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1.
九龙江流域养猪场氮磷流失特征研究 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2
由于对畜禽粪便的处置和管理不当,氮、磷养分随粪便大量流失,不仅带来日益突出的环境问题,还造成了资源的浪费。目前国际上多采用养分平衡方法研究和评价畜牧养殖场养分流失状况及其潜在的环境风险程度。选取福建省九龙江流域92家养猪场,采用养分平衡分析方法研究了该流域养猪场养分流失状况及主要影响因素。结果表明：大部分养猪场的氮磷养分输入量远远大于养分有效输出量,表明养分大量流失,养殖系统的环境风险程度极高;随着养猪场规模的增大,氮、磷的不平衡程度呈下降趋势;生态型养殖模式有利于促进资源综合利用,减少养分流失;加强对粪肥和饲料管理有利于促进畜禽养殖场的氮、磷养分平衡。 相似文献
2.
Crop growth on acid sandy soils of the Sudano-Sahelian zone is primarily limited by the low amounts of organic matter and available mineral nutrients in the topsoil. The shortening of fallow periods with population growth, the exploitation of fire wood, spatial nutrient transfers by wind and water and net nutrient exports with crop yields in the order of 15 kg nitrogen (N) 2 kg phosphorus (P) and 15 kg potassium (K) ha−1 yr−1 for traditional fields planted to pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) in the southern Sahel have exhausted these resources. Large productivity declines in the prevailing agro-pastoral systems are the consequence. Data are presented to show bow nutrient exports at the level of individual fields, through grain yields and biomass removal as forage, firewood, construction material, and also through run-off, wind and water erosion, leaching and volatilisation, are either losses for the ecosystem or sources of nutrients transferred within the ecosystem. Livestock is a vector of nutrients from rangelands to manured fields through forage intake and excretion and helps to shortcut nutrient cycles, but it is also a net consumer of organic matter and minerals. Through the effects of trampling on the soil and of grazing on the vegetation composition and production, livestock also indirectly affects the cycling and transfer of nutrients. Net nutrient inputs by heavy rains causing overland flow, dust deposition and through biological nitrogen fixation, are also unequally distributed and thus aggravate the fertility gradient from large nutrient ‘source’ areas such as rangelands to small ‘sink’ areas such as fallows, low lands, temporary lakes and river benches. At a finer resolution, shrubs and trees with their alternating periods of nutrient storage and recycling in leaves and wood, micro-depressions, termite mounts and ant nests become localised points of nutrient concentration and high crop productivity. To balance losses of nutrients in these integrated systems and to obtain sustainable increases in production, external inputs of nutrients are necessary. These may be introduced by two different pathways, either via mineral fertilisers applied to croplands or via externally produced supplements fed to livestock. These pathways are complementary and each one has direct effects on the other. Fertiliser application to croplands affect livestock through the increase in available forage and crop residue feed, whereas feed supplementation affects crop production through higher amounts and better quality of manure. The adoption of either strategy by farmers requires a high nutrient use efficiency at low cost. Data from regional field trials revealed increases in total dry matter (TDM) of cereals with broadcast annual P application at 13 kg ha−1 ranging across three years from 19 to 88% for rockphosphate and from 34 to 102% for single superphosphate (SSP). Still, a low-external input approach seemed more advantageous to farmers. The placement of NPK fertiliser at 4 kg P ha−1 with the seed at or shortly after planting caused average TDM increases of 70% for millet, sorghum, maize, cowpea and groundnut and showed an up to three-fold higher phosphorus use efficiency than broadcast P. On the other hand, late dry season supplementation of grazing steers with millet bran not only decreased animal weight losses but also increased N and P concentrations in the faeces. The larger nutrient concentrations in the manure increased millet grain yield by 28% and stover yield by 21% on a field manured at a rate of 3 t DM ha−1. However, even with such approaches the current trends of declining soil productivity can only be reversed, if local policy makers are willing to support agricultural change through better terms of trade for agricultural products. 相似文献
3.
《Journal of plant nutrition》2012,35(2):297-315
AbstractIn the last five decades, nutrient applications to farmlands have significantly improved crop yield and public awareness about nutrient use efficiency (NUE). The crop production system is nutrient-dependent in unfertile lands. The ideal management applications are used to enhance the NUE i.e. application of nutrients at right place and time with right rate. However, there must be a balance among the crop productivity and NUE. The maximum NUE is always observed where nutrient supply is lowest. The use of vital plant nutrients is significant for agricultural sustainability. However, the application of essential nutrient is under the influence of plant, climate, and economic conditions of farmers. In general agro-climatic conditions, the crop has fertilizer or NUE below 50%. The lower NUE is directly proportional to excess stability of nutrients, which may cause environmental pollution. Enhancement in NUE is crucial in agro-economical point of view. Improvement in plant nutrition e.g. P, N, and K, is the need of the hour to achieve food and fiber. In this review, we focused on discussing the significance of NUE and how NUE can be enhanced. There should be a balance among optimum NUE and excellent crop production. 相似文献
4.
丹麦畜禽粪肥利用对中国种养结合循环农业发展的启示 总被引：6，自引：7，他引：6
丹麦在畜禽养殖粪肥利用方面处于世界领先地位。丹麦完善的粪肥利用体系可做到种养平衡和按需施肥,在保证畜牧业健康发展的同时,也促进了种植业的发展。该文综述了丹麦粪肥利用与管理现状,重点分析了丹麦种养平衡生产模式和粪肥施用过程中氨减排技术,从科学理念、法规体系、先进技术和成熟模式等方面总结了丹麦畜禽养殖粪肥利用的成功经验,包括全过程污染控制的科学理念,详细量化、严格执行的管理政策法规,先进的粪肥利用关键技术装备,以及完善的粪肥利用模式,以期提高中国畜禽养殖粪肥利用水平,为推进中国种养循环农业发展提供借鉴。 相似文献
5.
京郊畜禽粪肥资源现状及其替代化肥潜力分析 总被引：11，自引：5，他引：11
随着都市型规模化养殖业快速发展,畜禽粪尿废物大量排放因缺乏足够面积土地消纳所带来的环境压力很大,而粪尿中的氮磷钾养分与化肥一样对作物同等重要,如何合理利用这些废物资源决定了都市化农业的可持续发展。该文针对京郊养殖业和农用地面积现状,结合调研、收集畜禽养分排泄系数和农田养分需求等参数,估算京郊固液粪便养分资源现状及其替代化肥的潜力。结果表明:京郊畜禽固液粪便中N、P、K养分量分别为58.7×103、21.3×103、29.8×103 t,其中固体粪便N、P、K养分分别为43.1×103、20.3×103和19.7×103 t,京郊畜禽固液粪便可分别满足农田N、P、K养分需求量的99.3%、185.2%、62.7%。大部分区县粪肥中P养分产生量超过作物P需求量,粮田秸秆还田可带入的N、P、K养分分别为11.0×103、1.6×103和15.0×103 t,情景分析表明在秸秆还田条件下,按照磷素平衡原则估算本地区所能消纳的粪肥所带入N、P和K养分数量分别为18.3×103、9.9×103和10.3×103 t,同时需要补充N、K化肥分别为29.8×103和22.2×103 t,其余粪肥则需经过堆肥化处理并输往外地。经过堆肥处理,固体粪肥可提供的N、P、K养分分别下降了23%、11%和12%,外输固体粪肥堆肥可进一步减少农田氮磷负荷以及可能的环境风险。 相似文献
6.
Nutrient management for intensive animal agriculture: policies and practices for sustainability 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Abstract. The intensity of animal production around the world has increased substantially during the last half-century, which has led to large problems with the disposal of manures and waste waters. The focus of this paper is on the development of national policies to improve the nutrient management of concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs), where nutrients are invariably in surplus. To create proper nutrient management strategies for CAFOs, and to avoid environmental problems when surplus nutrients enter air, soil and water, we need to know the number of animals/birds in the unit, the quantity of manure/slurry produced, how this material is stored and handled and how much land is available for manure spreading. In this paper, we discuss the development of nutrient management strategies for CAFOs in Europe and North America, and the voluntary measures and environmental regulations related to this. For the planning of nutrient management to be comprehensive and efficient, we need expertise from several disciplines. This planning includes development of: animal diets that reduce the amounts of excreted nutrients; efficient storage and land application technologies; land application programmes to optimize yields and reduce nutrient losses; and strategies for use of excess manure outside the farm. Also, large-scale efforts involving many stakeholders (farmers, governments and private industry) are needed to solve problems with nutrient imbalances over the long term. Efforts along these lines include manure relocation, alternative uses of manures, nutrient trading, and a general extensification of animal agriculture. The overall guiding principle for policies and planning should be a balance of nutrients, on farms as well as at larger scales. 相似文献
7.
基于NUFER模型的生猪养殖氮磷利用效率及排放时空变化 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
城市郊区集约化畜禽生产系统的快速发展在满足日益增长的畜产品需求的同时也带来了严重的环境问题。该研究利用北京生猪养殖场调研数据和养分流动模型NUFER分析了1980年到2013年北京城郊生猪生产体系氮、磷养分利用效率和环境损失时空变化,并利用情景分析提出了5种饲料和粪尿优化管理措施。从1980年到2013年,育肥猪个体尺度(仅包括育肥猪)氮利用效率从17.8%增加到19.0%,磷利用效率从32.0%增加到35.8%;群体尺度(包括育肥猪、母猪等)氮利用效率从16.0%增加到16.7%,磷利用效率从29.5%降低到23.4%;系统尺度(土壤-饲料-生猪)氮利用效率从18.5%降低到11.4%,磷利用效率从41.6%降低到17.1%。2013年,总氮损失和总磷损失分别为4.22和0.65万t,较1980年分别增加了56.9%和97.0%。产生这一变化的原因是生猪养殖模式从家庭和传统养殖模式向集约化模式转变,家庭副产品作为饲料利用的比例迅速降低,养分循环链条中断,从而导致系统养分利用效率不断降低。但就育肥猪个体尺度和群体尺度而言,集约化生产模式优化了饲料精准喂养和粪尿管理。与此同时,2000年后国家提出了大量有关畜禽养殖的政策、法规、标准和规范,使得1980年至2013年间养分利用效率出现先减后增和环境损失出现先增后减的趋势。空间分布变化结果显示,北京城区和近郊区域由生猪养殖导致的环境损失迅速减少,而远郊区域的环境损失快速增加,这主要归因于城市发展规划。 相似文献
8.
京郊畜禽粪污氮磷含量特征及影响因素分析 总被引：5，自引：4，他引：1
中国规模化养殖废弃物中养分资源数量可观,但缺乏循环利用技术,处置不当易引发环境污染问题。该文通过问卷调研和粪污样品检测,对京郊典型养殖场粪便和废水中的总氮、总磷含量特点进行分析,同时追踪典型规模化猪场废水中总氮、总磷含量变化的影响因素及其季节性变化特征。结果表明:所调研的养殖场中,猪粪、牛粪的总氮质量分数平均值分别为29.1,17.8 g/kg,总磷质量分数平均值分别为15.1,6.8 g/kg,猪粪便的总氮、总磷含量变异程度大于牛粪;猪场和牛场中废水总氮、总磷质量分数的平均值分别为892,540和82.4,53.3 mg/L,猪场废水总氮、总磷含量变异程度明显大于牛场。规模化猪场粪便总氮、总磷含量受到饲料配方的影响较大;受饲料和圈舍用水量的影响,现行饲养工艺及粪污处理方式下粪便对废水中总氮、总磷含量的影响较小;万头以上的规模化猪场废水中总氮、总磷含量存在季节性差异,且随着废水存储时间的推移其无机磷比例增加。这些变化特征可对畜禽粪便和养殖废水的资源化再利用提供了有用的参考。 相似文献
9.
北京“土壤-饲料-奶牛”系统氮磷流动及环境损失时空特征 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
分析大城市郊区"土壤-饲料-奶牛"养殖体系养分流动和环境排放特征是合理控制养殖规模、促进农牧结合、保护生态环境和保障畜禽产品供应等政策制定的基础。本研究选取北京市郊区28个规模化奶牛农场,调研包括饲料来源和投入、奶牛生产和粪尿管理以及产品输出情况。结合公开发表的文献数据和北京市统计数据,利用NUFER-animal模型对1980—2013年北京市规模化奶牛农场"土壤-饲料-奶牛"生产系统养分流动特征、利用效率和环境损失的时空变化进行了定量化分析。结果表明,1980—2013年,奶牛个体尺度(仅包括泌乳牛)氮利用效率从14.9%增加到21.2%,磷利用效率从13.8%增加到27.3%;群体尺度(包括犊牛、育成牛、青年牛、泌乳牛和干乳牛)氮利用效率从14.5%增加到18.2%,磷利用效率从15.8%增加到24.9%;系统尺度(土壤-饲料-奶牛)氮利用效率从11.3%增加到15.8%,磷利用效率从13.3%增加到22.3%。北京市奶牛养殖个体尺度、群体尺度和系统尺度氮利用效率在1985年前减少;而1985年后逐渐增加。个体尺度、群体尺度和系统尺度磷利用效率均不断增加。系统尺度氮总损失从1980年的1 516 t增加到2013年的16 973 t;磷总损失从114 t增加到1 763 t。生产1 kg氮磷产品造成的氮和磷损失均表现出不断减少的趋势。北京市"土壤-饲料-奶牛"生产系统氮磷流动特征发生了很大变化,养分利用效率和总环境损失不断增加。产生这一变化的原因是养殖数量的增加、养殖模式从传统向集约化转变和环保管理措施的完善。因此,调整奶牛养殖从数量型向质量型转变以及提高喂养技术和粪尿管理水平等是提高都市奶牛养殖可持续发展的必要措施。 相似文献
10.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(6):753-762
Feeding the world’s population in 40 years will require improved efficiency in the use of plant nutrients and enhancement of soil resources. Over the past 60 years, agricultural production has rapidly increased; however, continued degradation of soil may limit further increases. Improving the soil through enhanced soil biological activity has been proposed as a method of increasing the capacity of the soil to produce crops. Ongoing evaluations of one soil biological fertilizer with a patented process to convert and complex manure into stable finished products (AgroBiotic fertilizers) have been conducted in research plots and producer fields and have shown positive effects on grain yield and potato production. These effects are larger in soils with limited biological activity, suggesting that adding this unique AgroBiotic fertilizer helps restore the biological nutrient cycling in the soil. New developments and innovations that improve nutrient availability and the efficacy of soil biological fertilizers have the potential to help restore degraded soils and improve their production efficiency and capacity to feed the world’s population. 相似文献
11.
Kakamega district in Western Kenya represents the smallholder farming systems typical for much of the densely populated humid highlands in East Africa. A specific feature, however, is the presence of a protected forest reserve (Kakamega Forest National Park), covering some 20% of the district area. Year‐round crop production with little use of external inputs is resulting in declining soil fertility and crop yields. Technologies to counteract fertility constraints are rarely implemented, as they do not consider system diversity or farm‐specific characteristics. We surmised that farm type–specific targeting of technology options to address soil fertility–related production constraints would reduce the anthropogenic pressure on the resources of the adjacent Kakamega rainforest reserve. Based on Kenyan national census data, we selected 168 farms in physical proximity of the Kakamega forest and characterized them regarding production system and soil attributes. Cluster and principal component analyses identified five distinct farm categories. Three representative farms from each cluster group were subsequently selected to establish labor‐use patterns, draw resource‐flow maps, and determine NPK balances. Small subsistence‐oriented farms were most common (> 50%), with maize yields of 0.9 t ha–1 (Cluster 1). Most farmers relied on the forest to provide fire wood, animal feed, and medicinal plants. Mixed farms, combining subsistence maize with industrial crops, were differentiated by soil type, with tea being grown on Ferralsol (Cluster 3), and sugar cane being grown on Acrisol (cluster 4). The dependence on forest resources was limited to animal grazing and the collection of feed stuff (Cluster 3), or the extraction of medicinal plants (Cluster 4). Only few farms showed a high degree of market orientation of the food‐crop production. These comprised either small farms with high investments in fertilizer and maize yields close to 2 t ha–1 (Cluster 2), or larger farms (1.6–3.9 ha) with low fertilizer but high hired‐labor use (Cluster 5). Their reliance on forest resources was generally low. Resource flows showed mainly patterns of nutrient export in subsistence farms, and more complex flow patterns, involving several farm compartments, in the diversified farms. Partial nutrient balances were strongly negative for N and K, irrespective of soil or farm type. Soil‐fertility characteristics reflected the nutrient balances with generally low C and N in all farms on Acrisol, and low P in farms not applying mineral fertilizers or farmyard manure. The proposed typology is expected to improve the targeting of technologies addressing soil fertility–related production constraints, and to reduce the pressure on forest resources. This is of particular importance in the case of small‐scale subsistence and mixed farms close to the forest margin. 相似文献
12.
This paper highlights some interventions which might alleviate agricultural pressures on steep slopes and reduce land degradation in parts of the Ethiopian Highlands. The Ethiopian Highlands are losing alarming amounts of soils (estimated at more than one billion, 1000 million, tonnes) annually. This loss, which is associated with nutrient losses, is manifest in declining agricultural production and biodiversity. About 80 per cent of the annual soil loss occurs from croplands during the rainy season. The nutrient imbalance is further accentuated by forest clearing, removal of crop residue from cultivated lands, and little use of chemical fertilizers or organic manure. Even where livestock are part of the production system, dung is preferentially used as a cooking fuel. Chemical fertilizers are costly, and therefore and alternative land-management scheme is suggested. This is based on a new land-shaping device for drainage which is called the BBM (broad-bed maker), and growing forage legumes to improve soil nutrients, which should allow intensive cultivation of Vertisols in the Ethiopian Highlands. Adoption of the broad bed and furrow land-management system would facilitate early planting and increase the yield of both grain and straw from the major crops relative to the yield from traditional cultivation in flat beds. While not decreasing the yield of grain, mixed cropping of grain and forage crops has been shown to give significantly greater total crop residue yields. The yield is even greater when fertilizers are applied. Supplementary irrigation can help in utilizing Vertisols on bottom lands, and this can be expedited by constructing water reservoirs. 相似文献
13.
中国食物链养分流动与管理研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
为寻求食物生产与消费系统中粮食安全、资源高效和环境友好的协调和农业绿色发展途径,研究团队构建了"土壤-作物-畜牧-家庭-环境"(简称食物链系统)研究体系,运用物质流动和养分代谢理论方法创立了养分流动模型,深入研究了该系统养分流动规律及调控机理,经过近十多年系统研究,获得结果如下:(1)提出食物链养分流动金字塔概念模型,创建了食物链系统养分流动模型。通过分析养分在"土壤-作物-畜牧-家庭-环境"系统的行为特征,发现养分从"土壤-作物-畜牧"向"家庭"的流动呈金字塔状,其形状决定了系统生产力、养分效率和环境效应。处于金字塔顶端的"家庭"消费驱动了系统养分流动,决定了养分效率;"土壤-作物-畜牧"位于金字塔底层,支撑顶层"家庭"消费,决定了系统养分通量,也是养分调控的核心。在此基础上,开发了食物系统养分流动模型——UFER,构建了参数体系,实现了国家和区域尺度食物链氮磷流量、利用效率和环境排放的定量分析。(2)揭示了食物链系统氮磷养分流量、利用效率及其资源环境代价的时空变化特征。阐明了我国土壤-作物系统、农牧系统和整个食物链系统氮磷养分流量、养分效率和环境排放的时空分异特征;明确了土壤作物、畜牧和家庭各子系统对整个食物链养分环境排放的贡献;提出了食物氮(磷)代价概念,发现我国食物生产和消费的资源环境代价增速很快,已远远超过发达国家。(3)明确了食物链系统养分流动的驱动因素,阐明了提高养分效率和降低环境排放的调控机理。明确了决定食物链系统养分效率的关键环节,发现城镇化、食物结构变化和畜牧业发展是食物链养分流动加速的主要驱动因子;阐明了增加粮食和饲料进口、优化膳食结构和改善农牧业养分管理技术等对食物链系统优化的效应及作用机制。发现农牧结合和粪尿资源化利用是大幅度减少化肥需求和环境排放的关键途径,是实现农业绿色发展和食物链养分优化管理的重要突破口。 相似文献
14.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(17):2089-2105
ABSTRACTImproving the production of crops is always a concern in the plantation sector since higher production leads to the economic growth of a country. For developing countries, including Malaysia, one of their incomes is crop production. Focusing on crop nutrients supply using fertilizers to increase the production of the crops is better than expanding the plantation areas. The limited knowledge regarding the appropriate nutrients supply and the relation between the nutrients in Malaysia has caused the yield of the crops not meet expectations. Thus, sharing knowledge about the nutrient requirements and the nutrient availability toward the uptake rate of the plants are required. Hence, this work reviews the nutrient supply, the effect of each nutrient on the crop, and the nutrient availability in Malaysia’s plantation. A better understanding of the nutrient requirement to sustain crop health helps to improve the quality of the crop, its yield, and soil performance for future agriculture work. Moreover, this work also discusses the impact of fertilizer on the plantation and different types of fertilizer. Additionally, their nutrient release patterns will be discussed, along with the pros and cons of these existing fertilizers.Abbreviations: ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate; SRF: Slow-release fertilizers; CRF: Controlled release fertilizer; SCU: Sulfur-coated urea fertilizer; PCU: Polymer-coated urea fertilizer; SRB: Slow release blending fertilizer; NUE: Nitrogen-use efficiency; AV: Ammonia volatilization; CRNF: Controlled release nitrogen fertilizer 相似文献
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为摸清东北地区畜禽粪污处理技术与资源化利用模式应用现状,该研究采用问卷调研与现场评估相结合的方式,对黑龙江、吉林和辽宁3省272个规模化养殖场进行了调研,分析了养殖畜种与存栏量、粪污产生量、粪污处理技术、粪污处理设施设备以及粪肥还田参数等数据,总结了东北地区畜禽粪污处理技术应用现状和资源化利用模式特点。结果表明：东北地区主要粪污收集工艺为干清粪,占比达94.35%。固体粪便以堆沤肥工艺为主,占所调研养殖场的86.93%,各畜种粪便存储设施面积符合畜禽规模化养殖场粪污资源化利用设施建设规范要求。液体粪污主要处理方式为粪水贮存,占所调研养殖场的68.18%;奶牛养殖场粪水贮存设施小于建设规范要求。东北地区粪肥还田主要种植作物为玉米,占所有种植作物的78.13%,现有配套土地面积普遍低于畜禽粪污土地承载力测算需求面积。固体粪肥主要施肥方式为人工施肥,占比达88.00%;液体粪肥主要施肥方式为漫灌和喷灌,占比分别为54.17%和37.50%。整体来看,东北地区粪污处理与资源化利用主要技术模式为“干清粪+粪便堆沤+粪水贮存”。研究结果可为东北地区粪污处理和资源化利用模式推广和政策制定提供参考。 相似文献
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Recep Irfan Nazli Ilker Inal Alpaslan Kusvuran Ahmet Demirbas Veyis Tansi 《Journal of plant nutrition》2016,39(7):912-921
The use of organic materials as a source of nutrients on agricultural lands ameliorates soil physical properties as well as being an environmentally friendly way of disposing of their wastes. This study was conducted to determine effects of three organic materials (poultry litter, cattle manure, leonardite) on yield and nutrient uptake of silage maize. Poultry litter and cattle manure were applied based on phosphorus (P) or nitrogen (N) requirements of the crop whereas leonardite was applied only one dose (500 kg ha?1) and also combined with three inorganic fertilizer doses (100%, 75%, 50% of recommended inorganic fertilizer dose). According to the results, the highest green herbage yield and nutrient uptake values were observed in LEO-100 whereas N-based treatments significantly decreased yield and nutrient uptake of silage maize. The use of organic materials as a combination with inorganic fertilizer in silage maize cultivation is highly beneficial for sustainable forage production. 相似文献
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Perspectives on nutrient management in arable farming systems 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Abstract. Sustainable nutrient management includes economizing on finite natural resources such as fossil energy and limited phosphorus (P) resources. Arable farms with exclusively crop production are characterized by large nutrient export in farm products. In the long term, nutrient export from soils and losses must be balanced by adequate inputs of fertilizers, biological N2 fixation or recycled products from the human food system. Critical issues associated in particular with arable systems discussed in this paper include organic matter depletion and lack of synchronization between nitrogen (N) release from organic N pools (such as plant residues and green manures) and crop demand, leading to N losses and/or N deficiency. Further critical issues identified include efficient use of indigenous soil P and applied P fertilizers and, especially in organic systems, risk of depletion of P and K, which if realized reduce soil fertility and limit production. The risk of enrichment of trace elements to levels toxic to soil microbes, plants, animals or man is also discussed. Suggested measures for managing these critical issues include choice of crop rotation, residue and green manure management. 相似文献
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Abstract. The Pilot Nitrate Sensitive Areas Scheme was set up in England in 1990 to test measures aimed at reducing nitrate losses from agricultural land. Ten groundwater catchments were chosen to typify the geology and farming of areas where nitrate concentrations in abstracted water were high. Voluntary and compensated controls on farming, based on recent research, were introduced. Scheme membership was for 5 years from 1990 or 1991, and 86% of the agricultural land entered the Scheme. On all farms entering the Scheme, manure and fertilizer use were restricted and green cover crops were required over winter (Basic Scheme). Additional payments were available for conversion of arable land to zero or low-input grassland (Premium Scheme). Intensive pig and poultry farmers were assisted with the costs of transporting manure for spreading over a wider area. The most effective changes were improved management of livestock manures, especially of the very large local quantities from housed pig or poultry units; conversion of arable land to low-input grassland; and use of cover crops. There were no indications of reduced crop yields but some requirements increased costs and management complexities. Estimates based on both model calculations and measurements indicated that nitrate losses from agricultural land decreased by about 30%, with considerable variation between areas. 相似文献