabolism. The horses were exercised on a treadmill according to a standardized exercise test (SET 1: six incremental steps, 5 min duration each; start 5 m/s, increase 1 m/s). SET 1 was followed by a training programme of 6 weeks. In alternating order: high-speed exercise (HSE): 15 min duration, start at VLa4, continuous increase in speed every 60 s by 0.3 m/s (14 incremental steps); low-speed exercise (LSE): constant velocity at VLa2.5, duration: approximately 60-90 min (total training programme: eight HSE and eight LSE sessions). SET 2 finished the training programme and a deconditioning period of 12 weeks followed. Blood samples for lactate, total plasma protein (TPP), osteocalcin, and ICTP (cross-linked C-telopeptide of type I collagen) were collected. ICTP increased during SET 1 and SET 2, whereas osteocalcin decreased to below resting concentration 24 h after SET 1. A rise in ICTP was observed during LSE 1 and LSE 8, which was followed by a drop 24 h after exercise. No changes in osteocalcin were noted during LSE 1, but 24 h after LSE 1 osteocalcin dropped to below pre-exercise levels. LSE 8 resulted in an increase in osteocalcin, followed by a drop 24 h after LSE 8. Osteocalcin and ICTP were not affected by HSE. Baseline osteocalcin levels dropped during the course of training. The acute response of biochemical bone markers indicates a direct influence of a single bout of exercise on bone metabolism.  相似文献   

7.
Three experiments were conducted to evaluate serum osteocalcin concentrations in normal weanling and yearling Quarter Horses. In Experiment 1, jugular blood samples were taken at 3 hr intervals for 24 hr to evaluate diurnal changes in serum osteocalcin concentration of foals (n=3) and yearlings (n=5). In Experiment 2, twelve Quarter Horse foals were weaned at 4 months of age to determine the influence of sex, weaning and method of weaning of serum osteocalcin concentration. The third experiment utilized fifteen yearling Quarter Horses (7 geldings, 8 fillies) in a two-phase trial to evaluate normal peripheral osteocalcin concentration in sedentary and exercising horses. In Experiment 1, there was no detectable variation (P>.05) in serum osteocalcin concentration during the 24 hr sample period in either age group. In Experiment 2, colts had greater (P<.05) osteocalcin concentrations than fillies at weaning. Method of weaning did not alter mean serum osteocalcin concentration (P>.1). Serum osteocalcin concentrations declined (P<.05) in all horses following weaning but returned to preweaning levels within one week. In Experiment 3, sedentary horses had similar (P>.1) osteocalcin concentrations on d 0, 45 and 90. Serum osteocalcin concentrations of sedentary horses were not affected by sex (P>.1). During exercise, fillies had greater (P<.05) osteocalcin concentrations than geldings. Serum osteocalcin concentrations of all horses declined linearly (P<.0001) during the 90 d exercise period. Osteocalcin may be useful as a tool to assess bone metabolism during growth and physical conditioning in horses. However, variability in serum osteocalcin concentrations due to age, sex and level of activity suggest that these factors must also be considered.  相似文献   

8.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of orally administered glucosamine on concentrations of markers of bone and cartilage metabolism in Standardbred horses during race training. ANIMALS: Twenty 16- to 20-month-old Standardbreds beginning race training. PROCEDURE: Horses were randomly assigned to 2 groups. One group received glucosamine hydrochloride (4 g, PO, q 12 h), and the second (control) group received glucose (4 g, PO, q 12 h). Serum samples were obtained prior to onset of the study (baseline) and at regular intervals for 48 weeks for determination of concentrations of keratan sulfate (KS), osteocalcin (OC), and pyridinoline crosslinks (PYD). RESULTS: Osteocalcin concentrations changed significantly with time; mean serum concentrations were significantly higher than baseline values for samples obtained at 24 to 48 weeks after onset of the study. Although a significant effect of time was observed for mean concentration of KS, concentrations did not differ significantly from baseline values at any time during the study when groups were analyzed separately. However, pooled analysis revealed significant increases of mean serum KS concentration at weeks 24 and 30. Significant changes in serum PYD concentrations were not detected. Oral administration of glucosamine did not significantly affect serum concentrations of any of the markers. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Increased serum OC in clinically normal Standardbreds during race training may reflect bone formation that accompanies adaptive remodeling of the appendicular skeleton. For these experimental conditions, glucosamine did not appear to exert a detectable influence on serum concentrations of these 3 markers of connective tissue metabolism.  相似文献   

9.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate diurnal variation in concentrations of selected markers of bone metabolism in dogs. ANIMALS: Ten 3- to 4-year-old ovariectomized Beagles. PROCEDURE: Blood and urine samples were obtained in the morning before dogs were fed (8 AM) and then at 2-hour intervals for 24 hours. This procedure was repeated 2 weeks later. Concentrations of osteocalcin (OC) and carboxy terminal telopeptide of type-I collagen (ICTP) were measured in serum, using a radioimmunoassay; concentrations of hydroxyproline (HYP), pyridinoline (PYD), and deoxypyridinoline (DPD) were analyzed in urine. Hydroxyproline concentration was measured by means of a colorimetric test, whereas PYD and DPD concentrations were quantified by use of high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS: In both parts of the study, HYP concentrations increased significantly, compared with values before feeding, until 8 hours after feeding; HYP concentrations then returned to prefeeding values. Concentrations of DPD and PYD decreased from before feeding until 2 PM and then increased until 8 PM. The ICTP concentrations slowly decreased until 4 PM but returned to prefeeding values thereafter. In both parts of the study, concentrations of OC decreased during the day and then increased to reach values similar to those obtained before feeding. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in the concentrations of bone markers were detected throughout the day in the dogs of this study. Increase in HYP concentration most likely was related to feeding. As documented for bone resorption and formation in other species, circadian rhythms were evident for concentrations of DPD, PYD, and OC. Investigators should consider the time of sample collection when measuring these markers.  相似文献   

10.
Using xeroradiographic techniques, both metacarpophalangeal regions of six quarter horse foals were radiographed at 1 day of age and at 2-week intervals until they were 6 weeks old, and then at 4-week intervals until they were 12 months old. Lateromedial and dorsopalmar xeroradiographs of each metacarpophalangeal region were made per examination; dorsomedial-palmarolateral projections of the left metacarpophalangeal joint of foal 6 were also made. The foals were weighed and measured at the withers immediately prior to each examination. Representative xeroradiographs were selected to demonstrate progression of the osteochondrosis (OCH) lesions in two of these foals. Radiographic evidence of osteochondrosis in the metacarpophalangeal region was first detected at 10 weeks and followed through 12 months of age. In one foal the lesions were bilaterally symmetric and involved the dorsoproximal aspect of the sagittal ridge of metacarpal 3; in the other, the left medial proximal sesamoid bone was affected. One of the sagittal ridge lesions progressed to osteochondritis dissecans by 26 weeks; the other sagittal ridge lesion and that of the sesamoid bone healed spontaneously, but residual radiographic evidence of the disease persisted throughout the study in both foals.  相似文献   

11.
Levels of alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin or bone Gla-protein, a new marker of bone metabolism, were analyzed in blood samples of 50 clinically normal female Standardbred horses between four months and twenty years of age. Samples were collected in the morning before exercise. Serum osteocalcin was measured by radioimmunoassay using bovine antibodies. There was a significant inverse correlation between alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin and the age of the animals up to 48 months. The decrease in osteocalcin levels in serum was very marked during the first 30 months of life. The mean osteocalcin concentration was respectively 47.3, 35.7 and 6.7 ng/mL for animals less than one year, between 1.5 and 2.5 years of age and older than 3.5 years. Alkaline phosphatase serum activity was higher in foals less than one year of age (means = 856 U/L) than in the two older groups (meansII = 339, meansIII = 351 U/L). We believe that osteocalcin is a useful parameter for the evaluation of bone metabolism in growing animals and in adults and is probably more specific than alkaline phosphatase.  相似文献   

12.
Developmental Orthopaedic Disease (DOD) in limb joints of horses is frequent and is a common cause of pain and lameness. DOD is a multifactorial disease involving genetics, growth, feeding practices and exercise conditions leading to joint injuries. However, there is no clear understanding of the contribution of each factor. The aim of this cohort study was to assess the adjusted effects of breed and gender, growth, feeding practices and exercise conditions on the prevalence of DOD in the limbs of foals at weaning and on the prevalence restricted to osteochondrosis (OC).Twenty-one farms in Normandy, France, were convenience sampled and enrolled in a cohort study. The study sample consisted of 401 foals from 3 breeds, followed from the 8th month of pregnancy of the mares until weaning period at approximately 6 months of age of the foals. Stud farms were regularly visited to collect growth, feeding practices and exercise conditions data. The carpus, the front and hind digits, the hock and the stifle of the foals were X-rayed at the end of follow-up. Foals were categorised as affected or unaffected by DOD or by OC. Two mixed-effects logistic regression models were used to determine risk factors for DOD or OC, adjusting for clustering by farm.Of the 378 foals with complete data, 47% (95% CI: 42–52) were affected by DOD and 36% (95% CI: 31–41) by OC. Risk was significantly increased for DOD and for OC in Warmblood foals compared to Thoroughbreds (OR 2.8; 95% CI: 1.2–6.5 for DOD, OR 2.9; 95% CI: 1.1–7.5 for OC), in foals with a high wither height at 30 days of age, and in foals with a rapid increase of wither height (for DOD only). Exercise conditions such as large area of pasture, some irregular exercise, or some batch changes were also significant risk factors for DOD or OC. No association was found with quantitative feeding practices; it was likely due to the limited variability of horse regimens and to the partial inclusion of nutritional effects in other factors such as breed and growth. In order to reduce the prevalence of DOD or OC in foals, following the growth and reducing nutritional supply in subjects growing fast, limiting the pasture areas offered and providing a regular exercise to foals seems appropriate. To our knowledge, to date the assessment of adjusted effects of potential risk factors for DOD has never been proposed.  相似文献   

13.
An inquiry was carried out to assess the concentrations of plasma metabolites related to bone remodelling in 21 saddle horses of Warmblood breed aged 4-26 years, five draught horses of Ardennes breed aged 4-10 years, and 10 Ardennes foals aged 9-11 months. They were fed according to normal feeding practice in Belgium. The changes in some bone remodelling plasma metabolite concentrations were studied when an unbalanced diet was offered and later corrected for four Warmblood horses. Bone formation was evaluated by bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP), total alkaline phosphatase (TALP) and osteocalcin (bone gla-protein, OC). Bone resorption was assessed by hydroxyproline (HYP). Total calcium, ionized calcium, phosphorus (P) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25-(OH)D] concentrations were more or less constant. The comparison of four bone remodelling factors between the Ardennes and Warmblood horses showed higher concentrations in the Ardennes breed. Bone marker concentrations decreased according to age. The correction of the unbalanced Ca : P diet induced inconsistent effects at plasma level. The interpretation of the different bone parameters appeared to be difficult if not associated with other parameters such as a complete anamnesis and clinical examination of the animal in addition to dietary evaluation.  相似文献   

14.
Serum markers of bone metabolism were analyzed in Arabian horses from birth through 2 yr. The marker of bone formation utilized was osteocalcin (OC), and the marker for degradation was carboxy-terminal pyridinoline cross-linked telopeptide region of type I collagen (ICTP). Blood samples were taken via jugular venipuncture the day of birth, d 15, d 30, d 45, d 60, and every 30 d thereafter through d 720. Serum was obtained and analyzed for OC and ICTP. Osteocalcin concentrations increased immediately after birth, were variable, and returned to baseline by d 300. By d 330, concentrations of OC began to decrease from d 0 and stayed at this lower concentration through d 510. From d 540 through 720, OC concentrations were similar to baseline. A decrease from baseline (d 0) in ICTP concentrations was seen on d 60, and ICTP continued to decline in concentration through d 720. Therefore, concentrations of OC and ICTP decreased over time as previously reported, and this study characterizes those changes on a monthly basis. Variability and general concentrations for OC and ICTP obtained in this study will provide valuable information for future experimental design and use of these markers in young horses and will aid researchers in determining treatment effects without being confounded by changes in concentrations caused by growth.  相似文献   

15.
旨在评价代乳粉对不同日龄驴驹生长性能的影响。分别选取2、3、4、5月龄出生日期、体重、胎次相近且健康状况良好的驴驹各10头,将相同月龄的驴驹随机分为试验组和对照组,每组5头,对照组驴驹随母驴哺乳,试验组驴驹饲喂代乳粉,试验期为30d。试验期间观察不同月龄驴驹的健康状况,测定并比较各月龄对照组及试验组驴驹在试验第0、10、20、30天的体重及体尺指标（体高、胸围、体斜长）,计算同月龄试验组和对照组驴驹的体重及各项体尺指标在试验期内不同时间段的日均变化值。结果表明,2月龄试验组驴驹的试验第10、20、30天体重均极显著（P〈0．01）高于对照组,5月龄试验组驴驹的试验第20天和第30天体重分别显著（P〈0．05）和极显著（P〈0．01）高于对照组（P〈0．05）,2、3、4、5月龄试验组驴驹在试验第0～10天、第10～20天、第20～30天,以及试验期间（第0～30天）的日增重均高于相应月龄驴驹的对照组;5月龄试验组驴驹的试验第10、20、30天体高均显著（P〈0．05）高于对照组,2、5月龄试验组驴驹在试验第0～10天、第10～20天、第20～30天以及试验期间（第0～30天）的体高日增长均高于相应月龄驴驹的对照组;2月龄试验组驴驹的试验第20天和第30天胸围均极显著（P〈O．01）高于对照组;3月龄试验组驴驹的试验第10、20、30天胸围均极显著（P〈O．01）高于对照组;5月龄试验组驴驹的试验第20天和第30天胸围均显著（P〈0．05）高于对照组;2、3、4、5月龄试验组驴驹在试验期间（第0～30天）的胸围日增长均高于相应月龄驴驹的对照组;2、5月龄试验组驴驹的试验第30天体斜长显著（P〈0．05）高于相应月龄驴驹的对照组,3月龄试验组驴驹的试验第10、20、30天体斜长均显著（P〈0．05）高于对照组,4月龄试验组驴驹的试验第20天和第30天体斜长均显著（P〈O．05）高于对照组,2、3A、5月龄试验组驴驹在试验第10～20天、第20～30天,以及试验期间（第0～30天）的体斜长日增长均高于相应月龄驴驹的对照组。综上提示,饲喂代乳粉能够促进驴驹的生长发育,在生产实践中利用代乳粉替代驴乳饲喂驴驹具有可行性。  相似文献   

16.
Dual photon absorptiometry (DPA) is a valid method for bone mineral content (BMC) evaluation, but there are no reports on the use of this technology in in vivo studies in the horse. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the changes of BMC of the third metacarpal bone (MC3) in vivo in foals during their first year of life using DPA. The BMC of the MC3 of 41 Quarter Horse foals was evaluated every 4 weeks during their first year of life by DPA using a bienergetic Gadolinium-153 (153Gd) source. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of an in vivo study of BMC in foals using DPA by means of a bienergetic 153Gd source. The results demonstrated a positive correlation of age, heart girth, and withers height with BMC of the MC3 independent of gender and an exponential behavior of the BMC increment along the first year of life. There was an effect of weaning associated with change in diet and stall confinement on BMC in foals weaned at age 17 weeks, but not in foals weaned at age between 19 and 24 weeks.  相似文献   

17.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate effects of zoledronate on markers of bone metabolism in dogs after transection of the cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL). ANIMALS: 21 adult dogs. PROCEDURE: Unilateral CrCL transection was performed arthroscopically. Dogs were allocated to 3 groups (control group, low-dose zoledronate [10 microg/kg, SC, q 90 d for 12 months], and high-dose zoledronate [25 microg/kg, SC, q 90 d for 12 months]). Serum osteocalcin (OC), serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP), and urine pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline concentrations were measured at 0, 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after surgery. Bone mineral density (BMD) was determined in the distal portion of the femur and proximal portion of the tibia via computed tomography at each time point. Data were analyzed by a repeated-measures ANOVA. RESULTS: oledronate inhibited OC in the high-dose group at 9 and 12 months and at 12 months in the low-dose group, compared with the control group. High-dose zoledronate decreased BAP concentrations 3 and 9 months after surgery. In the control group, BMD was decreased in the femoral condyle and caudal tibial plateau. Zoledronate prevented significant BMD decreases starting 1 month after transection, compared with control dogs. In the caudomedial aspect of the tibial plateau, both zoledronate groups had significant increases in BMD after 3 months, compared with control dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Zoledronate may reduce subchondral bone loss and effect markers of bone metabolism in dogs with experimentally induced instability of the stifle joint and subsequent development of osteoarthritis.  相似文献   

18.
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether plasma concentrations of bone turnover markers in growing Hanoverian foals are influenced by age, housing conditions, or osteochondrosis. ANIMALS: 165 healthy foals and 119 foals with osteochondrosis. PROCEDURES: Foals were allocated according to birth date and housing management into groups of early-born (born before March 31, 2001; n = 154 foals, 88 of which were healthy and 66 of which had osteochondrosis) and late-born (born after March 31, 2001; 130 foals, 77 of which were healthy and 53 of which had osteochondrosis) foals. Plasma osteocalcin and carboxyterminal propeptide of type I collagen concentrations were analyzed as markers of bone formation, and carboxyterminal telopeptide of type I collagen concentration was analyzed as a marker of bone resorption. Foals underwent radiographic evaluation to screen for osteochondrosis. RESULTS: Plasma concentrations of osteocalcin, carboxyterminal propeptide of type I collagen, and carboxyterminal telopeptide of type I collagen decreased with age, but these changes were more distinct in late-born foals than in early-born foals. Neither sex nor predisposition to develop osteochondrosis affected the pattern of bone marker changes in either group. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: An age-related decrease in concentrations of bone markers was seen during the first 200 days of life. Changes in bone marker concentrations were similar for foals with osteochondrosis and healthy foals. The correlation between the decrease in bone marker concentration and date of birth indicates that there are differences in skeletal development between early- and late-born foals.  相似文献   

19.
The effect of artificial rearing on the growth of foals   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Fourteen Quarter Horse foals were used to evaluate the effects of artificial rearing on growth. Seven foals were removed from their dams at 3 d of age and fed a reconstituted 26% crude protein (CP) milk replacer free choice for 1 mo, at which time ad libitum solid feeding began. Controls were weaned from their dams at 2 mo of age and fed a 21% CP concentrate ad libitum until the end of the trial. Variables measured during the 26-wk trial were live body weight, height at the withers and length of body from point of shoulder to point of hip. No significant differences were found between the two groups, except during wk 8 where 2-mo weaned foals were slightly heavier (P less than .10). Average daily gains for artificially reared and 2-mo weaned foals were .95 and .98 kg, respectively.  相似文献   

20.
AIMS: To determine the influence of copper (Cu) supplementation by injection of mares in late gestation on the frequency and severity of osteochondrosis (OC) lesions in their foals at around 160 days of age. To determine if there was any influence of the concentration of Cu in the liver, growth rate, birthweight, weight at 160 days of age, fatness, sex, or year of birth of the foal on the frequency and severity of OC lesions. To determine the influence of dam's age, and sex and birthweight of the foal on the growth rate from birth to 160 days of age, and weight at 160 days of age. METHODS: Thirty-three Thoroughbred foals, born in two consecutive years, were weighed every 2 weeks from birth. The dams had been supplemented with parenteral Cu or saline during late gestation, and the supplementation regimens were different in each year. Foals had liver biopsies harvested at birth for determination of Cu concentration. Pasture samples were collected every 4-8 weeks for analysis of concentration of Cu and zinc (Zn). At 160 days of age, articular cartilage of long bones was examined. Gross lesions were counted and scored, then sawn and radiographed, and processed for histopathology. Lesions were given radiographic scores and histopathological scores. Maximum scores for each lesion were combined to give a total OC score for each joint and each foal. The fatness of 20 foals (10 each from Years 1 and 2) at 160 days of age was determined chemically. RESULTS: Supplementation of dams with Cu had no significant effect on the concentration of Cu in the liver of foals at birth, or on the frequency or severity of lesions in articular cartilage at 160 days of age. The Cu and Zn concentrations of pasture were similar in Years 1 and 2, and were lower than current recommendations. All foals in Year 2, and 9/10 foals in Year 1 had irregularities in cartilage that was confirmed histologically to be indicative of OC. The average number of lesions per foal was 4.7 (SD 1.1) and 5.7 (SD 1.1) in Years 1 and 2, respectively. However, the severity of the lesions was considered mild, and no foals showed any clinical evidence of OC while alive. The number of lesions in the tarsocrural (TC) joint and the TC OC score at 160 days were positively associated with average daily weight gain (ADG) in the previous 4 weeks (p=0.005 and p=0.001, respectively). There was no significant effect of sex, fatness, birthweight, weight at 160 days of age, or year of birth of the foal on the frequency and severity of OC lesions. CONCLUSIONS: Many of the lesions classified as OC, using classification systems described by other authors, were likely to be normal variations of the process of endochondral ossification. Despite the high frequency of such lesions, they were considered to be of minor significance and none were clinically evident. The distribution of lesions was not typical, and most probably reflected the subtlety of the lesions. These results support the hypothesis that Cu is an over-emphasised factor in the aetiopathogenesis of OC. The relationship between subtle macroscopic lesions and lesions resulting in clinical signs of disease requires further investigation.  相似文献   

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