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1.
影响农田防护林防风效益的主导因子探讨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对半干旱风沙区单林带、林网、林农间作、片林等不同类型农田防护林结构和防风效益的调查研究,提出了疏透度、林带间距、树高与林带宽度的比值、单位面积树冠体积分别是影响各类防护林防风效益的主导因子,确定了单林带最佳结构时的疏透度为０．３,有效防风距离为树高的１３．８倍。 相似文献
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对乌兰布和人工绿洲11条不同配置结构农田防护林带的防护效应进行了研究,结果表明:(1)在同等条件下,窄冠型杨树林带的疏透度均比宽冠型杨树的小,新疆杨较加拿大杨低0.23,箭杆杨较二白杨低0.30;但新疆杨的防风效能较加拿大杨高34.43%,箭杆杨较二白杨高26.46%.宽林带(32 m)的防护作用强于窄林带(4 m),其农田防护率可提高16.55%～54.41%,胁地指数降低0.03～0.22,农作物减产率下降27.5%.(2)小网格灌木防护林的农田防护率、胁地指数和农作物减产率均好于乔木,农田防护率较乔木提高8.00%～13.93%,胁地指数降低0.04～0.05,减产率下降0.8%～49.4%;防风效能提高1.08%～6.3%.(3)乔木混交林的防护效应好于乔木纯林,其中,农田防护率较纯林提高43.8%,胁地指数降低0.27,农作物减产率降低57.5%.(4)新疆杨栽植9 a后即可进入最佳有效防护成熟期,有效防护成熟期在10～27 a.(5)林带配置方式即株行距、行数、林带宽度与林带疏透度显著正相关(R＝0.661*、0.707*、0.688*).(6)林带防护距离随林龄增加而增加,林龄与林带间距呈显著正相关,即林带的工艺成熟龄和防护期是确定林带间距的重要依据. 相似文献
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影响防风带近距离防风效果的结构因子的研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以山西北部半干旱风沙区为研究区,调查现有防风林带的距离防风效果,用回归分析法分析了冠层疏通度、冠下疏通度、林带宽度、栽植密度、林带与风向夹角、林带高和平均枝下高占林带高的百分比与距离带缘5倍树高处的风速降低百分数之间的关系。结果表明：影响防风林带近距离防风效果的主导因子为冠下疏透度、林带与风向的夹角和枝下高占林带高的百分比。 相似文献
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从林带结构参数——疏透度β、立木表面积疏透度S’、立木体积疏透度V’、地上生物表面积密度C、地上生物体积密度W的定义和运算关系出发,推演出冬季相林带结构参数之间、以及它们与林带透风系数α、林带宽度D、枝条平均直径d的相互关系,其表达式为:W=V’/D=1/4dC=dS’/4D=-πdlnβ/4D=-0.1πdlnα/D该式是对几个主要结构参数之间具有同质性的证明,说明不同结构参数概念具有本质上的继承性和一致性,不存在严格意义上的排他性,在一定条件下是可以换算的,为林带防风效应评价运算提供了方便。导出一组适合我国北方干旱风沙区农田防护林带防风效应评价的运算公式。 相似文献
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对吉林省西部10种典型水田防护林配置的林带结构因子进行调查,分析了不同林带的疏透度差异性并确定了各因子与有叶期疏透度(β有叶期)和无叶期疏透度(β无叶期)的相关性,建立了疏透度与主要林带主要影响因子的回归方程.结果表明:吉林省西部水田防护林林带分为3类:Ⅰ(1、5、7、10)、Ⅱ(2、9)、Ⅲ(3、4、6、8),其β有叶期和β无叶期值范围分别在0.2 ～0.28和0.5 ～0.6、0.4～0.5和0.8 ～0.85、0.3 ～0.4和0.6～0.8之间;胸径、树高、冠幅、枝下高、株行距和行数等因子与β有叶期和β无叶期存在相关性;并且其相应的最适范围分别为22.8～27.7 cm、15.6～17.9 m、4.5 m×3.5 m～5.4m×4.2m、6.6 ～7.1 m、1.8～4.3 m和3～4行. 相似文献
10.
崇明岛沿岸防护林结构与功能空间异质性分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
对崇明岛2005年1:50000航片进行解译,将GIS的空间分析法与景观格局分析法相结合,并对防护林带群落结构进行抽样调查,通过计算完备度、景观格局指数以及疏透度值3项指标,从不同层次上对岛区沿岸防护林结构与功能的空间异质性进行综合分析.结果显示:崇明岛沿岸基干防护林带完备度仅为21%,空间格局分异明显,西岸、南岸林带完备度高于北岸与东岸.景观指数分析结果表明:已有林带分布不连续,多呈片段状分布,其中西岸、东岸的连续性高于南岸与北岸.群落结构与功能调查发现,受树种及群落配置的影响,很少样地林带疏透度值达到最适,目前林带防风效果并不理想.文中最后从数量、结构以及空间分布3方面对岛区未来沿岸防护林体系的构建提出建议,并从研究方法与内容两方面提出了未来岛区沿岸防护林的研究方向. 相似文献
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Robinia pseudoacacia stands act as a typical ecological protection forest in hilly semi-arid area of China. Two fields of surface runoff were
separately set up inR. pseudoacacia stand and its clearcut area in the western Liaoning Province (18°50’–122°25’ E, 40°24’–42°34’ N) for measuring the characteristics
of runoff and sediment as well as soil moisture dynamics. Contractive analysis of the two land types showed that there existed
a significant difference in volumes of runoff and sediment between the sites ofR. pseudoacacia stand and its clearcut area. The runoff volume and sediment volume in clearcut are were much bigger than those inR. pseudoacacia stand, with an increase amount of 40%–177% for runoff and 180%–400% for sediment. Hydrograph of surface runoff of typical
rainfall showed that the peak value of runoff inR. pseudoacacia stand was decreased by 1.0–2.5×10−3m3·s−1 compared with that in its clearcut area, and the occurring time of peak value of runoff inR. pseudoacacia stand was 10–20 min later than that in its clearcut area. Harmonic analysis of soil moisture dynamics indicated that the
soil moisture inR. pseudoacacia stand was 2.3% higher than that in clearcut area, and the soil moisture both inR. pseudoacia stand and its clearcut area could be divided into dry season and humid season and varied periodically with annual raifall
precipitation. It was concluded thatR. pseudoacacia stand plays a very important role in storing water, increasing soil moisture, and reducing surface runoff and soil erosion.
Foundation item: This paper was supported by Chinese “863” Plan Water-Saving Agriculture (2002AA2Z4321), the Key Knowledge Innovation Project
(SCXZY0103), and The “Tenth-five” Plan of Liaoning Province (2001212001).
Biography: GAO Peng (1967-), male, Dr. candidate, associate professor of Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Shenyang 110016, P. R. China.
Responsible editor: Song Funan 相似文献
12.
农田防护林主要间距离的确定——基于林带结构与风速降低的关系 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Relative windspeed reduction was measured behind nine relatively narrow, homogenous tree windbreaks with porosities between
0.13–0.33, and behind 28 combinations of model stubble barriers representing 25 different optical porosities (0.00–0.80).
The optimum porosities observed were 0.25 and 0.13 for tree windbreaks and stubble barriers respectively. Based on the relationship
between windbreak structure (optical porosity) and wind reduction, the chief indices for determining spacing interval, i.e.,
the windbreak structure index (δ) and the parameter of microclimate, represented by the problem wind (L
rp
), were determined. Additionally, investigations on shelterbelt trees were carried out, and stem-analysis techniques were
used, to develop a method for determining the mature height of tree windbreaks (H
0). Optimal spacing intervals between windbreaks could be predicted from the indices of a given windbreak structure, percentage
of reduction of windspeed desired and tree growth model. A hypothetical example for determining the spacing interval of principal
poplar windbreaks is given at the end of this paper. The results can be applied not only to tree windbreak design but also
to other plant materials and artificial barriers for wind protection.
Foundation item: This study was supported by Innovation Research Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences
Biography: ZHU Jiao-jun (1965-), male, Ph. Doctor, PhD advisor. Professor of Institute of Applied Ecology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences,
China, Scholar researcher of Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Japan.
Responsible editor: Song Funan 相似文献
13.
森林道路对山雀类利用人工鸟巢的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
于2002 年11月至2003年6 月间, 在韩国安养首尔大学冠岳植物园(37°25'05"N,126°56' 85"E)阔叶林、针叶林和针阔混交林内研究了森林道路对山雀类利用人工鸟巢的影响。对在人工巢箱中繁殖的山雀类,杂色山雀(Parus varius)、沼泽山雀( P. palustris)和大山雀(P. major)的繁殖对的数量、巢位、窝大小、卵重及卵大小进行了调查。调查结果显示,在 3 个研究区,杂色山雀在森林内部(距离道路 75–150m)的繁殖对数量,比森林边缘(距离道路 0–75 m)多,其窝大小、卵重等尺寸也明显比森林边缘高,但沼泽山雀基本不受森林道路的影响。在人类活动频繁的地区人工巢箱为洞穴鸟类提供良好的繁殖条件。人工鸟巢的设置将有利于这些鸟类的保护和管理。表 3 参 16。 相似文献
14.
Through five years (1996–2000), experiment, the growth characteristics and resistance to insect and cold of the seven poplar
varieties includingP. popularis, P. opera, P: pseudo-simonii, P. beijinensis, P. bolleana, P. x euramericana andP. simonii, which were planted in loess hilly land in northwest Shanxi Province, were tested under different planting densities and
site conditions. A randomized block design and three times repetition were adopted in the test. Based on the test results
in arid and cold area of the northwest Shanxi, the hybrid poplar trees takingPopulus cathaysna as their female parent could be selected for afforestation, such asP. popularis andP. opera, and the growing space of single plant should be larger than 20 m2.P. bolleana as an introduced tree species grows well in this area, but its growth is likely affected by, ground water condition. On the
site with relatively abundant soil water,P. bolleana usually suffer from frost crack at its trunk base. As a result,P. bolleara is suited to planting in the site where is short of soil water.P. x euramericana is not suitable for large-scale afforestation, especially in arid slopes and ridges of loess hilly land.
Biography: LU Jiao (1963-), Male, Engineer in Shanxi Academy of Forestry, Taiyuan 030012, P.R. China
Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai 相似文献
15.
Xiaoming Zhang Xinxiao Yu Sihong Wu Tianxing Wei Xuepei Zhang 《Frontiers of Forestry in China》2006,1(3):336-342
According to fixed-position data for 1985–2003 from nine runoff plots of Caijiachuan watershed which lies in Jixian County
of Shanxi Province in Loess area, this paper studied the relationship between vegetation and runoff and sediment production
in sloping lands in detail, which helps to provide scientific basis for vegetation re-construction and studies on environmental
transformation of water and sediment in watersheds of Loess area. Although, many study results testify that forest vegetation
has an important function in soil and water conservation and cutting runoff, the effect of vegetation on runoff and sediment
transmission is complicated, and this needs to be studied in depth. The results of the paper showed the following. Firstly,
the natural secondary forest performs better function of soil and water conservation than artificial Robinia pseudoacacia forest, and runoff and sediment produced in the former in individual rainfall were 65%–82% and 23%–92% of those produced
in the latter. At the same time, better correlative relationship between runoff and sediment production and rainfall and rainfall
intensity were testified by multiple regression, but the correlation decreased gradually with the increase of canopy density
of forest. Secondly, the difference of runoff and sediment production in several land use types was very distinct, and the
amount of runoff and sediment produced from Ostryopsis davidiana forest and natural secondary forest were the least, and runoff and sediment produced from in artificial Robinia pseudoacacia forest and Pinus tabulaeformis forest were 5-fold as much as those from O. davidiana forest. Besides, runoff and sediment produced in mixed planting of apple trees and crops were 16.14-fold and 2.96-fold than
those of O. davidiana forest, respectively, but the amount decreased obviously after high-standard soil preparation in the case of the former.
Thirdly, based on gray cognate analyses of factors affecting runoff and sediment production in sloping land, the factors of
stand canopy density and herb and litter biomass were the most significant ones, whose gray incidence degree exceeded 0.6.
Therefore, mixed forest with multi-layer stand structure and shrub forest should be developed in vegetation re-construction
of Loess area, which will help to increase coverage and litter thickness in order to cut down the runoff and sediment dramatically
in sloping land.
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Translated from Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2005, 16(9): 1,613–1,617 [译自: 应用生态学报, 2005, 16(9): 1,613–1,617] 相似文献
16.
Gao Chang-qi Sun Shou-hui Ren Xiao-guang Niu Yan-zhang Song Li-wen Zhang Yun-sheng 《林业研究》2000,11(2):114-118
Ips subelongatus Motschulsky were raised indoors and in the field using fresh baits for study of biological and ecological characteristics
during 1992–1994. The life cycle of the pest in Lishu County, Jilin Province was described. The study results indicated that
temperature was a main factor affecting the development ofIps subelongatus. The initial temperature for development of egg, larva, pupa and adult was 6.1, 8.0, 10.3 and 9.8°C, respectively. To complete
one-generation needs, respectively, 48 d at temperature of 18°C, 39 d at 20°C and 33 d at 22°C. The pest has different number
of generations in different area as a result of temperature change. In Jilin Province, it generally has three generations,
except that some individuals have 2 generations. The nature enemies for this pest areThanasinus substriatus, Tomimicobia seitneri Ruschk,Coeliodes sp. etc.
Foundation item: This paper is part of key subject of the Ministry of Forestry (formerly)—The Systematic Control Technique ofIps subelongatus Motschulsky.
Biography: G{upao} Chang-qi (1952-), male, research fellow in Jilin Forestry Academy.
Responsibe editor: Chai Ruihai 相似文献
17.
Shelterbelts are a valuable resource to those who plant them and to other members of society. The external benefits to society
can be worth as much as the private benefits to producers. However, the external benefits have not been quantified or monetized
in a well-documented way. In this study, external benefits were estimated for tree seedlings distributed by the Agriculture
and Agri-Food Canada Shelterbelt Centre in the Canadian Prairie Provinces for the period 1981–2001. Estimation of these benefits
required information on the biophysical changes caused by shelterbelts and their valuation. Using literature, we estimated
that the value of these external benefits amounted to over $140 million (2001 CDN$; CDN$1 = US$0.63). The majority of this
value was derived from carbon sequestration ($73 million) and reduced soil erosion ($15 million) services with the remainder
being contributed by biodiversity and water and air quality services. Other external benefits, such as health values, transportation
safety, aesthetics and property values were identified but could not be estimated due to a lack of data. The estimated value
for external benefits conferred by shelterbelts in this study indicates that they are large and suggests that both private
and external benefits need to be considered in formulating policies or programs so that benefits to the society can be maximized. 相似文献
18.
Muehlewbeckia complera was introduced to China in 2002 as indoor-hanging ornamental foliage plant. The experiment of the shade tolerance for this
species was carried out in different light intensities (0.14–946.00 μmol·m−2·s−1). After 40 days in experimental areas, leaf photosynthentic characteristics indexes ofM. complera in different photosynthesis active radiation (PAR) were measured with LI-COR6400 apparatus, such as the light compensation
point, light saturation point, and maximum net photosynthesis rate, at the same time, the increments of total leaf area and
leaf amount were measured. The results showed that the optimum light intensity range forM. complera was from 9.26 μmol·m−2·s−1 to 569.00 μmol·m−2·s−1 (463–28150 lx, relative humidity (RH) for 46–60%, temperature at 16–22°C). Under this condition, leaf photosynthetic efficiency
was tiptop. AlthoughM. complera belonged to the moderate sun-adaptation plant species, the plant growth was inhibited when PAR increased to the level of
569.000 μmol·m−2·s−1 or above.M. complera could sprout new leaves in photosynthesis active radiation of 0.16–19.22 μmol·m−2·s−1 (8–961 lx), or 10 μmol·m−2·s−1 for above 6 h.
Foundation item: This study was supported by the Research Foundation of Northeast Forestry University.
Biography: YUE Hua (1962-), female, Associate professor in Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P. R. China.
Responsible editor: Zhu Hong 相似文献
19.
珠江三角洲陶瓷工业污染区植被受害证据与启示 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
以长期暴露在大气污染胁迫下的村边林为对象,进行植物群落结构调查、植物受害分析,探讨了陶瓷工业污染排放对植被的影响。调查样地位于广东南海区五星村边坡地的半自然次生林内,乔木层和灌木、草本幼苗层的调查分别在10个10m×10m和4个5m×5m的样方内进行。该森林群落以隆缘桉和尾叶桉数量占优势,其次是乡土树种鸭脚木、泥竹,重要值依次为26.75、17.08、16.27和11.50。隆缘桉和马尾松冠层枝叶完全枯死、脱落,受害程度达100%;其次是泥竹和南岭黄檀受害程度分别为85.1%和68.3%。尾叶桉、朴树、越南山龙眼、阴香、黄荆受害程度中等,在45%—57.5%之间;其它伴生本土种类如鸭脚木、珊瑚树、酒饼叶、等的重要值较低且表现出受害程度较严重。和上层乔木比较,林下植被受污染的伤害大大降低。桉树类树种因其速生、快速郁闭等特点被认为是华南荒山、退化丘陵地区植被恢复的重要种类,但在重度污染地区已面临严重威胁,而某些乡土树种在污染地区则显示出较强的抵御大气污染的能力。本文结果为污染地区森林资源管理,退化生态系统植被恢复之树种选择以及进一步开展乡土树种抵御大气污染胁迫的过程机制与功能特征的研究提供科学基础。 相似文献
20.
优良红松坚果型优树的选择方法(英文) 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
于1988-1998 年对长白山、小兴安岭和完达山地区天然红松林以及黑龙江省鹤岗地区人工红松林结实量进行了实地调查和测定。根据调查和测定数据，对红松结实特征，包括结实量、球果长度、球果数量、出种率，种子千粒重、种子产量、种子大小、种子空实率、球果虫害率、结实指数等，进行分析方差分析、多重比较和逐步回归，得出各项结实因子对结实量的贡献率，将球果长度、千粒重和出种率确定为优树选择的重要指标，然后采用加权系数法确定红松坚果型优树，并制订出天然红松林坚果型优树标准和红松人工林坚果优树标准。本项研究为建立红松坚果园选择优树提供了方法和标准。 相似文献