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1.
Composition of sow milk during lactation   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
The composition of sow colostrum and milk was quantitated in 25 sows at 14 time points throughout lactation. All animals belonged to the same experimental herd of German Landrace, farrowed within 4 d, and were of various lactation numbers and various litter sizes. In the first 6 h of lactation colostrum total solids (TS) and protein contents were higher, while fat and lactose contents were lower than in mature milk. Decreased total protein and whey protein contents and concomitantly increased fat and lactose content, with nearly unchanged TS levels, indicate transition from colostrum to mature milk. The high protein content of colostrum was largely due to immunoglobulin (Ig). During the first 6 h, IgG accounts for nearly all the protein in colostrum but plays a decreasing role in sow milk as lactation proceeds. After 2 wk, IgA levels begin to increase and at the end of lactation, IgA constitutes 40% of the total whey protein. No influences of lactation number and litter size on milk composition could be ascertained in this study.  相似文献   

2.
Immune response of pregnant cows to bovine rotavirus immunization   总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9  
Fifteen pregnant Holstein cows were freely assigned to 3 experimental groups (5 cows in each group). Cows in group I were inoculated IM and intramammarily (IMm) with Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC) tissue culture-propagated modified-live Nebraska calf diarrhea bovine rotavirus with added adjuvant (OARDC vaccine-immunized cows). Group II cows were given IM injections of a commercial modified-live rotavirus-coronavirus vaccine (commercial vaccine-immunized cows), and the remaining 5 cows were noninoculated controls (group III). Rotavirus antibody in colostrum and milk was mainly associated with immunoglobulin (Ig)G1, and less so with IgG2, IgA, and IgM, as analyzed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), using monospecific anti-bovine IgG1, IgG2, IgM, and IgA sera. In serum, the rotavirus antibody was distributed almost equally between IgG1 and IgG2. The same relationships appeared in both immunized and nonvaccinated cows. All OARDC vaccine-injected cows had virus-neutralization (VN) and ELISA IgG1 rotavirus antibody titers in serum and mammary secretions at significantly increased levels (at least 100-fold; P less than 0.05) compared with the titers in groups II (commercial vaccine-immunized cows) and III (controls). Serum, colostrum, and milk antibody titers from these latter 2 groups did not differ statistically. The ELISA IgG2, IgA, and IgM rotavirus antibody titers also were significantly greater in mammary secretions from OARDC vaccine-immunized cows than in groups II and III cows. There was a high correlation between ELISA IgG1 and VN rotavirus antibody titers for all samples tested (r = 0.97, P less than 0.001), but ELISA IgG1 antibody titers were consistently higher than VN titers. The ELISA IgG1 and VN antibody titers of milk samples collected from cows 30 days after parturition were higher from the OARDC vaccine-immunized cows (ELISA IgG1, geometric mean titer (GMT) = 3,511; VN GMT = 1,689) than were titers from the group II cows (ELISA IgG1 GMT = 39; VN GMT = 33) or group III cows (ELISA IgG1 GMT = 21; VN GMT = 19). These results indicate that IM plus IMm immunization of pregnant cows, using modified-live bovine rotavirus with added adjuvant, may significantly enhance serum, colostrum, and milk rotavirus antibody titers, whereas IM vaccinal inoculation of pregnant cows with a commercial modified-live rotavirus-coronavirus vaccine may not.  相似文献   

3.
A longitudinal study was undertaken in a newly established specific pathogen-free (SPF) swine herd to determine the dynamics of rotavirus antigen shedding in a closed swine facility. Pregnant SPF gilts which populated the herd, and their offspring, were monitored weekly for three consecutive lactations. Fecal samples were assayed for the presence of group-specific viral antigen by a solid phase immunoassay (ELISA). Results indicate that in the week prior to farrow, 35% of samples from gilts/sows contained rotavirus antigen. During nursing, 37% of the gilts'/sows' fecal samples also contained virus antigen. Over the course of three farrowings, every gilt/sow in the herd excreted virus antigen. Virus antigen was present in 25% of the samples tested from nursing pigs and in 70% of the samples tested from pigs in the postnursing period; 95% of the litters excreted virus antigen either while nursing or postweaning. Seasonal incidence in virus antigen excretion was noted with proportionally more suckling pigs virus antigen-positive in summer and proportionally more sows/gilts positive during winter. Diarrhea occurred only rarely in the sampled population. Although piglets shed rotavirus subclinically, ELISA positive feces from piglets of each lactation caused severe disease when fed to neonatal gnotobiotic pigs. Electropherotyping of these passaged viruses indicated minor variation in RNA banding patterns over time.  相似文献   

4.
An experiment evaluated the effects of feeding either a basal non-Se-fortified diet, two Se sources (organic or inorganic) each providing 0.15 and 0.30 ppm Se, or their combination (each providing 0.15 ppm Se) on gilt growth and sow reproductive performance. The experiment was a 2 x 2 + 2 factorial conducted in a randomized complete block design in three replicates. One hundred twenty-six crossbred gilts were started on one of the six treatment diets at 27.6 kg BW. During the grower phase, animals were bled at 30-d intervals with three gilts killed per treatment at 115 kg BW for tissue Se analysis. Fifteen gilts per treatment were bred at 8 mo of age and were continued on their treatment diets for four parities. Sow serum collected within parity was analyzed for Se and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity. Tissue Se was determined from five 0-d-old pigs per treatment from fourth-parity sows. Three sows per treatment were killed after the fourth parity for tissue Se analysis. Similar treatment performance responses occurred from 27 to 115 kg BW. Serum Se (P < 0.01) and GSH-Px activity (P < 0.05) increased for both Se sources to 0.30 ppm Se during the grower and reproductive periods. Serum Se and GSH-Px activity decreased from 70 to 110 d postcoitum in all treatment groups, but increased at weaning (P < 0.01) in the Se-fortified groups. The number of pigs born (total, live) increased (P < 0.05) with the 0.15 ppm Se level for both Se sources. Tissue and total body Se content of 0-d-old pigs increased with Se level (P < 0.01) and also when the organic Se source (P < 0.01) was fed to the sow. When sows were fed either Se source, pig serum Se (P < 0.01) and GSH-Px activity (P < 0.05) increased at weaning. Colostrum and milk Se concentrations increased (P < 0.01) with Se level for both Se sources, but were substantially greater (P < 0.01) when sows were fed organic Se. The combination of Se sources had sow milk and tissue Se values that were similar to those of sows milk and fed 0.15 ppm organic Se. The fourth-parity sows had greater tissue Se concentrations when organic Se level was increased (P < 0.01), more so than when sows were fed inorganic Se. These results suggest that both Se sources resulted in similar sow reproductive performances at 0.15 ppm Se, but sows fed the organic Se source had a greater transfer of Se to the neonate, colostrum, milk, weaned pig, and sow tissues than sows fed inorganic Se.  相似文献   

5.
The present results suggest that mannanoligosaccharides (MOS) included in a sow nutrition may affect its immune system and humoral antibody production in colostrum and milk, and thus increase the piglet immunity at the postnatal period. The studies involved sows of the Polish Landrace breed mated with boars (Hampshire x Duroc). In each experiment, the sows were assigned to two groups: control and experimental (MOS). Each group consisted of 16 sows managed in pens (2 animals in each) during pregnancy, whereas at farrowing and lactation period they were placed in individual pens. The basal diet during pregnancy (PR-S) and lactation (LC-S) period contained wheat (40% in experiment I--groups 1 and 2) or triticale (40% in experiment II--groups 3 and 4), as well as barley, soybean meal, soybean oil and mineral-vitamin premix. Throughout both experiments, the sows from the experimental group had a dietary supplement of mannanoligosaccharides (MOS) preparation for 4 of weeks prepartum and 4 weeks of post partum period. A level of the MOS supplementation (8 g of MOS per sow daily) based on the recommendations of the manufacturer. Blood samples were collected from the sows on days 84 (the start of trial) and 110 of pregnancy, after farrowing, and on day 21 of lactation period, while from the piglets at birth and on day 21 of age. Colostrum was collected between 1-3, 12, 24 and 48 h after farrowing. The blood samples taken from sows and piglets as well as the samples of sow colostrum and milk were evaluated for the presence of IgG, IgA and IgM antibodies. The present study has provided considerable evidence that MOS supplementation of sows feedstuff before and after farrowing (4 weeks before and 4 weeks after) exerts a positive effect on IgG content in the colostrum and plasma of sows and following this on serum IgG level in the suckling piglets. Higher level of colostral (passive) immunity influences positively body weight gain and survival rate of the piglets at weaning.  相似文献   

6.
猪轮状病毒弱毒苗免疫研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
用猪源轮状病毒弱毒株－Ｎａ８６Ｆ９０制成的疫苗先后免疫母猪２５０头，乳中抗ＲＶ的ＩｇＡ最高滴度为８１９２０，对照组最高滴度仅有１６０；产后１个月，免疫组滴度仍维持在５１２０以上，而对照组仅４０；免疫组仔猪哺乳期轮状病毒检出率下降３７．２％，断奶仔猪育成率由７５％提高到９０％以上，断奶后窝重由平均１３０～１５０ｋｇ，提高到２００～２５０ｋｇ  相似文献   

7.
A blocking method of ELISA for the detection and quantification of antibody against porcine rotavirus in serum, colostrum and milk has been compared with a plaque reduction test. The results obtained with the two techniques correlated (Fig. 1). Antibody against rotavirus was demonstrated in 384 serum samples representing 25 swine farms, indicating a widely spread and dense distribution of the infection with porcine rotavirus among Danish swine. The antibody contents in milk samples from 7 gilts and sows from 2 farms with a previously diagnosed problem with rotavirus associated diarrhoe showed a rapid decline during the first few days of the lactation periods (Fig. 1). An increase in the contents of rotavirus specific antibody was observed from day 15 in the milk samples from one of the gilts. The excretion of rotavirus with feces from the 7 litters of piglets were followed through the suckling period. Rotavirus war found in all litters but one and the virus was excreted in periods ranging from 4 to 9 days.  相似文献   

8.
Data from the National Pork Producers Council Maternal Line National Genetic Evaluation Program were used to compare longevity of sows from 6 commercial genetic lines and to estimate the phenotypic associations of sow longevity with gilt backfat thickness, ADG, age at first farrowing, litter size at first farrowing, litter weight at first farrowing, average feed intake during lactation, and average backfat loss during lactation. The lines evaluated were American Diamond Genetics, Danbred North America, Dekalb-Monsanto DK44, Dekalb-Monsanto GPK347, Newsham Hybrids, and National Swine Registry. The data set contained information from 3,251 gilts, of which 17% had censored longevity records (sows lived longer than 6 parities). The line comparison was carried out by analyzing all lines simultaneously. Because the survival distribution functions differed among genetic lines, later analyses were carried out separately for each genetic line. All analyses were based on the non-parametric proportional hazard (Cox model). Dekalb-Monsanto GPK347 sows had a lower risk of being culled than sows from the other lines. Moreover, the shape of the survival distribution function of the Delkab-Monsanto GPK347 line was different from the other 5 lines. The Dekalb-Monsanto 347 line had lower culling rates because they had lower gilt reproductive failure before the first parity than gilts from the other lines. Within line, sows with lower feed intake and greater backfat loss during lactation had a shorter productive lifetime. Thus, producers should implement management practices having positive effects on sow lactation feed intake. Additionally, the swine genetics industry is challenged to simultaneously improve efficiency of gain of their terminal market pigs and to obtain high feed intake during lactation of their maternal lines for future improvement of sow longevity. Recording sow feed intake and backfat loss during lactation in nucleus and multiplication breeding herds should be considered. Between-line differences in this study indicate that it is possible to select for sow longevity, but more research is needed to determine the most efficient selection methods to improve sow longevity.  相似文献   

9.
An experiment utilizing 198 first-and 77 second-litter sows evaluated the effects of five dietary Ca:P levels at two litter sizes (six to seven or 11 to 12 pigs/litter) over a 21-d lactation period for two parities. Lactation dietary P levels ranged from .50 to .90% in .10% increments with Ca concurrently increased in a 1.3:1 ratio using dicalcium phosphate and limestone as the inorganic mineral sources. A 14% protein, corn-soybean meal diet was formulated with .80% Ca and .60% P for gestation while lactation diets varied in their Ca and P contents. Randomly selected sows from each treatment group and parity were slaughtered with various bones collected for analyses. A counterpart set of nongravid gilts remained on trial and were slaughtered at the end of the two-parity period with bones collected. Sow dietary mineral level did not affect sow or pig performance, nor was there an interaction between dietary mineral level, parity or litter size nursed. Serum and milk Ca, P or Mg were unaffected by dietary Ca:P at 7 or 21 d of lactation, but milk Ca and P increased from parity I to II. Percent rib and vertebra bone ash decreased from parity I to II for sows nursing the larger litters; other bones were unresponsive to dietary mineral level. Femur thickness decreased from parity I to II but was not influenced by dietary Ca:P level. Bone-bending moment of the ribs, metacarpals and metatarsals were not influenced by diet, but a lower metacarpal bending moment was observed for sows nursing larger litters. All bones from nongravid females had higher percentage of bone ash, bending moment and shaft thickness when compared with reproducing sows. These results suggest that reproductive state (i.e., reproducing vs non-reproducing), litter size and parity affected sow Ca:P mineral skeletal reserves more than dietary Ca:P levels.  相似文献   

10.
Pregnant sows were immunized by oral application of live E. coli. The effect of immunization was demonstrated by measuring the titers of anti-K88 antibodies in sow serum, colostrum and milk as well as in piglet sera using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The isotype involved in anti-K88 reactivity was found to be IgA. By comparing IgA-titers in colostrum and milk, the local production of this Ig-class in the mammary gland is suggested.  相似文献   

11.
The purpose of this study was to clarify whether cats have a colostral and milk phase of lactation differentiated by concentrations of immunoglobulins, and whether colostrum ingestion by newborn kittens is essential for optimal transfer of passive immunity. Milk from specific pathogen-free queens was analyzed for IgG and IgA concentrations from parturition through 6 weeks of lactation. Serum IgG and IgA concentrations from birth through 8 weeks of age were determined for colostrum-fed kittens, colostrum-deprived kittens that were fed a milk replacer, and colostrum-deprived kittens that were fostered onto queens in the milk phase of lactation. The total IgG and IgA concentrations in milk were significantly higher on the day of parturition than on day 7 of lactation, indicating cats do have a colostral phase of lactation. The predominant immunoglobulin in both colostrum and milk was IgG. The serum IgG concentrations in colostrum-deprived kittens fostered on queens in the milk phase of lactation were similar to colostrum-deprived kittens fed a milk replacer, and the concentrations were significantly lower than in colostrum-fed kittens for the first 4 weeks of life. The serum IgA concentrations in both colostrum-deprived groups were significantly lower than colostrum-fed kittens on day 2 after parturition, but were similar thereafter. Colostrum-deprived kittens fostered onto queens in the milk phase of lactation had failure of passive transfer of maternal antibodies. Protective concentrations of immunoglobulins can be restored in kittens with failure of passive transfer of immunity by parenteral administration of adult cat serum, but not by fostering on queens in mid-lactation.  相似文献   

12.
The impact of diet deprivation and subsequent over-allowance in prepubertal gilts on their mammary development and mammary gene expression at the end of gestation and their lactation performance over 2 parities was determined. Seventy-seven gilts were reared under a conventional (control, CTL; n = 41) or an experimental (treatment, TRT; n = 36) dietary regimen. The experimental regimen provided 70 (restriction diet, RES) and 115% (over-allowance diet, OVER) of the protein and DE contents provided by the CTL diet. Experimental diets were fed ad libitum starting at 27.7 ± 3.4 kg of BW as follows: 3 wk RES, 3 wk OVER, 4 wk RES, and 4 wk OVER. All gilts were bred, and 34 were slaughtered on d 110 of gestation (18 CTL and 16 TRT) to collect mammary tissue for compositional analyses and gene expression measurements. Remaining gilts (23 CTL and 20 TRT) were maintained for 2 parities, and litter performance data were obtained. Blood samples for hormonal and metabolite assays were obtained on d 110 of gestation from all sows slaughtered at that time and from 14 sows per treatment on d 2 and 17 of lactation in the first parity. Milk samples were obtained from these same sows on d 17 of lactation in both parities. There was a tendency for mammary parenchymal tissue to contain less protein in TRT than CTL sows (P < 0.10), and relative mRNA abundance of the signal transducer and activator of transduction 5B gene was increased in parenchyma from TRT sows (P < 0.05). Circulating prolactin (P < 0.05) and milk lactose concentrations (P < 0.01) were less, whereas milk protein content was greater (P < 0.05) in TRT sows than CTL sows on d 17 of lactation. Nevertheless, growth rate of suckling piglets over the first 2 parities was unaffected by treatment. In conclusion, the use of a diet deprivation and over-allowance regimen in the growing-finishing period did not have beneficial effects on mammary gene expression or on sow and piglet performance.  相似文献   

13.
Chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) are the hydrolyzed product of chitosan and have multifunctional health benefits. The objective of this study was to elucidate the effect of COS as a dietary supplement to gilts on their productivity and health and that of their litters. Gilts were randomly assigned to either a treatment (n = 30) or control group (n = 30). The treatment gilts were fed a standard dry sow ration supplemented with COS at 0.12 and 0.24 g/gilt per d during gestation and lactation, respectively, and the control group was fed the standard dry sow ration only. The body weight, reproductive performance, milk production and litter size for each gilt and body weight of corresponding litters were recorded. The serum immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, IgM) and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) concentrations of gilts and piglets and fecal sIgA concertation of gilts were measured by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Our study showed that maternal COS supplementation 1) significantly increased gilt body weight in late pregnancy (P < 0.05), 2) significantly increased milk production of gilts at different stages (d 1, 3, 7 and 19) of lactation (P < 0.05), 3) significantly increased body weight gain of piglets at weaning (P < 0.05), 4) significantly increased the serum concentrations of IgM and sIgA in piglets, and sIgA in fecal sample of gilts (P < 0.05), and 5) tended to increase the pregnancy success rate (P > 0.05) in the treatment group compared to the control group. These results suggest that maternal COS intervention in gilts can improve gilt milk production, piglet pre-weaning growth and immunity parameters in both gilts and piglets.  相似文献   

14.
In a 200 sow herd, the litter size fell from an average of 10.5 pigs born alive per litter from January to June, to an average of 9.2 for the remainder of the year. Management changes during the first part of the year resulted in half the sows weaning litters at three weeks of age and half the sows weaning at four weeks of age instead of at six weeks as was previously done. The subsequent litter size was 9.3 pigs born alive per litter for three-week weaned sows compared to 10.0 for four-week weaning. The management of gilt breeding was also altered by the necessity to breed groups of 12 gilts in one-week periods of time and therefore a higher proportion of gilts may have been mated on their first estrus instead of their second or third estrus as had been the case. The difference in litter size of first parity sows between the first six months and the second six months was 1.1 pigs. Parvovirus infection may have been a factor contributing to the reduction in litter size amongst first parity sows; two groups of first parity sows experienced an increase in mummified piglets, a reduced far rowing rate, and smaller litter size. However, no attempt was made at diagnosing an infectious agent. Parity distribution remained relatively unchanged during the year and was not associated with the drop in litter size.  相似文献   

15.
The concentrations of IgG, IgM, IgA and the specific sow colostrum trypsin inhibitor (SCTI) were measured by radial immunodiffusion in colostrum and milk samples from sows and in serum samples from their offspring during the suckling period. A clear time dependence was found for all the measured variates in both whey and serum. Statistically significant positive correlations were found between, on the one hand, concentrations of IgG and IgA, but not IgM, in sera from 39 suckling piglets 1 and 3 days old, and, on the other hand, concentrations of the same immunoglobulins and of the trypsin inhibitor in maternal colostrum (n = 7). Multiple regression analyses showed that at day 1 and day 3 the levels of both IgG and IgA in serum samples from the suckling piglets were positively influenced by both the SCTI and the IgG or IgA contents in maternal colostrum.  相似文献   

16.
A total of 36 gilts were used to assess the effects of Cr tripicolinate supplementation on immune response in sows and their offspring during the periparturient and neonatal period. Gilts were raised from weaning to reproductive age on diets with either 0 (-Cr) or 200 (+Cr) ppb supplemental Cr from CrPic. Subsequently, 22 gilts (9 -Cr and 13 +Cr) in parity 1 and 16 sows in parity 2 (7 -Cr and 9 +Cr) underwent immune status testing. Only sows that completed all procedures in parity 1 were included in parity 2. Sows were immunized with ovalbumin about 3 wk (d 0), and again 14 d later for gilts, prior to anticipated farrowing, and serum was collected on d 0 and at 14-d intervals for a total of four samples. Serum was collected from five to six pigs/litter at 24 h after birth, three or six pigs/litter the day after weaning (25 d of age) in parity 1, and three pigs/litter the day of weaning (20 d of age) in parity 2. Milk was collected at 1 h (colostrum), 6.5 d (early), and 19 d (late) after farrowing. The only effect of Cr on total immunoglobulin (Ig) concentration was on sow serum IgG (21.7 and 24.1 mg/mL for -Cr and +Cr, respectively; P = 0.08) and IgM (11.0 and 12.5 mg/mL; P = 0.06) on d 0. No effect (P > 0.15) of Cr was observed on the IgG antibody response to ovalbumin, but Cr was associated (P < 0.10) with a decreased IgM antibody response to ovalbumin beginning on d 14. In parity 2, colostral total IgG increased (80.6 and 92.4 mg/mL for parity 1 and 2, respectively; P = 0.06), which was reflected in the neonates at 24 h after birth (33.6 and 39.7 mg/mL; P = 0.01) and at weaning (7.3 and 13.3 mg/mL; P < 0.001). Supplementation of Cr tripicolinate had minimal effects on humoral antibody response of the dam or its transfer to the neonate; however, parity greatly influenced the concentrations of immunoglobulins in the milk and their transfer to the neonate.  相似文献   

17.
The effect of the level of chronic immune system (IS) activation on sow lactational performance was determined in 11 pairs of littermate, primiparous sows. Sows with a low level of IS activation were created by rearing the animals via early weaning, isolated rearing schemes. During lactation, two levels of IS activation were achieved in each littermate sow pair by subcutaneous administration of either 0 (saline) or 5 microg/kg of sow BW of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in a mineral oil adjuvant emulsion on d 2 and 10 of lactation. Litters were standardized to 13 pigs by 8 h postpartum. Sows were offered daily 6.0 kg of a corn-soy diet formulated to contain a minimum of 250% of the dietary nutrient concentrations estimated to be needed by lactating sows. Based on antibody titers to LPS and serum concentrations of alpha-1 acid glycoprotein (AGP), high IS sows mounted an immune response to the LPS during lactation, and low IS sows maintained a low level of IS activation. Over an 18-d lactation, a high level of chronic activation of the sows' immune systems depressed daily sow feed intakes by .56 kg, litter weight gains by .32 kg, and daily milk by 1.4 kg, milk energy by 1.7 Mcal, and milk protein yields by 71 g, but did not alter sow body weight loss. The reductions in yields of milk and milk nutrients likely were because of proinflammatory cytokine-induced inhibition of the lactogenic hormones resulting from high chronic IS activation. Based on these data, the level of chronic IS activation alters the lactational performance of sows.  相似文献   

18.
Pregnant sows were inoculated with inactivated transmissible gastroenteritis virus and with preparations of virus surface projections and subviral particles derived by detergent treatment of the virus. Neutralising antibody was demonstrated in serum and colostrum from animals that received whole virus or preparations of surface projections whereas subviral particles failed to stimulate neutralising antibody formation. Similar results were obtained with serum from rabbits inoculated with whole virus and structural components. All three preparations stimulated the formation of agglutinating antibodies, as demonstrated by sedimentation analysis and filtration studies with radiolabelled virus.The immunoglobulin classes responsible for neutralising antibody activity in sows inoculated by the intramammary route were examined. In each case where the immunoglobulin class was determined, IgG was found. One sow that received surface projections also had IgA with neutralising activity in her colostrum. In contrast, infection of sows with live whole virus resulted in neutralising antibody of the IgG, IgM and IgA classes.  相似文献   

19.
Sixty crossbred (Yorkshire-Hampshire X Duroc) gilts were fed one of four corn-soybean meal diets fortified with .3 ppm Se and 0, 16, 33, or 66 IU of DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate/kg. The study was conducted over a three-parity period to evaluate sow reproductive performance and the vitamin E tissue status of both sows and progeny at various time periods postcoitum and(or) postpartum. The basal diet averaged 8.4 mg of alpha-tocopherol/kg and .38 ppm of Se. Although litter size at birth was lowest (P less than .15) when sows were fed the basal diet, a higher incidence of agalactia when sows were fed the lower dietary vitamin E levels resulted in an increased (P less than .05) litter size at 7 d postpartum as dietary vitamin E increased. Sow serum alpha-tocopherol increased (P less than .01) at each measurement period as dietary vitamin E level increased. Colostrum and milk alpha-tocopherol concentrations increased (P less than .01) as dietary vitamin E level increased, and colostrum values were three to five times higher than at later milks. Colostrum alpha-tocopherol declined by parity from sows fed less than or equal to 16 IU/kg but was similar at each parity for sows fed greater than or equal to 33 IU/kg, resulting in a dietary vitamin E x parity interaction (P less than .01). The Se content of sow milk declined with parity but was not affected by dietary vitamin E level. Sow liver tocopherol at weaning (28 d postpartum) increased (P less than .01) as dietary vitamin E increased and increased with parity (P less than .05). Pig serum and liver alpha-tocopherol concentrations were elevated at birth and 7 and 28 d of age as sow dietary level of vitamin E increased. Upon weaning, pigs were fed a torula yeast-dextrose diet that contained 3.0 mg of alpha-tocopherol/kg and .32 ppm Se for a 28-d postweaning period. Liver and serum alpha-tocopherol concentrations declined during the postweaning period. Evidence of the vitamin E deficiency occurred at 28 d postweaning in the progeny from sows fed the basal diet or 16 IU of vitamin E; the incidence was more prevalent in the pigs from Parities II and III. These results suggest that a supplemental level of 16 IU of vitamin E/kg of diet was inadequate for the reproducing sow; higher levels are justified, particularly when females are retained in the herd for several parities.  相似文献   

20.
Diets containing 0, 10, or 20% dried wash water solids (WWS) from a milk processing plant were fed to 54 Yorkshire gilts (160 to 270 kg) for five parities. Feed intake, weight changes, and morbidity of sows were measured; number of pigs per litter, birth weight, and weight gain of pigs were also determined. Blood, tissue, and milk samples were taken from sows for hematological and mineral analyses, and tissue samples were taken from newborn pigs from each treatment per parity. Overall, initial sow weight, sow weight at weaning, and weight losses were not affected (P greater than .05) by treatment. At 107 d of gestation, overall weights decreased (P less than .05) linearly with level of WWS in the diet. The number of pigs per litter and weight of pigs were not affected (P greater than .10) by diet. Concentrations of NA (P less than .10) and Cd (P less than .05) were lower in kidney of sows fed 20% WWS, and concentrations of Zn were lower in bone and in kidney of sows fed the 20% WWS diet. The Sr and Ba concentrations increased (P less than .05, P less than .10) linearly in bone from sows with level of WWS in the diet. In pigs, concentrations of Mn in kidney and Zn in liver were lower for the 20% WWS treatment. In conclusion, feeding WWS to sows over five parities had minimal adverse effects on sow productivity and pig performance; the reduction in Zn concentrations in tissues of sows and pigs seemed to be related to the Ca content of WWS.  相似文献   

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