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1.
Investigations were undertaken to explore the possibility of improving setting, retention and weight of fruits in ‘Early Seedless’ and ‘Calcuttia’ cultivars of lichi (Litchi chinensis) by means of growth regulators. Indole acetic acid (IAA) at 20, 40 and 80 mg l?1, 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) at 2,4 and 8 mg l?1 and gibberellic acid (GA3) at 50, 100 and 150 mg l?1 were sprayed on panicles in the first fortnight of April, when 50–100% flowers had opened. All 3 growth regulators caused a favourable effect on fruit setting, fruit retention and weight of individual fruits, but IAA at 20 mg l?1 proved the best for enhancing setting, GA3 at 50 mg l?1 for increasing retention and GA3 at 100 mg l?1 for improving fruit weight. IAA and GA3 should, therefore, be used in combination. Between the 2 cultivars tested, ‘Calcuttia’ proved superior to ‘Early Seedless’ in fruit setting, fruit retention and weight of individual fruits.  相似文献   

2.
A study on the effect of maleic hydrazide (MH) on vegetative growth, flowering and yield of bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria (Mol) Standl.) was conducted during the rainy and summer seasons of 1979 and 1980, respectively. MH at 150 mg l?1 stimulated the elongation of the main shoot, while MH at 50 mg l?1 induced more branches per plant. Staminate flowers appeared late and at the lowest node number in control plants, whereas MH at 150 mg l?1 had a profound effect on the earliest appearance of pistillate flowers at the lowest node number. Male: female ratio was lowered with MH at 50 mg l?1 and was most effective in producing the maximum number of fruits and fruit weight per plant and ultimately the yield. GA3, NAA and ethrel did not influence yield, while MH did.  相似文献   

3.
The effect of GA3 15 mg l?1, Planofix (NAA = 1-naphthalene acetic acid) 300 mg l?1 and Ethrel 250 mg l?1 on granulation and fruit quality in ‘Kaula’ mandarin (Citrus recticulata Blanco) was studied during 1975–1976. Three sprays of Planofix reduced the incidence of granulation to 30.7% from 62.7% in control. Three sprays of GA3 were almost equally effective (31.3% granulation). These treatments also improved the fruit quality and gave the highest fruit weight, pulp percentage, juice, T.S.S., reducing and non-reducing sugars and ascorbic acid, and the lowest acidity, peel and rag. In both these treatments (3 sprays of GA3 or Planofix) the T.S.S. was 9.3% (8.1% in control). The application of 3 sprays of Planofix 300 mg l?1 or GA3 15 mg l?1 is, therefore, considered to be successful in reducing the granulation in this cultivar of mandarin.  相似文献   

4.
Field grown day-neutral, June-bearing and everbearing strawberry cultivars responded similarly to GA3 in most cases. GA3 stimulated daughter-plant production in ‘Hecker’ (DN) and suppressed it in ‘Guardian’ (June). Fifty mg l?1 GA3 increased initial runner production of all cultivars, while both 50 and 100 mg l?1 GA3 increased fruit yield the year following treatment. In greenhouse studies, GA3 initially increased leaf number, petiole length and runner production, but the effects diminished with time. Phthalimide at 1000 mg l?1 was most effective in increasing leaf number.  相似文献   

5.
Soaking of bulbs in 3 concentrations of indoleacetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA3), 2-chloroethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (cycocel) or 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethrel) showed various responses on growth and flowering. IAA increased the weight and number of bulblets, GA3 increased bulb weight. Cycocel (1000 mg l?1) increased the number of flowers, while GA3 increased the diameter of the flowers.Application of IAA at 100 mg l?1 and GA3 at 10, 100 or 1000 mg l?1 twice as foliar spray at an interval of 30 days promoted the number of bulblets on the treated plants, while high concentrations of cycocel and ethrel (1000 mg l?1) increased the weight of bulblets. All concentrations of IAA, GA3 and 1000 mg l?1 cycocel increased the number and size of the flowers.  相似文献   

6.
A single GA3-spray at petal-fall to the entire tree enhanced initial set in the ‘Navelate’ sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck), but this effect was transient and in most cases final yield was not increased. When followed by girdling, final yield was increased even in the most productive orchards, this effect being due to an increase in fruit number while fruit size was unaffected. The response was markedly dependent on the GA3 concentration, 5 mg l?1 giving the best results. Higher concentrations up to 20 mg l?1 even reduced yield compared to the untreated control trees. Chlormequat reduced the number of fruits finally cropped without affecting their size, an effect which may be explained through a reduction in the endogenous gibberellin levels.  相似文献   

7.
Qualities of Indian gooseberry fruits (Phyllanthus emblica L.) were determined after dip-treatment with wax emulsion (WE) with or without morphactin (Mor) and gibberellic acid (GA3). Dip-treatments with 100–500 mg l?1 Mor reduced marketability by inducing browning and high weight loss, but loss in ascorbic acid was checked and phenols increased. 10 mg l?1 Mor maintained marketability at par with control, effectively controlled loss in ascorbic acid, and increased acidity and reducing sugars. GA3, although failing to control the loss of ascorbic acid, was effective in checking browning and thereby increased the market value of fruits as compared with controls and Mor-treated fruits.WE with or without Mor (10 mg l?1) controlled browning, accumulation of phenols and losses in weight and moisture as compared with 10 mg l?1 Mor, 100 mg l?1 GA3, or control, but could not retain ascorbic acid in comparison to 10 mg l?1 Mor-treated fruits. Marketability of fruits having had treatment with either WE or GA3 was the same. Fruits having had combined treatment with WE and 10 mg l?1 Mor had maximum marketability. Minimum marketability was observed in fruits subjected to a combined treatment of WE + 100 mg l?1 GA3 due to maximum infection with Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp.  相似文献   

8.
ABSTRACT

Gibberellic acid (GA3) at 25, 50, and 100 mg-L?1 and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) at 20, 40, and 80 mg-L?1 were sprayed to runoff on flower panicles of 15-year-old lychee trees one week after panicle emergence. Trees sprayed with water only were used as the control. The number of male flowers was increased quadratically by NAA compared to the control in 2000, and 2001. The number of hermaphrodite flowers functioning as female (HF-F) and the number of hermaphrodite flowers functioning as male (HF-M) was reduced quadratically by all concentrations of NAA both years. The greater the NAA concentration, the greater the reduction. The total number of flowers was also reduced by all NAA concentrations both years. Fruit set (percentage of total HF-F flowers) was reduced quadratically by NAA in 2001, but had no effect in 2000. The number of male flowers was increased quadratically by GA3 both years. Regression analysis also showed a positive relationship between GA3 and HF-F flowers both years. However, hermaphrodite flowers functioning as male (HF-M) was reduced quadratically by GA3 both years. In addition, the total number of flowers and fruit set was increased quadratically by GA3 both years. GA3promotion of male flowers, HF-F production, and increased fruit set may have important bearing on yield improvement.  相似文献   

9.
ABSTRACT

Effect of 2,4-D and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) on fruit drop reduction in pummelo cv. Thong Dee was investigated in the pummelo growing areas of Nakhon Pathom province, Thailand. Five similar sized and aged of pummelo trees were selected to set up the experiment. Ten mature branches with the same size from each pummelo tree were randomly selected around the canopy for 2,4-D (20 and 40 mg L?1), NAA (20 and 40 mg L?1) application and control. All treatments were applied to selected pummelo branches 2 times at full bloom and 2 months after fruit set. The results showed that 20 mg L?1 NAA (14.84%) and 40 mg L?1 NAA (12.26%) gave significantly higher percent of fruit retention at 6 months after fruit set. However, leaf total nonstructural carbohydrate concentration analysis showed that 40 mg L?1 2,4-D (104.86 mg g?1) and 20 mg L?1 2,4-D (96.55 mg g?1) gave significantly higher total nonstructural carbohydrate than those in control (78.44 mg g?1). For fruit quality, 40 mg L?1 2,4-D and 20 mg L?1 2,4-D gave the highest peel weight with 435.55 and 358.57 g, respectively, and 40 mg L?1 2,4-D gave the highest peel thickness with 20.25 mm, while 20 mg L?1 NAA gave statistically higher total soluble solid than those in 20 mg L?1 2,4-D and 40 mg L?1 2,4-D. Therefore, 20 mg L?1 of NAA sprayed 2 times at full bloom and 2 month after fruit set effectively reduced fruit drop and increased percentage of fruit retention in pummelo cv. Thong Dee.  相似文献   

10.
Isolated epicotyl, root meristem and root segment tissues of ‘Troyer’ citrange [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Rat. × Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] were established in continuous culture to compare their regeneration potential. Callus was obtained from these explants on a Murashige—Skoog (MS) medium containing NAA (10 mg l?1) and BAP (0.1–10 mg l?1). Formation of shoots from root segments was direct without callus formation on MS medium containing BAP (10 mg l?1) and NAA (1 mg l?1). Shoot formation from epicotyl callus occurred on MS medium containing 0.25 mg l?1 BAP and 0.1 mg l?1 NAA. Formation of shoots from epicotyl segments occurred on MS medium containing BAP (0.5 mg l?1) and NAA (0.1–1.0 mg l?1), while rooting of regenerated shoots occurred in treatments containing 2.0 mg l?1 NAA alone. This system provides a rapid method for propagation of ‘Troyer’ citrange.  相似文献   

11.
‘St. Julien A’ (Prunus instititia L.) rootstock was induced to proliferate shoots on a modified half-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. Cultures treated with 12.5 mg l?1 gibberellic acid (GA3) produced elongated shoots suitable for rooting. Elongated shoots were placed in media with indolebutyric acid (IBA) or indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) with or without a 16-day dark incubation. Light (16-h photoperiod) inhibited rooting. IAA (4 mg l?1) was ineffective in promoting rooting. Rooting was best when shoots were incubated in the dark with IBA (4 mg l?1). GA3 was deleterious to shoots, causing chlorosis and apical die-back. Light regime interacted with auxin treatments in affecting shoot condition. Shoot condition was better on shoots treated with IBA and dark-incubated; while those treated with IAA were better when light-incubated.  相似文献   

12.
《Scientia Horticulturae》1986,28(4):323-329
Sambucus caerulea (elder) seeds did not germinate after 4°C cool treatments for up to 30 days, when monitored for a further 30 days at 21°C. When seeds were soaked for 24 h in gibberellic acid (GA3) prior to and during cold treatment, germination percentage depended on GA3 concentration and duration of cold treatment. The highest germination percentage was 55 (1000 mg l−1 GA3 for 30 days at 4°C). When seeds were treated with ethephon at 0, 100 or 1000 mg l−1, no germination was recorded after a subsequent 30-day 4°C treatment. Ethephon added to GA3 gave a strong interaction, leading to further promotion in germination. Optimal germination was obtained after 1000 mg l−1 GA3 and 100 mg l−1 ethephon for 30 days at 4°C (69%).The addition of ethanol, acetone, dimethyl sulfoxide or polyethylene glycol to the GA3 soak as infusion agents either reduced or did not change the germination percentage.  相似文献   

13.
In attempts to reduce the glasshouse period of fully-cooled 5°C-forced tulips, ‘Apeldoorn’ bulbs were soaked before planting in aerated and non-aerated gibberellic acid (GA3) solutions for 2–48 h. A 48-h treatment with 250–500 mg l?1 GA3 was the most effective, giving a glasshouse period 7–11 days shorter than for untreated bulbs. Soaks for 24 and 48 h caused root emergence, and 48-h soaks caused perianth segment splitting in one experiment. Aerated or non-aerated GA3 solutions gave similar results. Soaking in water alone gave a smaller increase in earliness. In general, a shortened glasshouse period was associated with shorter whole stem and last internode lengths. In GA3 treatments, flower losses were lower than for distilled water treated and untreated bulbs. A practical treatment would be a non-aerated soak for 24 h with between 250 and 500 mg l?1 GA3.  相似文献   

14.
Sprays with 250–2000 mg l?1 propyl 3-t-butylphenoxy acetate (MB 25,105) and 250 and 500 mg l?1 GA4+7 + 6-benzyladenine (Promalin) were applied to scion growth of first nursery trees of ‘Bartlett’ pear (Pyrus communis L.), ‘Bing’ cherry (Prunus avium L.) and ‘Oregon Spur II Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) to stimulate lateral branching in the nursery. Most treatments significantly increased branching compared to untreated controls. Combination sprays of the two chemicals were usually better than either used alone. Chemical treatment usually produced greater branching and wider branch angles than mechanical heading. Both chemical and mechanical treatments reduced tree height and caliper, but the decrease was not always statistically significant.  相似文献   

15.
Shedding of the upper parts of unlignified grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) canes is frequent during autumn. Stress conditions during the growing-season lead to similar shedding of shoot tips. The separation process occurs above a node in the boundary area between the distal part of the diaphragm and the pith.Ethephon (2-chloroethyl-phosphonic acid) sprays, at 750 or 1500 mg l?1, induced separation of the shoot tips of ‘Perlette’ and ‘Queen of the Vineyards’. Ethylene (C2H4) 200 vpm and ethephon at 10, 100 and 1000 mg l?1 enhanced separation in shoot explants, whereas 2,4,5-TP (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy-propionic acid) at concentrations above 1 mg l?1 arrested it.This phenomenon may be regarded as a shoot abscission process which may represent adaptation of self-pruning of the grapevine.  相似文献   

16.
Summary

Beneh (Pistacia mutica F. & M.) and kolkhong (Pistacia khinjuk Stock) are wild species of pistachio which grow naturally with other trees in some parts of Iran. Because of their adaptibility to severe environmental conditions and their resistance to some pests and diseases, they can be used as rootstocks for pistachio cultivars. Poor germination and very low seedling vigour of these two species have been a major problem in using them as rootstocks for pistachio cultivars. In this study gibberellic acid (GA3), at five concentrations (100, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 mg l21), were used during and after stratification to enhance seedling growth. The results showed that GA3, applied during and after stratification, significantly increased the length, trunk diameter, internode length, leaf area and fresh and dry weight of seedlings of both beneh and kolkhong species. However, application of GA3 after stratification was more effective on seedling growth of beneh. GA3 applied at higher concentrations (500 and 750 mg l21) increased the rate of growth, but growth malformations were clearly evident in seedlings of kolkhong. GA3 at 250 mg l21 enhanced seedlings growth of kolkhong. It was concluded that application of GA3 to the seedlings might be a useful method for promoting rapid shoot growth of beneh and kolkhong and reduce the expense of seedling production in glasshouse conditions.  相似文献   

17.
An in vitro plant regeneration protocol for pansy (Viola wittrockiana) cultivar ‘Caidie’ from petioles was established as following: callus induction on a half-strength MS medium supplemented with 0.45 μmol l−1 2,4-d plus 8.9 μmol l−1 BA, callus subculture on medium F (1/2MS with 4.5 μmol l−1 2,4-d, 2.7 μmol l−1 NAA and 0.44 μmol l−1 BA) and then on medium T (1/2MS with 4.5 μmol l−1 2,4-d, 2.7 μmol l−1 NAA and 2.2 μmol l−1 BA), shoot regeneration on medium D3 (MS media supplemented with 2.9 μmol l−1GA3, 23.6 μmol l−1 AgNO3, 0.02% active charcoal and 4.5 μmol l−1 TDZ), shoot multiplication on medium M (half-strength MS medium containing NAA 1.1 μmol l−1, TDZ 9.1 μmol l−1 and GA3 8.7 μmol l−1), and then shoot elongation and rooting on medium R (MS medium supplemented with 1.1 μmol l−1 NAA and 1.1 μmol l−1 BA). Subculture on appropriate medium was found to be important for successful shoot regeneration.  相似文献   

18.
Summary

Meristems of ginger with or without leaf primordia were induced to form shoots on three-quarter strength Murashige-Skoog’s (MS) medium containing sucrose 6%, coconut milk (CM) 20%, ascorbic acid (AA) 100 mg l?1, glutamine (GL) 400 mg l?1, activated charcoal (AC) 250 mg l?1, 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) 0.5 mg l?1, indolebutyric acid (IBA) 0.4 mg l?1 and agar 0.8%. Meristem-derived shoots exhibited consistent multiplication on three-quarter strength MS medium containing sucrose (3%), AA (100 mg l?1), AC (100 mg l?1), BAP (4–5 mg l?1) and agar (0.8%). Liquid media (agitated or static) were less effective than a solid (agar-gelled) medium for micropropagation. Kinetin and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) incorporated at various levels (0.01–0.8 mg l?1) with or without added BAP and IBA neither improved plantlet formation nor enhanced shoot multiplication. The in vitro plants were successfully established in vivo and the rhizome yield was comparable with that of plants grown by conventional methods.  相似文献   

19.
Partly cooled (5°C) tulip ‘Apeldoorn’ were treated with gibberellins GA3 and GA4 + 7 by vacuùm infiltration, with a view to defining conditions suitable for exploiting the effects of GA on forced tulips (faster flowering, control of stem extension, reduction of floral bud blasting).The first experiment showed that GA3 and GA4 + 7 were equally effective in reducing the glasshouse period following 6 or more weeks cold storage; with less than 6 weeks cold storage, effects were less marked. Stem length at flowering was reduced by GA treatments, particularly by GA3 and following more than 6 weeks cold storage. However, the vacuum infiltration method used (30 min at 10 torr) resulted in serious flower losses.Next, the effect of GA3 concentration (up to 1500 mg 1?1) was studied using vacuum infiltration treatments for 1–15 min at 20–510 torr, which resulted in fewer flower losses. Following 4 weeks cold storage, reducing pressure or increasing GA3 concentration reduced both glasshouse period and stem length, with no effect of duration of treatment; GA3 concentration was the only factor affecting flower length, which was increased. Following 8 weeks cold storage, increasing GA3 concentration, vacuum or duration reduced glasshouse period. With all 3 factors at their maximum levels, 16 days earliness was obtained compared with controls. With maximum earliness, stem length was reduced to about 23 cm, compared to about 26 cm for treatments giving about 1 week's earliness, and 32 cm for untreated controls. Increasing vacuum appeared the most economical way of obtaining earliness, 20 torr giving 7 days earliness even at only 250 mg GA3 1?1. Treatments giving earlier flowering also gave larger flowers. For comparison, there was little effect of soaking bulbs at atmospheric pressure even at 500 mg GA3 1?1 for up to 20 h.Further experiments, conducted with vacuum infiltration at 260 torr for 15 min, confirmed these GA effects using formulated GA3 (as “Berelex”) and GA4 + 7 (as “Regulex”). Effects of GA on stem length at flowering had disappeared by the time stems reached their final length. Comparisons with bulb injection of GA showed that this method required less GA than vacuum infiltration for similar effects, and that the greater effectiveness of GA4 + 7 compared with GA3 was less marked using vacuum infiltration.  相似文献   

20.
Summary

Giant reed (Arundo donax L.), a promising energy crop, is vegetatively-propagated from fragments of stems and rhizomes. This may limit large-scale cultivation, since it is time-consuming and involves considerable cost and effort. Tissue culture is an alternative to conventional methods of vegetative propagation and may represent a useful tool for large-scale propagation of plants for biomass production programmes. This report describes a protocol for the large-scale in vitro propagation of giant reed by adventitious bud formation. Stem nodes with dormant buds proved to be the most effective to initiate in vitro cultures giving the highest percentage of differentiated shoots (77%) compared to the other plant fractions tested. A sterilisation procedure using 5 g l–1 HgCl2 enabled the production of sterile explants. Moreover, early results indicated that late Autumn excision dates not only gave a higher percentage of well-developed shoots ( > 80%), but also a lower level of bacterial contamination (15 – 20%). 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) at 3.0 mg l–1 was most effective in promoting shoot multiplication when added to a basal medium containing Murashige and Skoog (MS) macro- and micro-nutrients, Morel’s vitamins, 30 g l–1 sucrose, and 7.0 g l–1 bacteriological agar supplemented with 1.0 mg l–1 indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 0.05 mg l–1 gibberellic acid (GA3). Rooting was successfully induced on the same basal medium used for proliferation, modified by halving the MS macro-nutrients and replacing BAP and the other growth regulators with 2.0 mg l–1 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Successful acclimatisation (> 95% survival) of plantlets was carried out, even in late Winter, in a cold greenhouse or under simpler facilities such as shade nets.  相似文献   

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