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《Industrial Crops and Products》2001,13(2):85-92
Renewable resources, such as rapeseed oil or oleic acid, combined with glucose were used both in a feed-batch and two-stage continuous process for the production of sophorolipids with the yeast Candida bombicola ATCC 22214. High yields >300 g l−1 and increased productivities of 57 g l−1 d−1 (feed-batch) and 76 g l−1 d−1 (continuous mode), respectively, were obtained by using optimized cultivation conditions. The key-factors for enhanced sophorolipid production are presented. The acidic sophorolipid was used for further modification after alkaline hydrolysis and purification. A novel glucoselipid was synthesized by using the enzyme naringinase (EC 3.2.1.40). A (ω-1)-hydroxyfatty acid, commercially not yet available and difficult to prepare by organic synthesis, was released by acidic hydrolysis, purified and is proposed as a precursor for plastics and flavours. 相似文献
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Summary It is shown that the monectochimeraRote Holl?ndische Erstling used in Klopfer's chimera experiments does not correspond with the present homohistic Dutch potato varietyRode Eersteling. The latter seems to be identical with Klopfer's homohisticErstling Rouge.4
This misapprehension is caused mainly by replacing the original monectochimerical varietyRode Eersteling in 1942 by a homohistic red sport, derived from it, without changing the variety name. 相似文献
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云南普洱市是我国咖啡主要产区之一。分析认为农村咖啡资源分散和咖啡企业多、小、散、弱是该市咖啡产业发展的两大机制性障碍；提出组建农民咖啡专业合作组织，整合咖啡企业将会形成新的、充满活力的运行机制，实现普洱咖啡新一轮的快速、健康发展。 相似文献
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《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(1):49-61
Summary Populations of insect pests sometimes increase beyond the economic threshold to become serious problems in crop production. However, their populations are usually maintained below the economic injury level by natural predator insects and parasites. Living bodies often develop a degree of immunity against pest invasion, such as macrophages in the human body. In this case, macrophages reproduce in the human body at the expense of blood and body fluid, but are suppressed below the level of illness to the human body. This is analogous to crops, which have developed defense mechanism in the biotic community against pests by means of natural enemies and provided immunity in a total system. However, natural enemies, parasites and predators, must be maintained themselves with little compensation or support from the agroecosystem. Some years ago I proposed a model “reproduction curve with two equilibrium points” to describe the fluctuation of insect populations (Takahashi, 1964). The lower equilibrium point in the model can be regarded as a latent period and the higher one as the outbreak level. This model is based on the S-shaped functional response curve of predator to prey density and is applicable in a biotic community where polyphagous predators predominate. To ensure stable populations of natural enemies in the biotic community, it is necessary to maintain their food supply in the field. The populations of monopha-gous predators, such as parasitoids, fluctuate in response to prey or host populations sometimes inducing dramatic increases in pest populations above the economic injury level. On the other hand, polyphagous predators can utilize ordinary organisms as alternate food sources and keep their population stable even when a pest population (i.e., their target food) decreases to low level. This model will be discussed with respect to the diversity of a biotic community. 相似文献
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In the search for bioactive natural products, our lab screens hydrophobic extracts from marine fungal strains. While hydrophilic active substances were recently identified from marine macro-organisms, there was a lack of reported metabolites in the marine fungi area. As such, we decided to develop a general procedure for screening of hydrophobic metabolites. The aim of this study was to compare different processes of fermentation and extraction, using six representative marine fungal strains, in order to define the optimized method for production. The parameters studied were (a) which polar solvent to select, (b) which fermentation method to choose between solid and liquid cultures, (c) which raw material, the mycelium or its medium, to extract and (d) which extraction process to apply. The biochemical analysis and biological evaluations of obtained extracts led to the conclusion that the culture of marine fungi by agar surface fermentation followed by the separate extraction of the mycelium and its medium by a cryo-crushing and an enzymatic digestion with agarase, respectively, was the best procedure when screening for hydrophilic bioactive metabolites. During this development, several bioactivities were detected, confirming the potential of hydrophilic crude extracts in the search for bioactive natural products. 相似文献
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The impact of 48 h sprouted quinoa (SQ) was assessed in bread-making. Wheat flour (WF) was replaced with SQ at different levels (i.e., 10:90, 20:80 and 30:70, SQ:WF ratio). Once the optimal replacement level of SQ was identified, the bread-making performance of this ingredient was compared with those of pearled quinoa (PQ), commonly used in bread-making.Starch pasting properties and gluten aggregation behavior were not strongly affected at 20:80 level. Regardless the replacement level, SQ caused an increase in dough water absorption and in softening degree, and a decrease in stability, suggesting weakening of the gluten network. During leavening, SQ improved dough development and gas production, due to increased sugar content (i.e. maltose, sucrose and D-glucose). The best bread-making performance (highest bread specific volume and lowest crumb firmness) was obtained at 20:80 replacement level. Compared to PQ, SQ exhibited the best leavening capacity (high dough development, gas production and gas retention) and bread properties (high specific volume and low crumb firmness), likely due to its higher sugar content. Moreover, 20SQ bread was characterized by a decreased bitterness assessed by electronic-tongue. In conclusion, sprouting might be considered a valid alternative to pearling to improve the characteristics of quinoa enriched bread 相似文献
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番木瓜优质组培苗生产体系的建立 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9
用含有100mg/LVc＋1mg/LAgNO;+20mg/LPVP液体处理成龄番木瓜（CricappayaL）侧芽,再用70%酒精浸泡50s、0.15%升汞消毒5min,经消毒的外植体接种于MS+KT0.5mg/L+NAA0.2mg/L+GA31.0mg/L＋30g/L蔗糖+7g/L琼脂（pH=5.7）,26~28℃,每日光照培养12h,光照强度为15001x,连续培养20d;外植体经初始培养后,继代接种于MS＋BA0.5mg/L+NAA0.1 mg/L+GA,1.0mg/L+蔗糖30gL＋琼脂7g/L（pH=5.7）,26~28℃,每日光照培养16h,光照强度为2000Ix,连续培养40d,繁殖系数达3~5倍;继代芽接种MS+BA0.2mg/L+KT0.3mg/L+NAA0.Img/L+NAA0.1 mg/L+GA;1.0 mg/L+ADS40mg/L＋蔗糖30g/L＋琼脂7g/L（pH=5.7）,26~28℃,每日光照培养16h,光照强度为20001x,连续培养20d进行壮苗培养,经壮苗培养芽接种于MS+KT0.1~0.2mg/L+ NAA0.05~0.1mg/L+ IBA0.2-0.3mg/L+蔗糖20~30gL+琼脂6.5g/L（pH=5.6）,26~28℃,每日光照培养12h,光照强度为1500kx,连续培养 15~20d 进行催根培养,生根率达85%以上。生根苗经2~3d的自然光炼苗后,移栽于沙土∶椰糠∶菜园土质量比为1∶1∶1 混和的基质中,移苗后1周内,每天喷施浓度为200～400mg/L的IBA,移栽成活率达80%以上。笔者就目前番木瓜组培快繁中的问题作了系统的研究,建立了一套适合番木瓜优质种苗生产的技术体系。 相似文献
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为提高岩茶副茶的利用率,本研究以肉桂品种特级岩茶副茶为原料,开发一款适合普通消费者饮用的挂耳岩茶包.通过单因素试验和正交试验研究发现,采用比容为4 mL·g-1的副茶、投茶5 g、注水200 mL、浸泡20 s后,挂耳茶包茶汤香气馥郁、持久,滋味具有高端肉桂品质特征.该挂耳茶包加工方法简单易行,冲泡方便,可有效促进武夷岩茶产区的副茶利用率. 相似文献
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Background
The species pool concept was formulated over the past several decades and has since played an important role in explaining multi-scale ecological patterns. Previous statistical methods were developed to identify species pools based on broad-scale species range maps or community similarity computed from data collected from many areas. No statistical method is available for estimating species pools for a single local community (sampling area size may be very small as ≤ 1 km2). In this study, based on limited local abundance information, we developed a simple method to estimate the area size and richness of a species pool for a local ecological community. The method involves two steps. In the first step, parameters from a truncated negative trinomial model characterizing the distributional aggregation of all species (i.e., non-random species distribution) in the local community were estimated. In the second step, we assume that the unseen species in the local community are most likely the rare species, only found in the remaining part of the species pool, and vice versa, if the remaining portion of the pool was surveyed and was contrasted with the sampled area. Therefore, we can estimate the area size of the pool, as long as an abundance threshold for defining rare species is given. Since the size of the pool is dependent on the rarity threshold, to unanimously determine the pool size, we developed an optimal method to delineate the rarity threshold based on the balance of the changing rates of species absence probabilities in the sampled and unsampled areas of the pool.Results
For a 50 ha (0.5 km2) forest plot in the Barro Colorado Island of central Panama, our model predicted that the local, if not regional, species pool for the 0.5 km2 forest plot was nearly the entire island. Accordingly, tree species richness in this pool was estimated as around 360. When the sampling size was smaller, the upper bound of the 95% confidence interval could reach 418, which was very close to the flora record of tree richness for the island. A numerical test further demonstrated the power and reliability of the proposed method, as the true values of area size and species richness for the hypothetical species pool have been well covered by the 95% confidence intervals of the true values.Conclusions
Our method fills the knowledge gap on estimating species pools for a single local ecological assemblage with little information. The method is statistically robust and independent of sampling size, as proved by both empirical and numerical tests.18.
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A. LLOYD 《Grass and Forage Science》1994,49(2):203-208
Three trials were carried out in separate years during 1987–89 to investigate the effectiveness of cattle slurry as a source of sulphur (S) for grass cut four times per year for silage. They were located on different areas of the same field in Dorset, UK, in an area known to be sulphur deficient for intensive grass production. Yields of dry matter and S off takes in response to sulphur in slurry were investigated and compared with those from gypsum treatments supplying 0–100 or 0–75kg S ha−1 . Slurry was applied at two times of year, November or February, and at two rates, either alone or in combination with the two lowest rates of gypsum.
Annual increases in yield from the slurry applied in February compared with the yield when no slurry was applied were significantly related ( r2 = 0·96) to the rate of slurry sulphur applied. For applications in November, the relationship was not significant. Sulphur in slurry increased annual dry-matter yield with an average efficiency of 55% when compared with the sulphur in gypsum. The annual apparent recovery in the herbage of S from slurry was 21·8%, compared with 44·7% from the two lowest rates of gypsum.
Cattle slurry, in these and other trials in southwest England, contained on average 0·35 kg S m−3 and, at rates currently applied in farming practice or likely to be applied in the future, would be insufficient to satisfy annual requirements for silage in sulphur-deficient areas. 相似文献
Annual increases in yield from the slurry applied in February compared with the yield when no slurry was applied were significantly related ( r
Cattle slurry, in these and other trials in southwest England, contained on average 0·35 kg S m
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Kittisak Buddhachat Nattaporn Sripairoj Onchira Ritbamrung Phithak Inthima Kumrop Ratanasut Thanita Boonsrangsom Tepsuda Rungrat Pongsanat Pongcharoen Kawee Sujipuli 《水稻科学》2022,29(4):340-352
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) is a widespread pathogen causing bacterial leaf blight (BLB) disease, devastating rice productivity in many cultivated areas of Thailand. A specific and simple method for Xoo detection is required to improve surveillance of disease transmission and outbreak. This study developed a recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) assay assisted with CRISPR-cas12a assay (RAC) for Xoo detection from bacterial cell suspension of infected rice samples without DNA extraction. The efficiency of the RAC system for Xoo detection using either Xoo80 or Xoo4009 locus was optimized to amplify and determine the sensitivity and specificity using a Xoo DNA template from bacterial cell suspension of infected rice samples without DNA extraction. The RAC system using the Xoo4009 locus gave a higher specificity than Xoo80 locus, because only Xoo species was amplified positive RPA product with fluorescence signal by cas12a digestion, which indicated no cross reactivity. Optimal RAC using the Xoo4009 locus enabled diagnosis of Xoo presence from both plant extracted samples of Xoo artificially inoculated rice leaves within 3 d post-inoculation without symptomatic BLB appearance, and Xoo naturally infected rice. Findings exhibited that RAC using the Xoo4009 locus offered sensitivity, specificity and simplicity for Xoo detection, with low intensities of Xoo-DNA (1 × 103 copies/μL) and Xoo-cell (2.5 × 103 cfu/mL). This developed RAC system showed significantly potential for Xoo detection at point-of-care application for early signs of BLB disease outbreak in rice fields. 相似文献