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1.
The effect of four times of limb girdling on fruit and tree response was examined on ‘Mayfire’ nectarine (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch). Girdling prior to Stage II of fruit growth reduced the lag phase associated with Stage II, and caused peak fruit growth rates to occur earlier in the season than on later girdled or ungirdled trees. Optimum response was obtained by girdling prior to Stage II, when fruit seed length was approximately 10 mm. Girdling at this time increased fruit weight by 22.5% and more than doubled the percentage of fruit in the largest three size categories. Maturity, measured as soluble solids concentration, was increased by 42%. Shoot extension growth was reduced only by early girdling. Leaf weight per unit area was increased, and leaf nutrient concentrations were decreased by all girdling treatments. Leaf conductance to water vapour (g,) was not affected when measured 8 days prior to and 78 days after harvest. Fifteen days after harvest, g, was decreased in all girdling treatments. 相似文献
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E. Tafazoli 《Scientia Horticulturae》1977,6(2):121-124
Girdling, growth retardant succinic acid 2-2-dimethyl hydrazide (Alar), 2-naphthoxyacetic acid (NOA), and Gibberellic acid (GA3) were tested as a fruit-setting agent in 1975 for ‘Yaghooti’, a stenospermocarpic cultivar of Vitis vinifera grape. Bloom Alar spray at 7500 p.p.m. increased the number of berries per cluster and the cluster weight. Bloom auxin spray did not effectively increase fruit set, while gibberellin had a depressing effect. Girdling also increased fruit set and a combination of Alar and girdling had the most pronounced effect on fruit set. None of the treatments significantly altered soluble solids and/or vitamin C content of the berries. 相似文献
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遮荫和环剥对荔枝枝梢生长和光合生理的影响 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
以12年生‘黑叶’荔枝（Litchi chinensis Sonn.‘Heiye’）为研究材料,进行遮荫、环剥及遮荫 + 环剥处理,观测这些处理对新梢生长,以及叶片净光合速率、叶片光系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）最大光量子效率（Fv/Fm）和淀粉含量的影响。结果表明：遮荫处理和环剥处理均能显著抑制枝梢生长,降低叶片的净光合速率,但两种处理抑制光合作用的机制各异。其中,环剥处理导致叶绿素含量降低,产生永久性光抑制,显示光系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）受到破坏,因此,环剥处理导致光合作用的降低与光反应系统的破坏有关;遮荫下叶片最大光化学效率Fv/Fm维持正常,淀粉含量降低,但即使在相同的人工光源下,光合作用速率同样低于对照,可能主要与暗反应系统活性减弱有关;而遮荫可显著缓解环剥对光反应系统的破坏效应。 相似文献
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荔枝树成花与碳水化合物器官分布的关系研究 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7
选择荔枝不同末端梢抽生期的植株, 于成花诱导期间取样分析, 比较了高成花树与低成花树可溶性糖和淀粉含量的变化。‘桂味’荔枝末端秋梢抽生早的树(10 月5 日抽梢) 成花枝率为95.8% , 而抽生晚的树(11月15 日抽梢) 为18.0% ,‘妃子笑’荔枝10月1日抽梢树和‘糯米糍’荔枝两个抽梢期树(10 月15 日和11 月5 日) 的成花枝率均在99%以上。从11月中旬到1月中旬, 各器官可溶性糖含量一般先上升而后下降; 淀粉含量则不同程度地提高。低温来临前各器官淀粉含量差异不大, 到花发端之前, 3个品种高成花率树的淀粉含量以小枝(粗度1 cm) 为最高, 形成从小枝到末端秋梢和叶片的下降梯度, 而低成花率的桂味荔枝树的淀粉含量则未见这种梯度。认为这种淀粉含量分布可能是荔枝枝梢接受成花诱导、反映诱花效果的一个标志。 相似文献
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A study was made of the influences of gibberellic acid (GA3), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) on leafy inflorescences — and of GA3 on entire trees — on fruit-set and fruit-weight of Clementine mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco).Applying GA3 to inflorescences of cultivar ‘Fino’ (seedless Clementine) between anthesis and 14 days after anthesis increased fruit-set and weight of the fruits at harvest. No significant differences in effects were observed between the application to leaves, to flowers or to leaves and flowers simultaneously. GA3 induced the development of parthenocarpic fruits of cultivar ‘Monreal’ (Clementine with seeds) and a fruit-set similar to that obtained with self-pollination. Spraying GA3 (5–200 mg/l) to entire trees of cultivar ‘Fino’ increased the number of fruits per tree and decreased the average weight of the fruits. However, the commercial yield per tree increased with the concentration of GA3 employed.The application of 2,4-D and BA to inflorescences of cultivar ‘Fino’ increased fruit-setting and weight of the fruits, although not as efficiently as GA3, both the concentration and the time of application being more critical. 相似文献
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Trunks of 8-year-old vigorous ‘Fuyu’ persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) were girdled to a 1 cm width on April 20 and June 10 2004. Tree growth and fruit characteristics were monitored for two years, with special emphasis on the carry-over effect in 2005. Girdling reduced trunk and shoot growth especially of April-girdled trees over two consecutive years. However, the most significant effect of girdling was in the occurrence of water sprouts: a control tree had 29.5 in 2004 and 27.3 in 2005, whereas the April-girdled trees had only 0.3 and 5.3, respectively. Girdling increased fruit set by nearly 50% and enhanced fruit colour in 2004 only. Girdling date did not significantly affect fruit size and soluble solids for two years. Fruit flesh of girdled trees in 2004, especially in the April-girdled trees, had lower N and P concentrations. The levels of starch, soluble sugars, and inorganic elements in flower-bearing distal buds measured just before new growth in 2005 were not significantly altered by the girdling in 2004. 相似文献
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The effect of girdling on abscisic acid, carotenoids content, xanthophylls cycle and non-photoquemical quenching was studied in leaves from different shoot types of containerized two-year-old ‘Loretina’ mandarin during spring flush period. Girdling increased abscisic acid in young leaves and decreased it in mature leaves. These changes were accompanied by a significant increase in leaf carotenoids, carotenoids:chlorophylls ratio, xanthophylls and xanthophylls cycle pool size and its de-epoxidation state in vegetative and multiflowered young leafy shoots. However, changes in de-epoxidation state did not correlate with the energy-dependent non-photochemical quenching. The role of carotenoids and abscisic acid as photoprotecting agents during the oxidative stress caused by girdling is discussed. In conclusion, this study provides evidence linking carotenoids-based photoprotecting mechanisms in the response to the stress induced by girdling in Citrus trees. 相似文献
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A single GA3-spray at petal-fall to the entire tree enhanced initial set in the ‘Navelate’ sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck), but this effect was transient and in most cases final yield was not increased. When followed by girdling, final yield was increased even in the most productive orchards, this effect being due to an increase in fruit number while fruit size was unaffected. The response was markedly dependent on the GA3 concentration, 5 mg l?1 giving the best results. Higher concentrations up to 20 mg l?1 even reduced yield compared to the untreated control trees. Chlormequat reduced the number of fruits finally cropped without affecting their size, an effect which may be explained through a reduction in the endogenous gibberellin levels. 相似文献
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S. Hieke C. M. Menzel V. J. Doogan P. LÜdders 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2013,88(3):326-332
SummaryExperiments were conducted on lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) in subtropical Australia (lat. 27° –29°S) to evaluate the role of assimilates on fruit retention. All the leaves of the last flush, all the leaves of the previous flush (about eight leaves per terminal shoot), or all the old leaves were removed from trees. Medium (3–5.cm diameter) or large branches (5–10.cm diameter) were girdled and defoliated after fruit set, and fruit retention compared with ungirdled and undefoliated branches. Other branches were girdled and defoliated between anthesis and fruit harvest. Finally, 20, 50 or 80% of the flowering panicles were defruited on large trees. Defoliated trees had 35 to 45% lower yields than the controls. This was despite the treatment with all the old leaves removed having a much lower leaf area index than the other defoliation treatments (1.7 vs. 2.3 and 2.8). Leaves next to the inflorescences are more important for yield than the older leaves. Fruit retention was very low on girdled branches that had been defoliated, especially when the leaves were removed in the first 20.d after anthesis. This suggests that the yields of girdled branches were determined by the availability of assimilates soon after fruit set. In contrast, the number of fruit retained on ungirdled branches was unrelated to the number of leaves, with defoliation having no effect on yield. Fruit on these branches were supported by resources from elsewhere in the tree. Thinned trees had similar yields to those of unthinned plots (65–82.kg tree–1). Thinning apparently increased fruit retention in the remaining clusters, under a higher leaf:fruit ratio. There were large differences in the concentrations of starch in the tree, and seasonal changes, with starch declining from flowering to fruit harvest. In contrast, there were only small responses to the treatments, suggesting that the fruit were mainly dependent on current photosynthesis. Photosynthesis in the leaves behind the fruit clusters was more important than photosynthesis in the older shaded leaves. 相似文献
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The effect of gibberellic acid, GA3, on the growth and flowering of hyacinth cultivars ‘Pink Pearl’, ‘Delft Blue’ and ‘Carnegie’, chilled in a cold room at 5°C or a garden frame for 28, 42 or 81 days, and either rooted or dry, unrooted, was investigated. GA, was applied to the basal plates of the bulbs in a lanolin paste on 10 October 1975.The growth of the inflorescence and leaves of plants originating from dry-chilled bulbs was generally the same as that of those grown from rooted plants. A similar response to GA3 treatment was observed in all cultivars. Treatment of bulbs with GA3 decreased the number of days to flowering, stimulated the growth of inflorescences and leaves, and its effect was most pronounced in the plants chilled for shorter periods. 相似文献
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枝梢环剥对荔枝新梢生长和叶片矿质营养的影响 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
环剥处理中断韧皮部光合产物向下运输及抑制枝梢生长的效应已经明确,但对不同矿质营养运输的影响则有待进一步揭示。研究以妃子笑荔枝为试材,揭示了枝梢环剥处理对新梢生长和叶片矿质营养的影响。结果表明,枝梢环剥处理可强烈抑制枝梢上的新梢发生;环剥17 d后,叶片叶绿素指数明显下降;同时,环剥口上端的叶片不同的矿质营养发生不同的变化。其中对钾和镁影响微弱,而氮、磷、钙、铁、锰、铜、锌等矿质营养含量发生不同程度降低,其中微量元素铁、铜、锰的含量下降较为明显,这表明,中断韧皮部运输也会导致叶片摄取这些矿质元素的减少。 相似文献
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H. J. D. Palmer R. Diack S. Seymour D. Dayatilake D.S. Tustin 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2013,88(5):623-627
SummaryPrecocity is particularly important for the economic production of intensively planted apple trees. Unfortunately some cultivars show a propensity for barewood on young trees, which limits early production on 2 year-old spur sites. The new cultivar, ‘Scifresh’ (Jazz?) has shown serious problems of barewood under New Zealand conditions on M.9 and M.26 rootstocks. Barewood has been associated with excessive flowering on feathers and 1 year-old wood. Weak flower clusters develop towards the base of the shoots which do not set fruit and drop off, leaving blind buds. Although there are larger, more well-developed flower clusters on the distal parts of the 1 year-old shoots, cropping these can result in spur extinction. Therefore, in both cases, there is a lack of spur development for the following season resulting in barewood. Experimental treatments have focused on: 1) the effect of timing (January-May) and concentration (400 and 133 mg l–1 gibberellic acid GA3) sprays in the nursery to reduce flowering on 1 year-old wood; and 2) the effect of concentration and timing of localised cytokinin applications in the Spring to re-invigorate blind buds. Two applications of 400 mg l–1 GA3 in late January and late February in the first year in the nursery were effective in eliminating flowering on “knip boom” trees in the following Spring after cutting back. Two applications of 400 mg l–1 GA3, in early and late January, to “knip boom” trees in their second year in the nursery reduced flowering by over 40% when the trees were planted in the orchard. Twelve months later these trees showed an increased density of spur flowers on the original feathers. Aqueous solutions of the cytokinins benzyladenine and thidiazuron, at 500 mg l–1 or 2500 mg l–1 respectively, were applied by brush, prior to, during and post-budbreak, to sections of barewood on 2 year-old or 3 year-old wood on main branches of ‘Scifresh’/M.9 trees. Thidiazuron (at 2500 mg l–1) was far more effective than benzyladenine at inducing growth of dormant buds, even resulting in multiple bud-breaks at individual sites. 相似文献
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Globe artichoke has important nutritional values related to its high content of phenolic compounds such as cynarin and chlorogenic acid. Cynarin (1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid) is a derivative of caffeic acid and has effect on hepatobiliary diseases, hyperlipidaemia, dropsy, rheumatism and cholesterol metabolism. The effect of gibberellic acid (GA3) on the yield of the phenolics, chlorogenic acid and cynarin, both in leaves and in the edible part of the head of globe artichoke, were studied. Plant samples were collected for chemical analyses at the laboratories of the Chair of Vegetable Science, Department for Plant Sciences, Technische Universität München in Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany. GA3 at 60 ppm was applied either at 4, 6 or 8 weeks after transplanting date (ATD). When transplant were used, application of GA3 at 4 weeks ATD significantly increased the content of chlorogenic acid in leaves while the level of cynarin was similar to the untreated control. In contrast when plants were direct seeded into the field, GA3 treatments had no affect on phenolics in leaves compared to the untreated control. Whereas GA3 reduced the time to flowering, it did not increase the content of chlorogenic acid or cynarin in leaves or in most of the flower receptacles, except when GA3 was applied at 6 or 8 weeks. On the other hand, cynarin yield in the 3rd–5th harvested flower heads was higher than controls. The timing of GA3 application is, thus, critical for decreasing time to flower as well as altering the content of cynarin and chlorogenic acid in globe artichoke. 相似文献
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M. Hamano Y. Yamato H. Yamazaki H. Miura 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2013,88(2):220-225
SummaryEndogenous gibberellins were extracted from cabbage shoots and were analysed using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Nine gibberellins (GA1, GA19, GA20, GA44, GA12, GA4, GA15, GA24 and GA25) were identified. Two gibberellin biosynthesis pathways were suggested, an early-13-hydroxlyated pathway and a non-13-hydroxylated pathway, to operate in cabbage shoots. GA1, GA4 and prohexadione calcium, a gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor, were applied to the shoot tip of cabbage ‘Sousyu’ and ‘Kinkei No.201’ with or without cold treatment. Without cold treatment, stem elongation was increased by gibberellins and was suppressed by prohexadione calcium in both cultivars. But prohexadione calcium treatment, followed by gibberellin, promoted stem elongation more than gibberellin alone. Flowering was not induced by gibberellin or prohexadione calcium without cold treatment. When gibberellin and prohexadione calcium were applied during a cold treatment, stem elongation after the cold treatment was increased by gibberellins and was suppressed by prohexadione calcium in both cultivars. Flower bud appearance was promoted by GA1 and GA4 in ‘Sousyu’, but in ‘Kinkei No. 201’ only GA4 was markedly effective. Inhibition of stem elongation and delay of flower bud appearance by prohexadione calcium were overcome by applying GA1 or GA4. Neither gibberellin nor prohexadione calcium treatment changed the number of leaf nodes at anthesis. These results indicated that stem elongation and flower bud development are regulated by gibberellins, but gibberellins might have little effect on flower induction. 相似文献
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Shoot elongation of both cooled and uncooled ‘Apeldoorn’ and ‘Oxford’ tulips, as regulated by the leaves and the flower-bud, was studied. Leaves and/or flower-buds were excised and IAA, BA, or GA3 in lanolin paste, was applied at various sites.Excision of the leaves and flower-buds of cooled tulips inhibited the elongation of the stem internodes. Administration of auxin after leaf and flower excision restored the elongation, mainly basipetally from the site of application. The findings may indicate that both the leaves and the floral organs provide auxin-like substances which control the elongation growth of the stem.Stems of uncooled tulips also elongated after IAA administration to the stem, but the response was slower and weaker. One part of the effect of cooling might be the stimulation of an auxin-releasing activity in the leaves and the flowers, another part an effect on the auxin-response system. 相似文献
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‘Alaska’ and ‘Redwing’ azaleas having dormant flower buds were sprayed with gibberellins (GA3 or GA4 + 7) alone and in combination with thiourea, N6 benzyl adenine (BA) or kinetin weekly for 3 or 4 weeks to test the efficacy of these materials in breaking bud dormancy. Additional plants received 6 weeks of cold storage at 4.5°C or glasshouse day temperatures of 21°C and above. The 2000 and 3000 mg l?1 GA3 and Ga4 + 7 sprays were better than 1000 mg l?1 in promoting flowering, with ‘Redwing’ responding better than ‘Alaska’. GA-treated plants flowered in fewer days than those receiving cold storage. Flower diameter and pedicel length increased with higher levels of GA, and flower uniformity was comparable to cold-stored plants on most GA-treated ‘Redwing’-plants. Thiourea, BA and kinetin applied alone had no effect and considerable cytokinin activity was highest in GA-treated buds 14–21 days after treatment application. No increase in activity occurred on plants not receiving GA. 相似文献
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Exogenous growth substances (GA4+7, IAA, PBA, and ABA) alone and in combination were applied as leaf dips to young ‘Golden Delicious’ apple trees in a growth room at 21 °C. All treatments containing GA4+7 accelerated the incidence of physiological leaf spot over treatments without GA4+7, ABA alone delayed the appearance of leaf spot. PBA, PBA + GA4+7, and PBA + GA4+7 + IAA retarded the abscission of spotted leaves.GA4+7 and GA4+7 + PBA also accelerated leaf spot development in bearing ‘Golden Delicious’ trees in the orchard.Fumigation of apple trees with ethylene at 2, 10, and 20 ppm had no influence on the occurrence of leaf spot or premature abscission. 相似文献
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The levels of diffusable and extractable gibberellin-like substances (GAs) of apple fruits were investigated in the alternate-bearing ‘King of the Pippins’ and the regularly fruiting ‘Golden Delicious’, using the barley endosperm bioassay. During 1977 and 1978 there were marked differences between the two cultivars in both the chronological appearance and the absolute amounts of diffusable GAs. The application of fruit-thinning chemicals (carbaryl, ethephon, NAAm) to ‘King of the Pippins’ suppressed the early increase of GAs in diffusates, which normally occurs during the second week after full bloom. The following year, the thinned trees exhibited heavy flower- and fruit-set, while the untreated control trees showed a very poor bloom. The later appearance of the GA peak in diffusates from fruits of ‘Golden Delicious’ (5 weeks after full bloom), was not accompanied by a similar inhibitory effect on subsequent flowering.In contrast to their effect on the levels of diffusable GAs, the thinning-treatments caused no real change in the amount of extractable GAs, which was very similar in fruits from both cultivars. 相似文献