共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 78 毫秒
1.
全蛋液营养全面,含有人体所需的蛋白质、脂类、糖类和维生素等多种成分。基于肾病患者低磷饮食的需求,采用水滑石(Layered double hydroxide,LDH)吸附法减少全蛋液中磷的含量,开发一款低磷型液蛋制品,为肾病患者提供专用型饮食。实验研究了不同吸附温度下,吸附时间、磷初始质量浓度及LDH添加量对LDH磷吸附量及蛋白质溶解度的影响,并对其动力学模型进行分析;同时探究了解吸液体积、解吸时间对LDH解吸特性的影响以及LDH重复利用情况。实验结果表明:在1～7 h内,吸附量与吸附时间成正比;各温度下(20～45℃)吸附量和溶解度均随磷初始质量浓度的增加而升高;当LDH添加量为10 g/L时,各温度下吸附效果均较好。在模型分析中,Langmuir等温式和准二级动力学模型拟合度较高,尤其吸附温度在25℃和30℃时拟合效果最佳。解吸实验中,最佳条件为解吸时间5 h,液料比1. 00 L/g,且循环利用前2次可维持较好吸附效果。脱磷后必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的质量分数大于40%,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的质量百分比大于60%,对蛋白质营养性的影响较小。综上可知,LDH是一种适于去除全蛋液中磷的吸附材料,可用于专用型液蛋制品的开发。 相似文献
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为研究纳米生物炭对铵态氮的吸附-解吸效果,以稻草秸秆为原料制得本体生物炭,并采用球磨法制备纳米生物炭,通过室内吸附-解吸试验与模型模拟相结合的方法开展研究。结果表明：相对于本体生物炭,纳米生物炭对铵态氮的吸附-解吸效果均表现出极显著的优势。纳米生物炭对铵态氮的吸附量随其投加量和初始溶液氮浓度的增大呈增加趋势,随后趋于平衡;其在pH为7的条件下对铵态氮的吸附效果最好;吸附时间为210 min时,吸附反应达到动态平衡。纳米生物炭对铵态氮的最大吸附量为6.91 mg/g,是相同条件下本体生物炭吸附量的2倍。纳米生物炭对铵态氮的吸附等温线和吸附动力学过程更适合用Langmuir方程和准二级动力学方程描述。纳米生物炭在解吸时间为240 min时,解吸反应达到动态平衡。纳米生物炭最大解吸量为6.051 mg/g,是相同条件下本体生物炭解吸量的1.9倍。准二级动力学方程能更好地描述纳米生物炭对铵态氮的动态解吸过程。纳米生物炭对铵态氮的吸附主要为单分子层吸附,以化学吸附方式为主,解吸过程可以看作是吸附反应的逆向过程。研究结果可为田间施用纳米生物炭减少氮素流失、提高氮肥利用率提供理论依据。 相似文献
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水肥供应对榆林沙土马铃薯生长和水肥利用效率的影响 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
通过大田滴灌施肥试验,研究不同水肥供应对滴灌施肥马铃薯生长、产量及水肥利用效率的影响。大田试验设置3个灌水水平W1(60%ETc)、W2(80%ETc)和W3(100%ETc)以及3个施肥水平(以氮、磷、钾施肥量计)F1(100-40-150 kg/hm~2)、F2(175-60-225 kg/hm~2)和F3(250-80-300 kg/hm~2),共9个处理,分析马铃薯的生长和产量等指标对不同灌水量和不同氮、磷、钾施用量的响应规律。结果表明,灌水量和施肥量均对马铃薯的株高、叶面积指数、干物质量、产量、水分利用效率(WUE)、肥料偏生产力(PFP)、不同块茎质量和经济效益有显著影响。马铃薯生长量、产量和肥料偏生产力均随着灌水量的增加而增加,高水(W3)处理更有利于马铃薯的生长,但W3处理水分利用效率明显低于W1和W2处理,W1处理的平均水分利用效率比W2和W3处理高5.83%和13.05%;生长量和产量随着施肥量的增加先增大后减小,最大产量在高水中肥(W3F2)处理获得,为59 394.98 kg/hm~2,且F2水分利用效率明显大于F1和F3处理。通过线性拟合得出在一定范围内株高、叶面积指数和干物质量对马铃薯产量的增加具有正相关性。综合分析可知,适宜的灌水量和氮、磷、钾施用量不仅能维持马铃薯较好的生长特性,还能获得较大的产量和经济效益。从产量和节水节肥的角度考虑,W3F2处理(100%ETc,175-60-225 kg/hm~2)可作为基于本试验条件下较适宜的水肥组合。 相似文献
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为探明水肥施用量对夏玉米生长的影响,在山东省灌溉试验中心站开展田间小区试验,对比研究不同水(70.5 mm、125.5 mm,记为I1、I2)、不同供氮(145、195、245kg/hm~2,记为N1、N2、N3)与供磷(60、95、120kg/hm~2,记为P1、P2、P3)条件下的夏玉米生物学特性和产量。结果表明:水肥管理对夏玉米株高、叶面积指数(LAI)、产量的影响较大,其差异达到了显著水平(P0.05),灌水较施肥对其影响更为显著;在灌水量一定的条件下,夏玉米株高、叶面积指数与产量都随着氮磷施用量的增加先增加后减少,I2N2P2处理更有利于夏玉米的生长。相同的灌溉量与相同施氮(磷)量下,干物质最大增长速度随着增施磷(氮)肥量先增大后减小,最大增长速度出现的时间随着增施磷(氮)肥量先提前后推迟;通过线性拟合得出在一定范围内株高、叶面积指数和干物质积累量对夏玉米产量的增加具有正相关性。I2N2P2处理下的氮磷肥偏生产力较其他处理较高。综上分析得在I2N2P2处理下夏玉米各生长要素和产量得到最优值。 相似文献
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《节水灌溉》2017,(12)
基于2年大田试验,对比研究了不同施氮量(N1:80 kg/hm2,N2:160 kg/hm2,N3:240 kg/hm2)和水分(W1:拔节期和抽穗期分别补灌30 mm,W0:不灌溉)处理对冬小麦地上部生物量累积、产量和水氮利用效率的影响。此外,构建了2种水分条件下的冬小麦临界氮浓度稀释曲线模型,并据此建立氮营养指数模型对冬小麦进行氮素营养诊断。结果表明,一定水分条件下,中氮处理的地上部生物量显著高于低氮处理,且与高氮处理差异不显著;一定施氮水平下,适当补充灌溉可提高冬小麦地上部生物量累积。2种水分处理的冬小麦地上部最大生物量与临界氮浓度间符合幂函数关系,拟合度均达到极显著水平,且在年际间具有较好的稳定性。综合氮营养指数和施氮量与产量的拟合曲线得出,W0和W1条件下,冬小麦获得最高产量时对应的施氮量分别为171和186 kg/hm2。2个冬小麦生长季,W1N2处理的平均水分利用效率分别较W0N2和W1N3处理提高10.57%和14.01%;平均氮肥利用效率分别较W0N2和W1N3处理提高10.97%和55.77%,是合理的灌水施肥处理。 相似文献
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滴灌条件下水氮减量对番茄氮素利用效率的影响 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
【目的】探究滴灌条件下砂质土壤栽培番茄水肥用量参数。【方法】以沟灌条件下习惯水、氮用量为对照(CK),在滴灌条件下分别将灌水量减少20%(W1)和40%(W2)、施氮量减少25%(F1)和50%(F2)进行田间试验。【结果】与CK相比,滴灌条件下产量、氮素吸收效率及偏生产力均显著高于CK,CK氮素淋溶与表层氮累积均较大;滴灌条件不同灌水量下,W1处理氮素利用效率、产量均较高;不同施氮量下,产量、偏生产力无显著差异。由此可见,滴灌条件下减少20%的灌水量和减少50%的施氮量具有较高的产量、氮素吸收效率及偏生产力,对环境造成的硝酸盐污染也较小。【结论】宁夏砂质土壤日光温室种植番茄,建议在滴灌方式下控制灌水量为3.60×103t/hm2、施氮量为400 kg/hm2。 相似文献
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通过3个控水水平和4个控肥水平正交试验,对2017—2019年泸西县大栗树村三七典型种植区控水控肥条件下微喷灌三七土壤全磷和速效磷运移分布及其储量特性进行试验研究.结果表明:不同灌水量全磷以三七植株为中心沿水平方向和土壤深度增大均逐渐减小,水平方向最大值出现范围在0~10 cm,土壤深度最大值出现范围在0~20 cm.速效磷沿水平方向和土壤深度增大均先减小后增大,沿水平方向和土壤深度方向最大值出现范围均在0~20 cm.不同施肥量全磷和速效磷以三七植株为中心沿水平方向和土壤深度增大均先减小后增大,处理W3F2全磷和速效磷水平方向和土壤深度方向最大值出现范围在0~10 cm.不同灌水量全磷和速效磷分布均匀系数均随灌水量增加先减小后增大,处理W3F2全磷和速效磷分布均匀系数最小,分别为46.77%和62.70%,处理CK全磷偏态系数为负值,其余处理全磷和速效磷偏态系数均为正值.不同施肥量全磷和速效磷分布均匀系数均随施肥量增加先减小后增大,处理W2F3全磷分布均匀系数最小,为46.83%;处理W2F4速效磷分布均匀系数最小,为68.68%;处理W2F1速效磷偏态系数为负值,其余处理全磷和速效磷偏态系数均为正值.不同灌水量全磷和速效磷储量在土壤表层0~20 cm最大,全磷和速效磷储量均随土壤深度增加而减少,随灌水量增加而增加.不同施肥量全磷和速效磷储量均随施肥量增加先增大后减小,处理W2F3全磷和速效磷储量平均值最大.该研究对三七土壤水肥高效利用和调控提供技术支持,对三七高产优质种植具有指导意义. 相似文献
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采用蓄水坑灌技术,研究了不同灌水量处理下(W90,W150,W210)的果园棵间蒸发。在田间采用微型蒸渗仪,观测了距树干不同距离处棵间地表蒸发强度、距坑口不同深度处坑壁蒸发强度的逐日变化过程,并利用微型气象站和nk3500手持气象仪,同步观测了地表棵间以及蓄水坑内的气象因素。结果表明:不同灌水量处理下的棵间地表蒸发逐日变化特征基本一致,呈现随时间先逐渐递减,然后稳定的变化规律;不同灌水量处理下的棵间坑壁蒸发、棵间总蒸发逐日变化特征基本一致,呈现单峰性,随时间先逐渐增大、后逐渐减小、最后稳定的变化规律;不同灌水量下的棵间坑壁、棵间地表蒸发强度存在显著差异;W90、W150,W210处理下的棵间总蒸发量分别为41 920、45 045、45 447mm3,W210比W90处理下的棵间总蒸发量大1.08倍,棵间总蒸发量随着灌水量的增加而呈现逐渐增加趋势。蓄水坑灌条件下,灌水量大小对果园棵间蒸发影响显著,研究成果将更进一步揭示蓄水坑灌节水机理,并为蓄水坑灌理论的完善提供重要的科学依据。 相似文献
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Adoption of a new technology, such as irrigation, is a complex phenomenon. Several factors of economic and social nature contribute to the farm-level decisions affecting adoption. In this study, the role played by attitudes of potential adopters towards irrigation and its subsequent adoption on their farm unit was estimated. Two models were estimated, one incorporating only adopters' socio-economic characteristics, and the other, only their attitudes towards irrigation. Results suggest that adopters' attitude, particularly with respect to economic and environmental effects of irrigation, were significant determinants of their decision to proceed with adoption of irrigation, and have a role to play in adoption of irrigation over and above that explained by socio-economic characteristics. In particular, these results suggest that negative perceptions with respect to economics of irrigation and those related to its detrimental impacts on environmental quality, particularly through soil salinity, may be significant deterrents for adoption of irrigation. The study suggests that planning of large scale water development projects, particularly those involving irrigation, must be cognizant of attitudes of potential adopters. Furthermore, during the planning stages, more attention should be paid to the development of proper educational programs, as well as extension packages, to ensure that potential adopters formulate correct attitudes towards the new technology. 相似文献
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数学作为一门基础性学科，在学生的各个学习阶段都起到了不可替代的作用，在工科院校中数学教学的重要性更是升到了一个新的高度。通过数学的学习，可以培养学生的应用能力和探究思维，通过对数学知识的学习和灵活运用，学生的综合能力会得到系统性的提高。对于数学的教学工作，应当做到有针对性、有目标，在教学工作中，充分做到对症下药、有的放矢，让学生通过对数学的学习，提高自身的综合能力，更好地为社会建设贡献力量。 相似文献
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分析了四川简阳地区砂岩和土壤中的水分运动特性和砂岩中储存的水分对土壤水分补给量的多少。对当地的砂岩和土壤进行了水分特征曲线的测定试验、入渗试验和蒸发试验,并采用研究中常用模型对试验结果进行了拟合,通过对拟合结果的分析,得出了当地土壤和砂岩的水分特性,总结出了该地区表面土层在缺水时水分很容易被下部砂岩层补给,砂岩中的水分是作物利用的重要水资源的结论。这对于充分利用当地水资源,合理确定类似地质条件地区灌溉定额,解决无灌溉条件丘陵区作物缺水问题,实现农业节水灌溉有一定的参考价值。 相似文献
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G. L. Hammer J. W. Hansen J. G. Phillips J. W. Mjelde H. Hill A. Love A. Potgieter 《Agricultural Systems》2001,70(2-3):515-553
Agricultural ecosystems and their associated business and government systems are diverse and varied. They range from farms, to input supply businesses, to marketing and government policy systems, among others. These systems are dynamic and responsive to fluctuations in climate. Skill in climate prediction offers considerable opportunities to managers via its potential to realise system improvements (i.e. increased food production and profit and/or reduced risks). Realising these opportunities, however, is not straightforward as the forecasting skill is imperfect and approaches to applying the existing skill to management issues have not been developed and tested extensively. While there has been much written about impacts of climate variability, there has been relatively little done in relation to applying knowledge of climate predictions to modify actions ahead of likely impacts. However, a considerable body of effort in various parts of the world is now being focused on this issue of applying climate predictions to improve agricultural systems.
In this paper, we outline the basis for climate prediction, with emphasis on the El Niño-Southern Oscillation phenomenon, and catalogue experiences at field, national and global scales in applying climate predictions to agriculture. These diverse experiences are synthesised to derive general lessons about approaches to applying climate prediction in agriculture. The case studies have been selected to represent a diversity of agricultural systems and scales of operation. They also represent the on-going activities of some of the key research and development groups in this field around the world. The case studies include applications at field/farm scale to dryland cropping systems in Australia, Zimbabwe, and Argentina. This spectrum covers resource-rich and resource-poor farming with motivations ranging from profit to food security. At national and global scale we consider possible applications of climate prediction in commodity forecasting (wheat in Australia) and examine implications on global wheat trade and price associated with global consequences of climate prediction.
In cataloguing these experiences we note some general lessons. Foremost is the value of an interdisciplinary systems approach in connecting disciplinary knowledge in a manner most suited to decision-makers. This approach often includes scenario analysis based on simulation with credible models as a key aspect of the learning process. Interaction among researchers, analysts and decision-makers is vital in the development of effective applications — all of the players learn. Issues associated with balance between information demand and supply as well as appreciation of awareness limitations of decision-makers, analysts, and scientists are highlighted. It is argued that understanding and communicating decision risks is one of the keys to successful applications of climate prediction.
We consider that advances of the future will be made by better connecting agricultural scientists and practitioners with the science of climate prediction. Professions involved in decision making must take a proactive role in the development of climate forecasts if the design and use of climate predictions are to reach their full potential. 相似文献
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S.H. KimM. Fan S.O. Prasher R.M. PatelS.A. Hussain 《Agricultural Water Management》2011,98(4):653-660
Pesticides degrade principally through biodegradation processes, whereas antibiotics kill microorganisms or inhibit their growth in soils and thus may affect the fate of pesticides. In this study, the impact of antibiotics on the degradation of atrazine in a sandy soil is investigated in lysimeters over a ninety-day period. Four treatments, monensin, narasin, salinomycin and non-antibiotic, were assigned in triplicate to twelve PVC lysimeters. Both soil and leachate samples were collected and analyzed at predetermined time intervals. In all treatments, atrazine was found to leach down through the soil profiles with the concentration level decreasing with depth, and only trace amounts of atrazine were found in the leachate. However, the statistical analysis of the results showed that all the three antibiotic treatments yielded a significantly slower dissipation of the atrazine level as compared to the non-antibiotic treatment; the mass balance analysis indicated an increased half-life of atrazine in the presence of antibiotics. 相似文献
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北京典型灌区土壤和农产品多氯联苯污染风险评估 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
为明确北京东南郊灌区表层土壤和农作物多氯联苯(PCBs)含量和污染水平以及人体健康风险,2015年在该灌区采集了20个土壤样品和28个作物样品,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析了样品中7大类PCBs含量。研究结果表明,灌区表层土壤PCBs质量比为ND(低于检出限)到0.711 776μg/kg,均值为0.43μg/kg,总体上土壤PCBs含量随污灌历史年限增加而增加。本研究区表层土壤PCBs含量处于较低水平,土壤未受到PCBs污染且其生态风险概率均小于10%。灌区采集的冬小麦籽粒、大葱、茄子、梨、白薯、芥蓝PCBs含量均低于实验检出限,未检出;夏玉米籽粒、菜心和油菜PCBs总量分别为0.17~0.47μg/kg、1.63μg/kg和5.91μg/kg。不同污灌历史年限并未显著影响夏玉米籽粒PCBs含量。本研究区农产品PCBs含量处于较低水平,均低于美国卫生及公共服务部建议限量。采集的土壤和农产品样品仅四氯联苯含量高于实验检出限,能检测出;一氯联苯到三氯联苯和五氯联苯到七氯联苯均低于实验检出限,未检出。本研究中成人和儿童PCBs致癌风险分别为8.49×10-7和4.66×10-7,非致癌风险分别为1.41×10-1和3.88×10-1,均低于US EPA规定限值,说明PCBs未对人群产生明显的健康危害。致癌危害和非致癌危害均以口-作物(玉米和蔬菜)为主,其对人体健康所造成的风险占总个人年风险的比例分别为99.79%~99.95%和99.81%~99.94%。 相似文献
18.
沈阳市既是重工业城市,也是农业大市,发展现代农业必须依靠科技进步。在介绍沈阳市农业发展现状及农业科技条件的基础上,探讨科技进步在沈阳农业发展中的重要作用,并根据沈阳市的实际情况展望今后科技进步的发展方向,为加快沈阳市的农业发展提供理论参考。 相似文献
19.
针对野生刺五加叶片中黄酮含量的测量方法繁琐、时间较长及需破坏叶片等问题,提出了一种基于高光谱技术对不同时段的刺五加叶片中黄酮含量的估算模型。首先,分析提取地域、年龄、长势相近的20株刺五加叶片光谱特征,通过对叶片进行烘干、磨粉及利用紫外分光光度计等化学方法测得叶片中黄酮的真实含量,并选择4种预处理互相结合、比较的方式,判断出最优预处理模型;通过SPA与PCA算法的结合,选择出较明显的特征波段,通过MatLab2018a将特征波段的反射率分别与40组预测集验证相关性后,再分别选取预测值和20组实测值与BP神经网络、支持向量机进行模型建立。实验结果表明:利用BP神经网络建立的模型的校正集决定系数Rc2分别为0.8649、0.7976、0.8485,支持向量机建立的模型的校正集决定系数Rc2分别为0.7526、0.7742、0.7243,证明SNV和1 Der结合的预处理方式与BP神经网络所构建的模型效果最好。研究为高光谱技术对刺五加叶片中黄酮的反演提供了有力的支持,也会提高工业和药用采摘的效率及刺五加的利用价值。 相似文献
20.
Targeted sampling of water was performed in streams, the river mouth, and the municipal drinking-water tap in the vicinity of San Francisco, South Leyte, Philippines. Samples were processed on site and transported back to Sweden for analysis by gas chromatography mass spectrometry to identify and quantify the pesticides commonly used in the area. Collaborations were initiated with employees at the local Department of Agriculture and Municipal Disaster Coordinating Council to learn more about the rice cultivation in this area and times for spraying. Detectable levels of pesticides λ-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin (0.0005-1.4 μg/L) were found in representative water samples. In 47% of samples the detected levels exceeded the recommended limit values for pesticides in surface water according to Swedish guidelines (Swedish Chemicals Agency, 2008). The analysis of samples taken at the river mouth revealed measurable levels of λ-cyhalothrin and cypermethrin, which means that residues of pesticides applied to rice paddy fields were shown to end up at the river mouth. The success of the sampling and analysis methods was confirmed by the data which was in accordance with the expected effect of dilution from day to day. Variable levels of insecticides in the river and all the way down to the sea may have adverse health effects on people using the water and on the aquatic environment, including sensitive coral reefs. This situation is applicable not only to the Philippines, but also to the whole of Southeast Asia, with approximately 70% of their human population living in coastal areas. As Southeast Asia encompasses approximately 34% of the world's coral reefs and between a quarter and a third of the world's mangroves, as well as the global biodiversity triangle formed by the Malay Peninsula, the Philippines, and New Guinea, the need to reduce the impacts of marine pollution in this region is of great importance. 相似文献