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1.
将大麦白粉菌(Erysiphe graminis f.sp.hordei)的毒性和无毒性分离菌接接种顺序接种于具有不同抗性基因的大麦品种。不亲和反应所诱导的抗性能降低毒性分离菌的侵染,相反亲和反应诱导的感病性其程度足以增加无毒性分离菌侵染抗性寄主的能力。互作的净效应与单由某一种毒性分离菌接种相比能减少分生孢子的产生最。分离菌之间的每一个互作取决于所采用的寄主品种、病原分离菌和接种次序。先接种无毒性分离菌再接种毒性分离菌常常最易观察到诱导抗性。若先按种毒性分离菌,诱导感病性常常更加明显。不过,在品种Wing上先接种无毒性分离菌,诱导感病性更加明显。在品种Hassan上,先接种毒性分离菌,虽常诱导感病性,但某些时候以先接种无毒性分离菌时诱导更强的感病性。在后一种情况下,尽管无毒性分离菌所致侵染相对较少,但所产生的孢子大多数是由无毒性分离菌形成的。某些事证表明,无毒性分离菌可获得侵染不亲和性寄主的能力。如果没有毒性分离菌的存在,经过几个世代以后这种作用就会消失。 相似文献
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为明确近年来安徽省小麦白粉病菌群体的毒性及其变化,利用41个鉴别寄主对安徽省2010、2015和2019年小麦白粉菌群体进行了毒性监测和分析。研究结果表明,病菌群体对抗性基因(组合)Pm3c、Pm5a、Pm7、Pm19、Pm3d、Pm17、Pm6、Pm1a、Pm3a、Pm3f、Pm8、Pm1+2+9和Pm3e的平均毒性频率大于70%,表明这些抗性基因或组合在安徽省小麦生产上已丧失抗性,不能在抗病育种中继续使用;对Pm12、Pm21、Pm16、Pm1c、Pm35、Pm13和Pm2+MLD的毒性频率小于20%,这些抗性基因(组合)仍具有良好的抗性,可在抗病育种中加以利用。安徽省小麦白粉菌毒性数据的主成分分析结果表明,2010、2015和2019年病菌群体毒性结构总体上可看成一个群体,但年份间病菌群体毒性结构具有一定的差异,应加强安徽省小麦白粉菌群体毒性的持续监测工作。研究结果对安徽省小麦白粉病的抗病育种及品种的合理布局具有指导意义。 相似文献
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为明确陕西省小麦白粉菌群体的毒性频率和遗传多样性,利用34个含有已知抗白粉病基因的小麦品种(系)和5对多态性ISSR分子标记,分别对2016年渭南、西安、咸阳、宝鸡、汉中和安康等6市的15个乡镇160个小麦白粉菌单孢子堆菌株进行毒性频率分析。结果显示:供试小麦白粉菌群体对Pm1、Pm2、Pm3b、Pm3c、Pm3e、Pm3f、Pm6、Pm7、Pm8、Pm19和Pm1+2+19的毒性频率在60%~100%之间,表明这些抗性基因已丧失抗性,在生产上已经丧失利用价值,对Pm4b、Pm24、Pm2+6、Pm2+Mld、Pm2+6+?、Pm4b+Mli、Pm"Era"、Pm"XBD"和Pm21的毒性频率低于20%,表明这些抗性基因抗性良好,可在生产中利用。选取其中93个单孢子堆菌株进行遗传多样性分析,结果表明白粉菌地理群体间遗传距离在0.020 4~0.103 7之间,其中宝鸡和渭南群体的遗传距离最近,汉中和咸阳群体的遗传距离最远。群体间遗传变异占总体变异的12.82%,群体内遗传变异占87.12%,表明遗传变异主要来自于群体内。Mantel Test分析表明,小麦白粉菌群体间遗传距离与地理距离相关性不大。 相似文献
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抗病品种和化学防治是控制植物病害最有效的两种措施,病原菌在长期选择压下可改变其群体结构,以逐步适应品种抗性和杀菌剂压力。本研究采用拌种离体叶段法对 2012年采自我国9个省(市)的129个小麦白粉病菌Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici单孢堆分离物进行了三唑酮敏感性检测,同时采用31个已知抗病基因品种(系)对其进行苗期毒性测定,并对二者之间的相关性进行分析结果表明:129个供试菌株对三唑酮的EC50为 109.97 mg/L,平均抗药性水平达到52.62倍,变异系数为 107.2。所有供试菌株中,99.22% 的菌株产生了抗药性,其中高抗菌株占58.91%,中抗菌株占37.98%。北京菌株的抗药性水平明显高于其他8个省市。利用Popgen1.32软件对9个省(市)小麦白粉病菌群体的毒性多样性分析结果表明,四川群体毒性基因多样性水平最高,Nei基因多样性H值为0.224 1,浙江群体最低,H值为0.096 8。小麦白粉菌群体对三唑酮的敏感性和毒性的相关性分析表明,EC50或EC50变异系数与毒性多样性之间均不存在显著的相关性,但EC50与毒性基因数目之间的关系符合对数方程。此结果可为杀菌剂和抗性品种的合理利用提供依据。 相似文献
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小麦白粉菌的联合致病性分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
根据传统应用的生理小种研究方法存在着因鉴别品数的不同及其数目的改变而引起小种命名的混乱;同小种不同菌株致病性不同及有限的鉴别寄主不能及时区分出危险性小种等问题,本文改用病菌群体对品种的毒力频率和联合致病性方法,用河南各地的90个小麦白粉菌株分别接种9个已知抗性基因的品系和8个推广或区试品种所得到的侵染型资料,分别计算菌株群体对各对品种的联合致病性系数和联合毒性系数.结果表明本省小麦白粉菌群体中的V1和V3c、V1和V5及V3b和V3C等毒性基因是联合的;花培28和周80—48及周80—48和郑州831等品种组合搭配种植可有效地控制小麦白粉病.因此这套方法对生产和抗病育种的作用是直接的.文中提出应根据研究对象和研究目的不同,选择适当的研究方法,以提高病原物致病性研究结果的有用性. 相似文献
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簇毛麦对不同白粉病菌菌系的抗性反应及其在小麦遗传背景下的表达 总被引：13，自引：1，他引：13
对引自原苏联的簇毛麦(Haynaldia vilosa L.Schur 2n=14VV)及其与硬粒小麦杂交育成的双二倍体TH1 TH1W TH2W TH3 TH3W,普通小麦-簇毛麦6D/6V异代换系及普通小麦亲本和已知抗白粉病基因的18个小麦品种为供试材料,用84个来自美国、德国、中国的小麦白粉病菌菌系进行苗期接种鉴定。发现簇毛麦及其衍生系对所有参试的白粉病菌系表现免疫和抗,比供试的已知抗性基因的18个小麦品种抗性强,抗谱广。其抗性基因在81086A、D311、墨75、陕7859、宛7107、冀麦30等小麦遗传背景下均能很好表达,呈显性遗传。 相似文献
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紫外线诱导小麦条锈菌毒性突变的研究 总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18
以紫外线照射小麦条锈菌条中29号小种夏孢子诱发突变,用抗病小麦品种筛选毒性突变体,建立了7个毒性突变菌株,毒性突变率为10-6~10-4,各突变菌株都能正常感染其筛选品种,其毒性谱不同于任何已知小种。抗源品种群体对突变菌株有明显的抗性分化。研究证实毒性突变是该菌毒性变异的重要途径。 相似文献
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为明确近年来陕西省小麦白粉菌Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici群体毒性及遗传变异情况,利用32份已知抗白粉病基因小麦品种(系)对2013年和2014年陕西省小麦白粉菌群体毒性结构进行测定,并应用扩增片段长度多态性(amplified fragment length polymorphism,AFLP)标记对2014年陕西省西安市、咸阳市、渭南市、宝鸡市及陕西省毗邻的甘肃省天水市5个小麦白粉菌地理群体共118株白粉菌菌株进行遗传多样性分析。毒性监测结果显示,供试小麦白粉菌群体对Pm1c、Pm2、Pm3d、Pm4a、Pm4b、Pm5b、Pm13、Pm21、Pm24、Pm30、Pm2+6、Pm2+Mld、Pm2+6+?、Pm4b+5b、Pm4+?、Pm5+6的平均毒性频率在0～17.23%之间,表明这些基因抗性保持较好;对Pm1a、Pm3b、Pm3c、Pm3e、Pm3f、Pm7、Pm8、Pm19、Pm1+2+9的平均毒性频率介于69.17%～99.60%之间,表明这些基因抗性已丧失。用筛选出的6对AFLP标记共扩增出831个多态性位点,多态性位点百分比为94.86%;小麦白粉菌群体遗传多样性指数和香农信息指数分别为0.1151和0.2036,遗传变异主要来源于群体内变异。群体间基因流为4.7939,表明5个小麦白粉菌群体间基因交流广泛。群体间遗传距离和地理距离两者显著正相关。 相似文献
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为了解甘肃省裸仁美洲南瓜白粉菌对己唑醇敏感性及抗性产生情况,采用小株喷雾法对采自兰州、武威、景泰等地的20个南瓜白粉菌菌株对己唑醇的敏感性进行了测定,利用紫外诱导、药剂驯化、先紫外后药剂驯化三种方法对敏感菌株进行了抗药性诱导,并对抗性突变菌株的生物学性状及其对丙环唑、氟硅唑、腈菌唑和戊唑醇的交互抗性进行了研究。结果表明20个南瓜白粉菌菌株对己唑醇的敏感性存在一定差异,EC50值在17.77~285.54μg/mL范围内;与其他两种诱导方法相比药剂驯化方法获得的抗性突变菌株的抗性倍数最高,为8.94倍。敏感菌株和抗性突变菌株孢子萌发的最佳时间分别为36h和48h;抗性突变菌株产孢量和致病力明显高于敏感菌株;适合度测定表明抗性突变菌株与敏感菌株之间存在竞争力,孢子萌发率、芽管个数之间差异显著,菌丝分支数、产孢量之间差异不显著;抗性突变菌株在抗性突变菌株和敏感菌株混合比例为80∶20的群体中,存在频率比较稳定,连续培养7代后仍占85.69%;己唑醇抗性突变菌株对丙环唑、氟硅唑、腈菌唑和戊唑醇4种药剂未表现出交互抗性。研究结果可为甘肃省防治南瓜白粉病提供理论依据。 相似文献
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Host-mediated interactions between pathogen genotypes 总被引：6，自引：4，他引：2
Barley c ltivars with different resistance genes were inoculated with various sequences of virulent and non-virulent isolates of Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei. The resistance induced in incompatible reactions decreased infection by virulent isolates while, conversely, the degree of susceptibility induced in compatible reactions was sufficient to increase the ability of normally non-virulent isolates to infect a resistant host. The net effect of interactions was always overall reduction of conidial production when compared with inoculation of a virulent isolate alone.
Each interaction between isolates was dependent on the host cultivar, the pathogen isolates used and on the inoculation sequence. Often, induced resistance was most obvious when a nonvirulent isolate was inoculated prior to a virulent isolate. Induced susceptibility was usually more apparent when the virulent isolate was inoculated first. However, on the cultivar Wing, induced susceptibility was more apparent following prior inoculation of a non-virulent isolate. On the cultivar Hassan, prior inoculation with a virulent isolate sometimes induced susceptibility, but in some cases more susceptibility was induced by prior inoculation with a non-virulent isolate. In the latter instances, although relatively little infection developed, the majority of the spores produced were those of the normally non-virulent isolate.
There was some evidence of non-virulent isolates acquiring the ability to infect normally incompatible hosts. This effect disappeared after several generations in the absence of the virulent isolate. 相似文献
Each interaction between isolates was dependent on the host cultivar, the pathogen isolates used and on the inoculation sequence. Often, induced resistance was most obvious when a nonvirulent isolate was inoculated prior to a virulent isolate. Induced susceptibility was usually more apparent when the virulent isolate was inoculated first. However, on the cultivar Wing, induced susceptibility was more apparent following prior inoculation of a non-virulent isolate. On the cultivar Hassan, prior inoculation with a virulent isolate sometimes induced susceptibility, but in some cases more susceptibility was induced by prior inoculation with a non-virulent isolate. In the latter instances, although relatively little infection developed, the majority of the spores produced were those of the normally non-virulent isolate.
There was some evidence of non-virulent isolates acquiring the ability to infect normally incompatible hosts. This effect disappeared after several generations in the absence of the virulent isolate. 相似文献
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Taketo Ashizawa Kaoru Zenbayashi Ryoichi Sonoda 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2005,71(5):345-350
Eight near-isogenic Sasanishiki rice lines with different genes for complete resistance to rice blast were inoculated with an avirulent isolate 72 h before inoculation with a virulent isolate of Pyricularia grisea to clarify the mechanisms of induced resistance in the leaf blades. Subsequent lesions on the leaf blades were classified as brown spots (b type), as observed on Sasanishiki BL no. 8 with resistance gene Pii, or no symptoms (HR type), as observed on Sasanishiki BL no. 4 with the gene Piz-t and on the six other lines. Lesion expansion was significantly reduced in Sasanishiki BL no. 8 compared with that in Sasanishiki BL no. 4 when the leaf blades were preinoculated with a high concentration of a conidial suspension of the avirulent isolate. Moreover, after preinoculation with the conidial suspension of the avirulent isolate in silicon rings on the leaf blades, induced resistance was expressed only in areas close to the inoculation sites. These resistant areas were larger in Sasanishiki BL no. 8 than in BL no. 4. Hyphal growth was markedly inhibited in the epidermal cells of Sasanishiki BL no. 8, whereas inhibition was weak in those of Sasanishiki BL no. 4. In the epidermal cells of leaf blades of Sasanishiki BL no. 8 preinoculated with the avirulent isolate, the frequency of hyphal penetration of the virulent isolate in the presence of host cell browning decreased, as did the frequency of invading hyphae after inoculation with virulent isolates. The results indicate that induced resistance may play a role in the suppression of lesion development in the Sasanishiki near-isogenic lines and that the lines differ in the extent of suppression. 相似文献
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《Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology》1999,54(3-4):63-72
Simultaneous inoculation with races 1 and 2 of the vascular wilt pathogenFusarium oxysporumf.sp.lycopersiciprovided a high level of protection against race 2 in three tomato cultivars carrying resistance geneI, which confers resistance to race 1 but not race 2. However, simultaneous inoculation did not provide any protection in cultivars lacking this gene. Protection resulted in reduction and delay of wilt symptoms. Similarly, avirulent races ofF. oxysporumf.sp.melonisprotected muskmelon plants against virulent races of the sameforma specialis.A ratio 10:1 between spore concentrations of inducer and challenger organism gave the highest cross protection, but ratio 0.1:1 still provided significant disease reduction. Cross protection was also obtained when inoculation with the inducer organism was performed 6 or 12 h before inoculation with the challenger organism. Autoclaved spores of the inducer did not have any protective effect, indicating that living propagules were required to initiate protection. The results suggest the presence of a gene-for-gene interaction betweenF. oxysporumf.sp.lycopersici-tomato andF. oxysporumf.sp.melonis-muskmelon, in which cross protection against a virulent race is mediated by recognition of a specific elicitor from the avirulent race by the plant resistance gene product and by subsequent induction of the plant defense reaction. 相似文献
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U.S. Singh N.I. Nashaat K.J. Doughty R.P. Awasthi 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2002,108(6):555-564
A study was made of the biological interactions between an isolate of Peronospora parasitica compatible with Brassica juncea and two isolates of Albugo candida either incompatible or compatible with the host species. Prior inoculation with the incompatible isolate of A. candida induced resistance to subsequently inoculated P. parasitica. The degree of resistance was proportional to the zoosporangia concentration of the incompatible isolate and induced resistance was more marked in the cotyledon receiving the inducing inoculum compared to the opposite cotyledon and subsequently emerging true leaves that had not been pre-inoculated. Induction of resistance was also observed if the incompatible isolate of A. candida and P. parasitica were co-inoculated simultaneously. However, the effect was greater the longer the interval between inoculations, up to a period of 4 days. When the incompatible isolate of A. candida was inoculated 4h after P. parasitica, there was no marked effect on resistance to the latter. In contrast, prior inoculation with the compatible isolate of A. candida increased susceptibility to P. parasitica inoculated subsequently. However, pre- or co-inoculation with P. parasitica suppressed the development of the compatible isolate of A. candida. A spectrum of responses was observed when one cotyledon was inoculated simultaneously with both the incompatible and compatible isolates of A. candida and followed subsequently with P. parasitica after different time intervals. In such combinations, a transition was observed in the host response to P. parasitica from induced resistance/reduced susceptibility, which increased up to 24h following a simultaneous inoculation with incompatible + compatible isolates of A. candida to an almost neutral reaction after 72h to induced susceptibility after 96h. This range of altered responses appeared to reflect the outcome of the differing kinetics and counter-effects of resistance and susceptibility induction. 相似文献
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ABSTRACT In an investigation of the interaction between two isolates of Albugo candida that were compatible (CO) and incompatible (IN) on a Brassica juncea accession, the IN isolate induced both local and systemic protection of cotyledons and true leaves against the CO isolate. The extent of the protection was proportional to the zoosporangia concentration used in the inducing (IN) inoculation. Protection was greatest locally on cotyledons and least on true leaves (the most remote tissue from the point of the inducing inoculation). Protection occurred when the two isolates were inoculated together but was greater when the interval between the IN and CO isolate inoculations was longer. The IN isolate induced only slight protection when it was inoculated after the CO isolate. No induced susceptibility to the IN isolate occurred with any treatment. There was some evidence of competition between CO and IN zoospores for infection sites (stomata). The occurrence of systemic protection and changes detected in phenylalanine ammonia lyase and total soluble peroxidase activities in inoculated cotyledons, particularly after the inducing (IN) inoculation, suggested that host-mediated factors also may be involved in the interaction between the two isolates. 相似文献
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Resistance to powdery mildew was induced in barley by preinoculation with virulent and avirulent races of barley powdery mildew ( Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei ), and with a race of wheat powdery mildew ( E. graminis f.sp. tritici ). Four inducer densities were tested in 13 different induction periods between 1 and 24 h. Generally, the resistance induced by barley powdery mildew increased up to 10-12 h of induction and was maintained in longer induction periods. The inducing abilities of virulent and avirulent races could not be distinguished up to 10-12 h of induction, after which the inducing ability of avirulent races increased significantly in relation to virulent races. Wheat powdery mildew was able to induce more resistance than barley powdery mildew in induction periods up to 8 h. In a single inoculation procedure the number of haustoria developing from virulent barley powdery mildew decreased as inoculum density increased. The effect was ascribed to induction of resistance. This reduction of infection efficiency in the compatible interaction was compared to induced resistance. However, the inoculum density needed for 50% resistance induction in the double inoculation procedure was approximately 40 times higher than the inoculum density needed for 50% reduction in infection efficiency in the single inoculation procedure. 相似文献
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ABSTRACT Phytophthora root rot of citrus in Florida is caused by Phytophthora nicotianae and P. palmivora. A naturally occurring isolate of P. nicotianae (Pn117) was characterized as hypovirulent on citrus roots. Pn117 infected and colonized fibrous roots, but caused significantly less disease than the virulent isolates P. nicotianae Pn198 and P. palmivora Pp99. Coincident inoculation of rootstock seedlings of Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reticulata) or Swingle citrumelo (C. paradisi x Poncirus trifoliata) with the hypovirulent Pn117 and the virulent isolates Pn198 and Pp99 did not reduce the severity of disease caused by the virulent Phytophthora spp. When either rootstock was inoculated with the hypovirulent Pn117 for 3 days prior to inoculation with virulent isolates, preinoculated seedlings had significantly less disease and greater root weight compared with seedlings inoculated with the virulent isolates alone. Recovery of the different colony types of Phytophthora spp. from roots of sweet orange (C. sinensis) or Swingle citrumelo was evaluated on semiselective medium after sequential inoculations with the hypovirulent Pn117 and virulent Pp99. Pn117 was isolated from roots at the same level as the Pp99 at 3 days post inoculation. Preinoculation of Pn117 for 3 days followed by inoculation with Pp99 resulted in greater recovery of the hypovirulent isolate and lower recovery of the virulent compared with coincident inoculation. 相似文献
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Rusts and powdery mildews employ different strategies to suppress defense during penetration. We observed that a compatible interaction of barley-Puccinia hordei induced increased penetration resistance to a challenge infection by powdery mildew. This induced resistance is local and its level is not determined by the virulence spectrum of the challenger isolate. Our data suggest that the inducer effect is due to rust-stoma communication during penetration, to the presence of the rust hyphae in the apoplast, or to penetration resistance mounted by the rust attacked mesophyll cells. We hypothesized that the rust “primes” the basal defense prior to the mildew infection. 相似文献