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1.
指出了天然气是国家大力发展的清洁能源,随着天然气管道覆盖范围的扩大,天然气管道事故数量也呈现上升态势。结合天然气管道环境风险评价实例,分析了天然气管道在风险识别、源项分析、后果计算、风险计算和评价以及风险管理等各个阶段的工作要点和注意事项,介绍了射流火灾、天然气泄漏爆炸事故影响预测模式,以及最大可信事故发生概率、风险值的计算方法。同时,结合天然气管道环境风险评价工作经验,提出了现有评价方法存在的问题和解决问题的建议。 相似文献
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通过对变电站工程环境风险识别、源项分析,指出了变电站工程的环境风险主要类型为生产设施风险。采用事故树及事故概率分类方法对变电站工程环境风险进行了评价,结果表明:变电站工程的最大可信事故为变压器火灾、爆炸事故,随之引起生态污染及经济损失等重大事故。针对变电站的潜在环境风险类型及事故概率,制定了变电站工程的应急预案原则,提出了应在明确职责基础上建立应急指挥机构、预警机制和应急响应机制,形成完整的应急响应体系和规范的响应处置流程,并与地方人民政府突发环境事件应急预案相衔接的对策。 相似文献
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以10%管径泄漏作为码头散装液体化学品泄漏的典型事故,采用流体力学的柏努利方程和质量蒸发速度计算了常见8种化学品的泄漏速度及蒸发速度,对蒸发速率和毒性终点浓度进行了比较,采用SLAB模型分析了典型事故情况下化学品泄漏的大气环境风险,根据计算结果可知:10%管径泄漏事故情景下的大气环境风险是可接受的。 相似文献
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采用生命周期评价的方法,对硫铁矿掺烧亚铁渣制98%工业硫酸从电力生产、硫铁矿采选、运输以及硫酸生产4个阶段进行了研究。定量分析了硫酸整个生命周期的资源能源投入、环境负荷等问题,从而找出在硫酸生命周期中的主要环境问题,为硫酸生产改进生产技术、提高清洁生产水平提供数据支持。 相似文献
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指出了甲醇作为重要的化学工业基础原料和清洁液体燃料,在我国的需求量逐年增加,在生产、储运过程中存在环境风险问题。分析了甲醇的理化性质,针对企业储罐区甲醇储罐可能发生的环境风险事故类型及预测评价方法进行了探讨。 相似文献
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人参在东北三省现已大规模栽培,其产量和质量不断提高,但各地生产发展极不平衡,单产1.5kg/m~2仅占栽培面积的30%左右,而70%左右的面积单产不足1.0kg/m~2其主要原因之一是温、光、水、肥、土等环境条件调控的不适宜。因此要获得优质高产的人参就必须调节和控制环境条件,确保人参正常地生长发育。 相似文献
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《甘肃林业科技》2017,(4)
该研究遵从空间代替时间的原理,通过全数采样和统计分析研究表明:(1)成熟单叶面积为3~12 cm~2/片,厚度为0.20~0.30 mm/片,比叶面积(SLA)为9~11 m~2/kg(DW)。(2)垂直根系主要分布在地面以下1 m以内,水平根系主要向光照优越的方向延伸;根系生物量按根径分配,小于10 mm的占2.1%,10 mm~20 mm的占12%,大于20 mm的占85.9%。(3)叶生物量分配百分比与树龄呈负指数关系,幼年期为9%,成年为4%,根、干、枝生物量分配比与树龄关系不显著;生物构件生物量分配百分比为:根29.82%,干26.93%,枝36.96%,叶6.29%。(4)净同化率(NAR),随树龄的增长而下降,5龄为0.897 7 kg/(m~2·a),21龄为0.416 2 kg/(m~2·a),叶片一年生产生物量是自身重量4.2~9.0倍;叶面积比率(LAR)随树龄的增长而下降,8龄为0.485 4 m~2/kg,21龄为0.297 1 m~2/kg,5~22年中,LAR的平均值为0.366 8 m~2/kg;相对生长率(RGR)随树龄的增长而下降,11龄为28.85%,21龄时,为12.37%,5~21年中,RGR的平均值为18.8%。因此,沙枣生长快,耐旱性强,水分利用率高,适宜在干旱荒漠地区种植。 相似文献
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以江西省九连山自然保护区为研究对象,选取木荷、青冈栎、苦槠栲三种代表型亚热带常绿阔叶林进行样地调查采样和室内分析,根据生物量和植被有机碳含量计算亚热带常绿阔叶林植被碳储量与碳密度,根据土壤容重和土壤有机碳含量计算土壤碳密度与碳储量。研究结果表明:九连山自然保护区样地内木荷、青冈栎、苦槠栲三种亚热带常绿阔叶林树种的有机碳含量非常接近,其含量在0.477~0.491之间;森林植被层平均碳密度为6.88kg/m~2,其中乔木层的碳密度为6.43 kg/m~2,灌木层为0.23kg/m~2,凋落物层为0.16kg/m~2,草本层为0.06 kg/m~2;木荷林碳密度最高为7.91kg/m~2,青冈栎林碳密度为7.3kg/m~2,苦槠栲林碳密度为5.41kg/m~2。九连山自然保护区亚热带常绿阔叶林样地内土壤有机碳含量随着土层深度的增加而减少;土壤平均碳密度为117.02t/hm~2,木荷林、青冈栎林和苦槠栲林土壤碳密度分别为86.51t/hm~2、121.86 t/hm~2、99.81t/hm~2;被调查的木荷林、青冈栎林、苦槠栲林标准样地的碳储量分别为14.9049t、17.5374t、13.8519t。 相似文献
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【目的】以云南省玉溪市云南松计划烧除林分为研究对象,通过样地调查、载量评估、烟尘排放计算及时空扩散过程模拟,分析下风口城市PM2.5模拟扩散值与地面监测值的定量关系,揭示计划烧除烟尘对空气质量的影响,为指导科学合理的计划烧除、烟尘管理实践提供理论依据。【方法】以滇中计划烧除云南松林分为对象,通过10 m×10 m样地调查并取样,实验室烘干评估可燃物载量,以BlueSky计算烟尘中PM2.5排放量,并借助HYSPLIT前向轨迹模型定量分析扩散时空格局,再以高分四号卫星影像验证结果,最后对比分析烟尘传输通道下风方向昆明市的PM2.5模拟扩散值与地面监测值。【结果】HYSPLIT模拟的计划烧除烟尘扩散格局与高分四号影像目视的烟尘区一致;PM2.5排放量与可燃物载量及计划烧除面积呈正相关,且腐殖质越厚、可燃物载量越大、烟尘排放越多;位于烟尘传输下风区域的城市,其PM2.5质量浓度随后呈显著增加趋势,地面监测值与扩散模拟值格局较一致且正相关(R2=0.787 43),空气质量由通常的“优... 相似文献
11.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):427-435
In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(3):206-217
The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage. 相似文献
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Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and
also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the
amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter
bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K
was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed
significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week−1 for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week−1 for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed
during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly
between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species
provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient
enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(2):118-130
The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions. 相似文献
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Astra Zaluma Lauma Bruna Darta Klavina Natalija Burnevica Kristine Kenigsvalde Andis Lazdins Talis Gaitnieks 《Forest Pathology》2019,49(6)
Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered. 相似文献
16.
Steven Maranz Amadou Niang Antoine Kalinganire Djeneba Konaté Bocary Kaya 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,72(3):231-239
Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional
data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral
contents and B1 and B2 vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising
germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B1 88 mg 100 g−1, B2 187 mg 100 g−1, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal
diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties
to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations. 相似文献
17.
《Wood material science & engineering》2013,8(2):76-84
Abstract Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists. 相似文献
18.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):53-61
This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland. 相似文献
19.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):15-27
The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. 相似文献
20.
本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。 相似文献