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1.
Four alkaloids (Sanguinarine, 6‐Methoxyl‐dihydro‐chelerythrine, Cryptopine and β‐Allocryptopine) were isolated from aerial parts of Macleaya microcarpa (Maxim) Fedde using bioassay‐guided isolation method, and the inhibitory activity of ethanolic extract, various fractions and these four alkaloids against four fish pathogenic bacteria (Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas salmonicida, Vibrio anguillarum and Vibrio harveyi) was assessed in vitro using the agar dilution method and the microdilution assay method respectively. A. hydrophila was the most sensitive strain to all the tested compounds. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were lower for sanguinarine against all tested Gram‐negative strains than other three alkaloids, with MIC values of 12.5 mg L?1 for A. hydrophila and 50 mg L?1 to other pathogenic bacteria. Followed by 6‐methoxyl‐dihydro‐chelerythrine, which showed considerable antibacterial activity with MIC values of 80 mg L?1 for A. hydrophila, 100 mg L?1 for V. harveyi, and 125 mg L?1 for both V. anguillarum and A. salmonicida. Cryptopine and β‐allocryptopine revealed similar inhibitory activity with MIC values of 100 mg L?1 for A. hydrophila and 200 mg L?1 for other three bacterial species. These finding provided evidence that extract, as well as isolated compounds from M. microcarpa might be potential sources novel antibacterial agents for the treatment of fish infectious diseases.  相似文献   

2.
The antibacterial activities of essential oils and herbal extracts have been demonstrated against a range of bacterial species. In this study, the antibacterial effects of a new combination of essential oils from the herbs Thymus vulgaris, Salvia officinalis, Eucalyptus globulus and Mentha piperita were assayed against common bacterial isolates (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeroginosa) and fifteen novel marine bacteria isolates. The sensitivity of different isolates to antibacterial activity of the essential oils was determined using well diffusion assays. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were quantified by micro dilution assays. The data demonstrate that the combination of essential oils had potent antibacterial effects and marine bacteria were more sensitive to growth inhibition (P < 0.05). MIC rates were 0.77–6.18 mg/ml, and MBC rates were 1.67–12.30 mg/ml. This indicates that the combined essential oils (CEO) can be a new source of antibacterial agents for use in marine aquaculture.  相似文献   

3.
Herbs with known antibacterial characteristics were chosen and extracted with different polar and non-polar solvents and screened against five different shrimp pathogens: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Aeromonas hydrophila, Vibrio harveyi, and V. parahaemolyticus. Five different diets were prepared by incorporating equal proportions of these five herbal extracts at increasing concentrations: Control (0), HD1 (200), HD2 (400), HD3 (600), and HD4 (800 mg/kg of diet). Diets were individually fed to the Penaeus monodon post larvae (PL 25) for 30 days. At 10-day intervals, post larvae were bath challenged with V. harveyi and observed for pathological signs. Post larvae fed the HD 4 diet enjoyed a 75% improvement in survival over the control group and significantly improved final weights and SGR (P < 0.05). The herbal diets HD1 to HD4 helped to decrease the Vibrio load in P. monodon post-larvae after challenging.  相似文献   

4.
Seven marine cyanobacteria were isolated from two regions of the Gulf of Thailand and evaluated by the agar diffusion method for antibacterial activity. Inhibitory compound was purified from the crude methanol extract and its structure was elucidated based on extensive spectroscopic analysis, including IR, 1D and 2D NMR spectra as well as mass spectrometry. A novel antimicrobial compound produced by the marine cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya sp. LT19 was identified to be a 2‐hydroxyethyl‐11‐hydroxyhexadec‐9‐enoate which has so far never been reported in microorganisms. Biological assays revealed that this novel compound exhibited antibacterial activities against the Gram‐negative, persistent shrimp pathogens, Vibrio harveyi and V. parahaemolyticus with minimal inhibitory concentration of 250–1000 and 350–1000 μg mL?1 respectively.  相似文献   

5.
The antibacterial properties of organic extracts of 15 species of sponges collected from a depth of 30 m in the coastal waters off Gopalpur (Bay of Bengal) were tested against six virulent fish pathogens. The extracts of 11 sponges showed species‐specific antibacterial activity. Four extracts exhibited broad antibacterial activity against three or more species. Epipolasis topsenti was active against all the six pathogens and showed the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 12.5 μg against three pathogens. Chromatographic fractionation of extracts yielded enriched fractions with increased activity and lower MIC values.  相似文献   

6.
Vibrio spp. are the most common and harmful shrimp pathogenic bacteria; however, microalgae and cyanobacteria have the ability to produce antimicrobial substances against these species. In this study, the organic and aqueous extracts of 28 species of marine microalgae and cyanobacteria were screened against Vibrio campbellii M1. Two of these phytoplankton species with antibacterial activity in aqueous extracts (Dunaliella tertiolecta and Skeletonema costatum) and nontoxic to brine shrimp Artemia franciscana nauplii were used to evaluate their anti‐Vibrio effect when used as green‐water cultures in Vibrio‐challenged white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei cultures. No differences in mortality of juvenile L. vannamei were observed between treatments tested, suggesting that the pathogenicity of V. campbellii could be related to the growth stage of shrimp. The proximal composition of D. tertiolecta and S. costatum was in the recommended range for penaeid shrimp nutrition, allowing shrimp supplemented with these microalgae to have significantly greater total length and weight than control shrimp. Shrimp supplemented with S. costatum presented the highest values of organic mass (11.48 mg/organism) and growth rate (0.31 mg/d) in comparison to D. tertiolecta. These results indicate that microalgae are not only capable of producing antibacterial compounds against Vibrio but can also help shrimp nutrition.  相似文献   

7.
This study aimed to investigate the effects of adding crude extracts of the extracellular protein (Ex‐Pro) and intracellular polysaccharides (In‐Poly) of Vibrio alginolyticus to diets, at a dosage of 10 g/kg, on the growth, energy metabolism and WSSV (White Spot Syndrome Virus) resistance of Litopenaeus vannamei (initial weight, 0.88 ± 0.04 g/shrimp). Growth and survival rate were not significantly affected by the crude extracts (p > 0.05). Shrimp fed Ex‐Pro crude extracts showed higher succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity in the hepatopancreas and muscle but lower lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the muscle (p < 0.05). The activities of hexokinase (HK), pyruvate kinase (PK), LDH and SDH in the hepatopancreas and the activity of SDH in the muscle were significantly increased by feeding In‐Poly crude extracts (p < 0.05). In contrast, the content of fatty acid synthase (FAS) in the muscle was significantly reduced by the crude extracts (p < 0.05). The contents of glucose and triglyceride and the activity of the electron transport system in the hepatopancreas were significantly increased by the crude extracts (p < 0.05), and the WSSV resistance of the shrimp was increased. These results indicated that the Ex‐Pro and In‐Poly crude extracts of V. alginolyticus could affect energy metabolism, and there was a correlation between WSSV resistance and energy metabolism in L. vannamei.  相似文献   

8.
植物源杀菌剂因其成分复杂、无污染、属性天然等特点,为水产养殖防治病原菌提供了新思路。本文以虎杖、千里光、黄柏、黄岑、苦参等为原材料,研制开发植物源杀菌剂,研究结果表明其对12种水产养殖常见病原菌均有较好的抑菌效果,对大肠杆菌、荧光假单胞菌的的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）为33μL／L,对金黄色葡萄球菌、痢疾志贺氏菌、温和气单胞菌的MIC为25μL／L,对肠炎沙门氏菌、单增李斯特氏菌的MIC为50μL／L,对拟态弧菌的MIC为100μL／L,对溶藻弧菌的MIC为250μL／L,对弗尼斯弧菌、副溶血弧菌的MIC为500μL／L,对创伤弧菌的MIC为1000μL／L。  相似文献   

9.
The effect of different solvent‐based (methanol, ethanol, and aqueous) extracts of Liriope platyphylla at 0, 0.1, 1.0, and 2.0 mg doses on hematology and innate immune response in olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, against Flexibacter maritimus is reported. The red blood cells and white blood cells significantly increased with ethanol and aqueous extracts with any dose against F. maritimus while the hematocrit level significantly increased with methanol or ethanol extracts. However, the hemoglobin content significantly increased irrespective of the doses and type of extracts, whereas the mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration significantly decreased. The lymphocytes and monocytes significantly increased in all doses and extracts, whereas neutrophils increased in ethanol or aqueous extracts. However, the thrombocytes level neither the doses nor extracts did not significant changes to the control against pathogen. Total protein and globulin levels significantly increased with all the doses of ethanol extract while does not significant change in methanol extract. The phagocytic activity and complement activity were significantly enhanced with any dose of ethanol extract while with aqueous extract it was only at 1.0 and 2.0 mg doses. At all the doses of each extract significantly enhanced the leucocytes activity against F. maritimus. The results confirm that the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of L. platyphylla stimulate the immune response against F. maritimus in P. olivaceus.  相似文献   

10.
A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the potential of replacing fishmeal with poultry byproduct meal (PBM) and soybean meal in diets for largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides. A reference diet (C) contained 400 g/kg fishmeal, and 40 or 60% of the fishmeal was replaced with a blend of pet‐food‐grade PBM and soybean meal (diets PP1 and PP2) or a blend of feed‐grade PBM and soybean meal (diets PF1 and PF2). No significant differences were found in weight gain, nitrogen retention efficiency (NRE), condition factor, and body composition among fish fed diets PP1, PP2, PF1, and PF2. Feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were higher in fish fed diet PF1 than in fish fed diet PP1. No significant differences were found in weight gain, NRE, condition factor, and body composition between fish fed diet C and diets PP1, PP2, PF1, and PF2. The feed intake and FCR were lower in fish fed diet C than in fish fed diets PP2, PF1, and PF2. This study reveals that dietary fishmeal level for largemouth bass could be reduced to 160 g/kg by inclusion of PBM and soybean meal in combination.  相似文献   

11.
A 49‐day rearing trial was conducted to investigate the effects of Pseudoalteromonas sp. F15 on growth, survival, digestive and immune‐related enzyme activities in larval and juvenile Yesso scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis. Larvae (Day 2 post‐fertilization) (d2 PF)) were provided with a diet only of microalgae (control) and supplemented with F15 at final concentrations of 1×104 and 1×106 cells/mL, respectively. Results indicated that the specific growth rates and survival rates of umbo larvae (d13 PF), crawling pediveliger larvae (d28 PF) and juveniles (d51 PF) fed the F15 supplementation diets at 104 and/or 106 cells/mL were significantly higher than those fed the diet of microalgae. Larvae and juveniles fed 104 and/or 106 cells/mL F15 supplementation diets showed a significant increase in pepsin, amylase and cellulase activities compared with the control group. The lysozyme, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities of larvae and juveniles fed the F15 supplementation diets at 104 and/or 106 cells/mL significantly increased compared to those fed the diet of microalgae. In addition, F15 protected juveniles against challenge with Vibrio splendidus. These data suggest that F15 can be useful in scallop larviculture.  相似文献   

12.
The present study evaluated the in vitro and in vivo inhibitory effects of Allium sativum extracts against the multidrug-resistant Vibrio harveyi, isolated from the black gill–diseased Fenneropenaeus indicus. Initially, the antibiogram of pathogenic V. harveyi was documented for its resistance towards selected commercial antibiotics. Further, antibacterial activity of A. sativum against Vibrio harveyi was performed by the agar well diffusion method. V. harveyi culture was seeded over the agar plates, and each of the garlic extracts (freshly squeezed garlic extract—FSGE, freeze-dried garlic extract—FDGE and methanolic garlic extract—MGE) was tested at three different concentrations. FSGE showed greater inhibitory activity against V. harveyi than FDGE and MGE. Three diets of standard meal preparation for shrimp containing 0% garlic as a control, 0.5% garlic and 1% garlic treatments were formulated to evaluate the effects of garlic on the experimental infection of shrimp with V. harveyi. The combined results of long- and short-term garlic (1%) extract treatment showed a 75% reduction in cumulative mortality. The present study discusses the advantages of using freshly squeezed garlic extract treatment in shrimp culture that could offer a promising alternative to the use of antibiotics in aquaculture to control disease.  相似文献   

13.
The present work has been undertaken to analyse the antibacterial activity and innate immune components in the skin mucus of Indian major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala. Skin mucus was extracted separately in triple‐distilled water (TDW), 3% acetic acid (3% AA) or 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (1% TFA). All mucus extracts exhibited different spectrum of the antibacterial activity against different groups of pathogenic bacteria. Protein profiling by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed a series of protein bands in the TDW extract, four major protein bands in the AA extract and two protein bands in the TFA extract. Tandem mass spectrometry analysis of distinct protein bands identified potential innate immune factors – histone H2A, histone H3, histone H4, haemoglobin, cofilin and nucleoside diphosphate kinase in the TDW extract, and ubiquitin and histone H2B isoforms in acidic extracts of skin mucus of C. mrigala. The presence of these innate immune molecules suggests that skin mucus play an important role in the protection of the fish against microbial invasion.  相似文献   

14.
Fifteen commercial ethanolic extracts from medicinal plants were in vitro screened for antibacterial activity against Listonella anguillarum (serotypes O1 and O2), Yersinia ruckeri, Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida, and Lactococcus garvieae. Their antimicrobial potential was assessed by the disc diffusion assay, then minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) were established by the broth microdilution method. The extracts of lavender, Lavandula officinalis; lemon balm, Melissa officinalis; basil, Ocimum basilicum; oregano, Origanum vulgare; rosemary, Rosmarinus officinalis; common sage, Salvia officinalis; and red bilberry, Vaccinium vitis‐idaea, showed a broad spectrum of inhibitory effects. The extracts of yarrow, Achillea millefolium; arnica, Arnica montana; marigold, Calendula officinalis; Icelandic lichen, Cetraria islandica; horsetail, Equisetum arvense; grindelia, Grindelia robusta; java tea, Orthosiphon stamineus; and thyme, Thymus vulgaris, were less or not active. P. damselae subsp. piscicida was the most susceptible bacterial strain, while Y. ruckeri was the most resistant. These results can be considered for further investigations aimed to identify novel natural antimicrobial compounds that could be used in aquaculture for the control of bacterial infections.  相似文献   

15.
罗氏沼虾不同养殖模式对水体浮游生物的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
吕林兰  董学兴  赵卫红  欧江涛  何枫 《水产学报》2018,42(10):1589-1595
通过围隔实验比较罗氏沼虾不同养殖模式对水体浮游生物的影响。实验设置6种养殖模式:罗氏沼虾单养(MP)、罗氏沼虾+浮萍(水面覆盖率5%)(PP)、罗氏沼虾+鲢(PF)、罗氏沼虾+背角无齿蚌+鲢(PMF)、罗氏沼虾+背角无齿蚌+浮萍(PMP)、罗氏沼虾+背角无齿蚌+浮萍+鲢(PMPF)。养殖64 d后,测定不同模式中浮游植物和三大类浮游动物(轮虫、枝角类及桡足类)的种类和数量。结果显示,上述6种模式中浮游植物共同优势种有4种,但优势度指数最大的浮游植物不同,MP组是锥囊藻属,有浮萍的PP和PMP组均为细小平裂藻,混养鲢的PF、PMF和PMPF组均为针杆藻。不同养殖模式无共同的浮游动物优势种。养殖模式对浮游生物密度具有显著影响,PF组浮游植物密度最高,MP组浮游植物密度最低,PF组浮游植物密度比MP、PP和PMP组分别高78%、53%和61%。相反,浮游动物密度MP组最高,PF组最低。混养鲢的PF、PMF和PMPF组浮游动物密度显著低于其他3组。研究表明,罗氏沼虾养殖中混养鲢可增加浮游植物密度而降低浮游动物密度,浮萍和鲢影响池塘优势种。  相似文献   

16.
Cyanobacterial blooms exert negative impacts on fisheries and water management authorities. Recently, it has gained global attention, as elevated earth warming and environmental pollution are accelerating algal growth. Oreochromis niloticus (O. niloticus) is a worldwide and the most commonly cultured fish in Egypt. The biological interaction of the living organisms to the surrounding environment must continuously be assessed to predict future effects of the ongoing hazards on fish. The study was designed to examine the possible biological and biochemical response of O. niloticus exposed to different concentrations of microcystins crude extract (containing microcystin-LR). Three equal groups of O. niloticus were assigned for intraperitoneal injection of three different doses: 100, 200, and 400 μg m?1 dried aqueous microcystins extract, for 10 days. Clinical, condition factor (K) and hepatosomatic index (HIS) were estimated. Biochemical alterations were evaluated via lipid peroxidation, DNA fragmentation assay and electrophoretic analysis of fragmented DNA using agarose gel electrophoresis. The results showed that there were discernible behavioral and clinical alterations. Significant differences in K and HIS were observed between treatments. Also, significant elevations were observed in lipid peroxidation level and in the DNA fragmentation percentage in the exposed fish to the doses of 200 and 400 μg m?1 of microcystins crude extract. The current study addresses the possible toxic effects of microcystins crude extract to O. niloticus. The results cleared that microcystins crude extract (containing MC-LR) is toxic to O. niloticus in time- and dose-dependent manners.  相似文献   

17.
A total of 360 Nile tilapia at an average initial body weight of 3.9 g were randomly allocated to four treatments, each of which had three replicates of 30 fish per tank and used to investigate the effects of Cu2+‐exchanged montmorillonite (Cu‐MMT) on intestinal microflora, digestibility and digestive enzyme activities. The dietary treatments were: (i) basal diet, (ii) basal diet + 1.5 g kg?1 MMT; (iii) basal diet + 30 mg kg?1 copper as CuSO4 (equivalent to the copper in the Cu‐MMT treatment group), or (iv) basal diet + 1.5 g kg?1 Cu‐MMT. The results showed that supplementation with Cu‐MMT significantly improved growth performance as compared with the control and fish fed with Cu‐MMT had higher growth performance than those fed with MMT or CuSO4. Supplementation with Cu‐MMT reduced (P < 0.05) the total intestinal aerobic bacterial counts and affected the composition of intestinal microflora with Aeromonas, Vibrio, Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Acinetobacter, Alcaligence, Enterobacteriaceae decreasing as compared with the control. Addition of MMT improved (P < 0.05) the apparent digestibility of dry matter and crude protein, and the activities of intestinal amylase, lipase, and alkaline phosphatase as compared with the control. Addition of Cu‐MMT improved (P < 0.05) the apparent digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, and crude ash, and the activities of total protease, amylase, lipase, and alkaline phosphatase as compared with the control. While supplementation with CuSO4 had no (P > 0.05) effect on intestinal microflora, digestibility, and digestive enzyme activities the results showed that Cu‐MMT exhibited antibacterial activity in vivo resulting in a positive effect on digestive enzyme activities, and then promoted the digestion and absorption of dietary nutrition.  相似文献   

18.
The bioactivities of protein extracts from Nitzschia laevis, Spirulina platensis, and Chlorella vulgaris were evaluated in vitro. Free radical scavenging potential, reducing power, oxygen radical absorbance capacity, superoxide anion radical, xanthine oxidase inhibition, and potential to inhibit angiotensin 1-converting enzyme (ACE) and acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE) were studied. Nitzschia protein extracts showed the highest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activities, reducing power, and ACE inhibitory activity. Spirulina’s proteins showed the highest 2,2′-Azino-bis (3 ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) scavenging activity, xanthine oxidase, and AChE inhibition activities. Aqueous protein extracts from Nitzschia, Spirulina, and Chlorella showed in vitro antioxidant, anti-ACE, and anti-AChE activities, suggesting possible new sources of bioactive proteins of different phyla with nutraceutical and pharmaceutical potentials.  相似文献   

19.
This study evaluated the effects of diets containing 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 g kg?1 Spirulina platensis on proximate composition, fatty acid profile and lipid peroxidation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Supplementation of S. platensis did not change moisture and protein contents, but fish fed 50 and 100 g kg?1 S. platensis had lower muscle lipid content than those fed control diet (P < 0.05). Fish fed 100 g kg?1 of S. platensis contained lower percentages of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid and a higher percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acid than those fed control diet (P < 0.05). The n‐3/n‐6 ratio of the fatty acid increased and muscle atherogenic and thrombogenic indices were significantly decreased as the dietary supplement of S. platensis increased. Furthermore, lipid peroxidation of the fillet significantly decreased with increasing dietary S. platensis at 4 °C and at ?20 °C (P < 0.05). The results of this study show that supplementation of S. platensis to the diet improves muscle quality of the rainbow trout.  相似文献   

20.
This study investigated potential application of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in depuration for reducing Vibrio parahaemolyticus in oysters. Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 8014, which exhibited strong bactericidal effects against V. parahaemolyticus in vitro, was added to artificial seawater for depuration of Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) inoculated with V. parahaemolyticus BE 98-2029 (O3:K6) to levels of about 104 MPN/g at 15 ± 1 and 10 ± 1°C. Application of L. plantarum ATCC 8014 treatment (107 CFU/mL) in oyster depuration did not enhance reductions of V. parahaemolyticus in oysters depurated at 15 ± 1°C but significantly decreased (p < 0.05) levels of V. parahaemolyticus in oysters depurated at 10 ± 1°C after 5 days (3.40 log reductions) when compared with controls (2.75 log reductions). It is not clear if a competitive exclusion by LABs to compete with V. parahaemolyticus binding sites in oyster tissues plays a role in the reduction of V. parahaemolyticus in the oysters. Further studies utilizing different types of LABs in oyster depuration might provide additional knowledge for application of LAB in depuration for decontaminating V. parahaemolyticus in oysters.  相似文献   

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