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1.
Environmental concerns, the disposal cost of hazardous waste, and the time required for extraction in current methods encouraged us to develop an alternate method for analysis of wheat flour lipids. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with carbon dioxide has provided that medium and the method is fully automatic. Crude fats or nonstarch free lipids (FL) were extracted from 4–5 g of wheat flour by an SFE system. To develop optimum conditions for SFE, various extraction pressures, temperatures, and modifier volumes were tried to provide a method that would produce an amount of lipids comparable to those extracted by the AACC Approved Soxhlet Method and the AOCS Official Butt Method using petroleum ether as solvent. Using several wheat flour samples, the best conditions were 12.0 vol% ethanol (10.8 mol%) at 7,500 psi and 80°C to extract the amount of FL similar to those by the AACC and AOCS methods. Using solid‐phase extraction, lipids were separated into nonpolar lipid (NL), glycolipid (GL), and phospholipid (PL) fractions. The mean value of five flours was 1.15% (flour weight, db) by the SFE method, 1.07% by the Butt method, and 1.01% by the Soxhlet methhod. The SFE‐extracted lipids contained less NL and more GL than either the Butt or Soxhlet methods. All three methods extracted lipids with qualitatively similar components. The overall benefit for SFE over the Soxhlet or Butt methods was to increase the number of samples analyzed in a given time, reduce the cost of analysis, and reduce exposure to toxic chemicals.  相似文献   

2.
A metabolite profiling methodology was developed using rice as model crop. The approach is based on consecutive extraction of lipids and polar compounds and subsequent fractionations of both extracts. Transesterification‐solid phase extraction (lipids) and selective hydrolysis of silylated derivatives (polar compounds) are applied to separate major from minor constituents. The method covers a broad spectrum of chemical classes. Preliminary investigation of the four fractions by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis of silylated derivatives identified more than 100 compounds. This unbiased approach can serve as an additional analytical tool for the safety assessment of genetically modified crops and may help to increase the chance to detect unintended effects due to the application of recombinant DNA techniques.  相似文献   

3.
A simple, rapid, and reproducible method has been developed for the quantitative determination of free fatty acid (FFA) content in lipids extracted from poultry feeds by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy with the use of a single-bounce attenuated total reflectance (SB-ATR) accessory. An FTIR calibration curve was prepared by gravimetrically adding oleic acid (15-37%) to pure refined, bleached, and deodorized (RBD) canola oil and measuring the area of the COOH absorption band at 1710 cm-1. The oil from each of 12 poultry feed formulations was extracted using conventional Soxhlet extraction, and after evaporation of the solvent, the FFA content was determined by the conventional AOCS titrimetric procedure and by the SB-ATR/FTIR method. The SB-ATR/FTIR FFA predictions were related to those determined by the AOCS titrimetric method by linear regression, producing an R value of 0.999 and a SD of +/-0.28% FFA. Time-course spectra collected as lipids extracted into hexane indicated that a 15 min extraction was adequate to obtain a representative sample for FFA determination, with further extraction resulting in little, if any, change in the proportion of FFA in the lipid extract. Only a small volume of the hexane extract ( approximately 20 mL) yielded sufficient material for the SB-ATR/FTIR analysis. Thus, by shortening the extraction time and taking a small sample so as to reduce solvent removal time, the SB-ATR/FTIR procedure provides a very simple and rapid means of determining the FFA content of poultry feed lipids.  相似文献   

4.
Numerous intercalibration exercises have indicated that the in Sweden frequently used, so called Jensen extraction method for total lipids and lipophilic pollutants gave satisfactory yields when applied to fatty aquatic organisms. However, a comparison with the classical Bligh and Dyer method and the forerunner, the Folch methods, revealed that in the case of very lean fish (fat content below 1%, e.g., cod), the lipid yields were about 25% too low for the Jensen method; consequently, residue levels quoted on a lipid weight basis were correspondingly too high. To rectify the unacceptably low fat recovery from lean marine organisms, the Jensen extraction method has been modified to give recoveries not significantly different from the Folch and Bligh and Dyer methods. In the modified version, acetone is replaced by 2-propanol and part of the hexane is replaced by diethyl ether. Comparison between the modified Jensen method and the Folch method for cod muscle gave the same recovery of total lipids but slightly lower than that obtained with the Bligh-Dyer method. A possible explanation for this small difference is discussed. It is anticipated that the reported increased yield for cod is due to the superior solubility of phospholipids in 2-propanol as compared to acetone. The possible use of correction factors for previously reported contaminant residual levels of lean and medium fat fish calculated on lipid basis in the future is suggested.  相似文献   

5.
Gravimetric lipid determination is a major parameter for the characterization and the authentication of royal jelly quality. A solid/liquid extraction was compared to the reference method, which is based on liquid/liquid extraction. The amount of royal jelly and the time of the extraction were optimized in comparison to the reference method. Boiling/rinsing ratio and spread of royal jelly onto the extraction thimble were identified as critical parameters, resulting in good accuracy and precision for the alternative method. Comparison of reproducibility and repeatability of both methods associated with gas chromatographic analysis of the composition of the extracted lipids showed no differences between the two methods. As the intra-laboratory validation tests were comparable to the reference method, while offering rapidity and a decrease in amount of solvent used, it was concluded that the proposed method should be used with no modification of quality criteria and norms established for royal jelly characterization.  相似文献   

6.
梁晶 《土壤》2014,46(1):145-150
随着城市绿化快速发展,城市绿地土壤急需改良,不同改良材料不断涌现。pH作为土壤或改良材料必测指标其测定方法应统一。本文选取全国不同区域的土壤及不同的改良材料进行了饱和浸提法pH测定研究,并与传统的pH测定方法进行了比较,研究结果表明,饱和浸提法和传统方法测定pH具有较好的相关性,而且饱和浸提法浸提用水中CO2以及放置时间对pH测定没有影响,因此该方法对城市绿地土壤和改良材料pH的测定具有适宜性。  相似文献   

7.
A fast method based on liquid-liquid microextraction (LLME) has been developed for the analysis of volatile compounds in fruit and vegetable juices. The method was tested in an aqueous solution containing 49 common flavor compounds typically found in fruit aroma. Influence on extraction yield of the salts used, their levels, and the time of extraction was investigated. The efficiency of n-propyl gallate to inhibit the formation of secondary compounds from lipids during the crushing of fruit tissues was also tested. The proposed method was then applied to several authentic samples such as melons, peaches, grapes, strawberries, and tomatoes. The advantages and limitations of LLME are discussed.  相似文献   

8.
为得到高质量的谷子种子RNA,本研究以5个不同谷子品种为材料,对RNAiso Plus法、改良RNAiso Plus法、CTAB法提取的RNA进行质量和纯度的比较。结果表明,改良RNAiso Plus法提取的总RNA完整性、纯度、浓度均优于其他2种方法提取的总RNA,5个不同谷子品种和不同萌发时期的谷子均可用改良RNAiso Plus法提取出高质量、完整性好的RNA,所得RNA产物可用于构建cDNA文库和转录组测序等后续试验。本研究为禾谷类植物种子的总RNA提取提供了一定的参考,也为谷子种子后续的分子生物学试验奠定了基础。  相似文献   

9.
The objective was to evaluate alternatives to the peroxide value method of choice in the dairy industry, the method issued by the International Dairy Federation. Furthermore, the study evaluated the feasibility of alternative solvents for extracting lipids and subsequent peroxide value determinations. Packaged cheeses were stored under illuminated display at 4 degrees C to obtain samples with various peroxide contents but with uniform gross composition. The hydroperoxide contents were measured during 3 weeks of storage by applying two lipid extraction methods, Folch and Bureau of Dairy Industry (BDI) extractions, and three different hydroperoxide extraction solutions [chloroform/methanol (7:3, v/v), hexane/2-propanol/methanol (5:7:2, v/v/v), and methanol/decanol/hexane (3:2:1, v/v/v)], prior to standard colorimetric measurements. Extraction yields of fat from Havarti cheeses using the Folch and BDI extraction methods were approximately 109 and 61%, respectively, of the yields obtained by the International Dairy Federation gravimetric reference method. Although differences in fat extraction yields were compensated for, significantly higher peroxide values resulted from the Folch extraction method than from the BDI extraction method. The peroxide values obtained by the three methods were all in the same range, and pronounced linear correlations between peroxide contents determined using the three solutions were noted (r (2) in the range of 0.951-0.983). Peroxide value levels were not significantly different in samples stored in the dark or exposed to light.  相似文献   

10.
陈传君  金鹭  林华  胡滨  韩国全  陈世界  张婧  安微 《核农学报》2020,34(12):2762-2768
为了研究干制加工羊肉基因组DNA的最佳提取方法,本试验采用传统酚-氯仿法、磁珠法、改良CTAB法、离心柱法分别提取干制处理后的羊肉基因组DNA,并对4种方法提取的羊肉基因组DNA浓度、纯度、完整性以及提取所需时间、PCR扩增效果等进行比较。结果表明,采用磁珠法提取DNA的效果更好,DNA浓度为118.87 ng·μL-1,A260/A280值为1.89,而且此方法具有提取时间短、效率高、污染小等特点。本研究结果为干制加工羊肉基因组DNA的大批量提取和检测提供了参考依据。  相似文献   

11.
New device for direct extraction of volatiles in solid samples using SPME.   总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10  
A new device that allows extraction of volatiles from solid materials by SPME, avoiding preparation of the sample, was designed and tested in two different food products. Volatiles from dry-cured ham and canned liver sausage were analyzed by headspace SPME (HS SPME) and by using a new device that protects the SPME fiber in the core of the solid material. Volatile profiles generated by using both methods of extraction were very similar in both products. Compounds that have been previously highlighted as quality markers, such as products from oxidative degradation of lipids, products from Strecker degradation of amino acids, or terpenes, were satisfactorily extracted by SPME coupled to the device for direct extraction. In addition, by using this method no laboratory contaminants were extracted, whereas some major laboratory solvents were presented in the chromatogram using the HS SPME method. However, coefficients of variation were higher when performing the direct sampling procedure. This new device appears to have potential as a simple method for extracting volatiles in solid materials while at the same time avoiding taking samples.  相似文献   

12.
The chemical component of spirulina was determined by supercritical CO(2) extraction. The protein and essential amino acid contents of spirulina powder were not significantly decreased through supercritical CO(2) extraction, but the contents of total amino acid and lipids were reduced. The spirulina powder had a stench smell before, but not after, supercritical CO(2) extractions. The highest yield rate of lipids was obtained at an extraction pressure of 35 MPa and an extraction time of 4 h. The lipids could be used as additives of health foods containing gamma-linolenic acid.  相似文献   

13.
Components of green tea ( Camellia sinensis) have been of considerable interest in recent years because of their potential utility as pharmaceutical agents, particularly for their antioxidant and anticarcinogenic activity. Responding to the increasing scientific validation of numerous health benefits of tea, a comprehensive approach was adopted to carry out analysis for the quality assessment of flavonoids in tea samples of different origins. For this purpose, extraction, separation, and mass spectrometric parameters were optimized. Extraction methods evaluated include reflux extraction, a modified accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), namely, Aquasolv extraction, and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) using different percentages of solvents. Separation was performed by a specifically developed reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method using different C18 and C8 stationary phases. Optimization of extraction techniques clearly proved the performance of MAE, which delivered highest yields in a very short time. Additionally, the comparison with Aquasolv extraction provided new insights, as variations in quantified amounts of target compounds between the extracts could be explained on the basis of thermal degradation and epimerization phenomena. Especially the epimerization phenomenon for catechin/epicatechin oligomers, that is, of procyanidins P 2 and P 3, was observed for the first time. Finally, an optimized extraction and separation system was used for qualitative and quantitative investigations of compounds from different green tea samples from Ceylon (cultivated under biologically controlled conditions), Japan, India, and China as well as from one black tea sample from India.  相似文献   

14.
耦合浮珠-超声辅助溶剂萃取法用于微藻采收及油脂提取   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
为了优化微藻生物柴油生产工艺,开发高效低耗的微藻采收与油脂提取技术,该研究使用优化浮珠浮选工艺对小球藻进行采收,随后选取小球藻-表面层状聚合物浮珠聚集体进行破壁提油处理,并通过响应面优化破壁工艺,建立一种新型耦合浮珠-超声辅助溶剂萃取工艺。结果表明,在超声时间为13 min,正己烷：异丙醇体积比例为4,微藻质量浓度为13.6 g/L,超声功率为254 W时,油脂提取效率较高,为18.91%。相比传统气浮法与超声辅助溶剂萃取法,该法采收效率、细胞破壁效率和饱和脂肪酸含量都达到了较高水平,分别为98.36%、90.19%和37.03%。因此,耦合浮珠-超声辅助溶剂萃取工艺是一种有效提取小球藻细胞中油脂的工艺。研究结果为微藻生物柴油制备工艺的发展提供科学依据。  相似文献   

15.
An on-line supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)/enzymatic hydrolysis procedure using immobilized lipase has been developed for the determination of vitamin A in dairy and meat products. Several lipases were tried, of which Novozyme 435 (Candida antarctica type B) showed the highest activity toward retinyl palmitate. There was no observed activity with alpha-tocopheryl acetate. When pressure, temperature, modifiers, flow rate, extraction time, and water content were varied, high vitamin A recovery was obtained in milk powder. Collected extracts were analyzed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet and fluorescence detection without additional sample cleanup. The procedure gave reliable values of vitamin A as well as of vitamin E in other food items such as infant formula, minced pork and beef meat, and low- and high-fat liver paste. The described method is faster and more automated than conventional methods based on liquid-liquid extraction, or SFE using off-line saponification, for vitamin A and E determination. Results obtained with the new method did not differ significantly from those obtained with the other two methods mentioned above.  相似文献   

16.
The official methods for the quantification of aflatoxin M1 in dairy products (cheese and yogurt) include extraction into dichloromethane or chloroform, evaporation of the solvent, partitioning of the reconstituted residue with hexane, and subsequent analysis. To secure a rapid and inexpensive screen for aflatoxin M1 contamination, a sensitive competitive ELISA, using a rabbit polyclonal antibody, was developed for measuring aflatoxin M1 in milk and used in a comparative study for measuring the extraction efficiency of aflatoxin M1 in aqueous or organic solvent buffers using yogurt samples. An aqueous sodium citrate solution was found to be suitable for extracting aflatoxin M1, thus eliminating the need for organic solvents. The citrate extraction proved to be efficient (recovery ranged from 70 to 124%) in fortified samples of very different kinds of dairy products, including yogurt and six types of cheese. Fourteen yogurt and cheese samples were extracted with citrate solution and analyzed by ELISA. A good correlation was observed (y=0.95x-0.59, r2=0.98) when the data were compared with those obtained through the official method, across a wide range of aflatoxin M1 contaminations (10-200 ng/kg).  相似文献   

17.
基于Lucas-Kanade稀疏光流算法的奶牛呼吸行为检测   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  
奶牛呼吸行为的智能检测对于奶牛疾病的自动诊断及奶牛精准养殖具有重要意义。该研究基于Lucas-Kanade稀疏光流算法,提出了一种适合于非结构化养殖环境的无接触式单目标奶牛呼吸行为检测方法。通过在HSV颜色空间完成奶牛目标的提取,然后通过Canny算子和掩模操作完成奶牛所有花斑边界的检测,再利用Lucas-Kanade稀疏光流算法计算提取奶牛花斑边界光流,最后根据视频序列帧中花斑边界平均光流的方向变化规律实现奶牛呼吸行为的检测。为了验证本研究算法的有效性,利用不同环境下获取的105段共计25 200帧数据进行了测试,并与基于整体Lucas-Kanade光流法、整体Horn-Schunck光流法和基于花斑边界的Horn-Schunck光流法进行了对比验证。试验结果表明,该研究算法的帧处理耗时在0.10～0.13 s之间,在试验视频上的平均运行时间为14.14 s。奶牛呼吸行为检测的准确率为83.33%～100%之间,平均准确率为98.58%。平均运行时间较基于整体Lucas-Kanade光流法的呼吸行为检测方法慢1.60 s,较Horn-Schunck整体光流的呼吸行为检测方法快7.30 s,较基于花斑边界的Horn-Schunck光流法快9.16 s。呼吸行为检测的平均准确率分别高于3种方法 1.91、2.36、1.26个百分点。研究结果表明,通过Lucas-Kanade光流法检测奶牛花斑边界平均光流方向变化实现奶牛呼吸行为检测是可行的,该研究可为奶牛热应激行为的自动监测及其他与呼吸相关疾病的远程诊断提供参考。  相似文献   

18.
Rice (Oryza sativa, L.) degree of milling (DM) is a quantification of the amount of bran that has been removed from kernels during the milling process. Historically it has been determined using a time-consuming continuous solvent extraction (CSE) procedure to measure the surface lipid content. The objective of this research was to develop a gas chromatography (GC) method for rice surface lipids. The GC procedure was highly correlated with several other methods for DM including a commonly used CSE procedure and it demonstrated repeatability within acceptable analytical limits. Other aspects in support of the utility of this procedure are that it requires a relatively small amount of sample, organic solvent, and technician time. Consequently, this GC method for rice surface lipids measurement is suitable for use in determining rice DM in cultivar development programs and studies that require the analysis of a large number of samples.  相似文献   

19.
Various extraction methods were assessed in their capacity to extract fatty acids from a dried biomass of Thraustochytrium sp. ONC-T18. Direct saponification using KOH in ethanol or in hexane:ethanol was one of the most efficient techniques to extract lipids (697 mg g(-1)). The highest amount of fatty acids (714 mg g(-1)) was extracted using a miniaturized Bligh and Dyer extraction technique. The use of ultrasonics to break down cell walls while extracting with solvents (methanol:chloroform) also offered high extraction yields of fatty acids (609 mg g(-1)). Moreover, when the transesterification mixture used for a direct transesterification method was doubled, the extraction of fatty acids increased approximately 77% (from 392 to 696 mg g(-1)). This work showed that Thraustochytrium sp. ONC-T18 has the ability to produce over 700 mg g(-1) of lipids, including more than 165 mg g(-1) of docosahexaenoic acid, which makes this microorganism a potential candidate for the commercial production of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Finally, other lipids, such as myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic, and oleic acids, were also produced and recovered in significant amounts (54, 196, 123, and 81 mg g(-1)), respectively.  相似文献   

20.
A supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) method for the extraction of enrofloxacin from a chicken breast muscle was examined. A liquid chromatograph, equipped with a fluorescence detector, was used for the detection of enrofloxacin. Optimal extraction parameters, such as extraction time, supercritical fluid volume, modifier concentration, pressure, and temperature, were determined by examining SFE recoveries from control muscle samples spiked with enrofloxacin at different levels. In all of the experiments, high recovery values were observed, ranging from 101 to 104%. The extraction of enrofloxacin from real muscle samples was examined in chickens that were treated orally with enrofloxacin. Extraction was carried out by the SFE method after each oral treatment and under optimal extraction conditions at set intervals over time. The SFE, combined with liquid chromatographic analysis, showed that the concentration of enrofloxacin in the chicken muscles decreased continuously with time, giving a negligible concentration 72 h after the treatment. These results suggest that SFE is a useful approach for the extraction of enrofloxacin from chicken breast muscles.  相似文献   

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