共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 62 毫秒
1.
《林产化学与工业》2015,(5)
为提高木质素产品的附加值,以钠基膨润土为原料,三甲基木质素季铵盐(T-QL)为改性剂,制备了三甲基木质素季铵盐/膨润土(L-Bt)缓释剂;并以恶霉灵作为模拟农药,考察了L-Bt缓释剂对恶霉灵的吸附性能及缓释性能。利用FT-IR表征了其结构,采用XRD分析了改性后膨润土的底面间距。结果表明:季铵离子已成功负载到膨润土上;改性后的膨润土引起层间域的膨胀,层间距增大。改性膨润土缓释剂最佳制备工艺条件为:T-QL用量为膨润土阳离子交换容量0.8倍的改性膨润土(L-0.8Bt),L-0.8Bt的投加量为0.06 g,吸附时间10 h,恶霉灵初始质量浓度为500 mg/L,p H值为4时,其最大吸附量为281 mg/g。通过水溶缓释实验研究了药水比例和温度对载药量为281 mg/g的L-0.8Bt缓释性能的影响,结果表明,随着药水比例的增加和温度的升高,其累计释药率均逐渐增加。 相似文献
2.
魔芋葡甘聚糖接枝共聚物的合成及其抗菌活性 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
考察了一种实验室自制的魔芋葡甘聚糖季铵盐衍生物(KGM-g-DMAE-BC)的合成以及抗菌性能。正交试验优选出的最佳合成条件为:反应温度70℃,单体质量比(mKGM∶mDMAE-BC)1∶5,引发剂用量0.7 mmol/L,反应时间3 h。悬菌定量实验结果表明:KGM-g-DMAE-BC(接枝率为38.5%)对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌及白色念珠菌有较强的杀菌作用,在振荡作用15 m in后,平均灭杀率分别为99.99%、94.26%和99.99%。 相似文献
3.
以三甲基木质素基季胺盐(TLQAS)和羧甲基纤维素(CMC)为原料通过静电吸附制备聚电解质复合物,并表征其结构。首先制得三甲基环氧丙基氯化胺单体,再与碱木质素接枝反应,合成TLQAS;在不同pH值和物料比条件下进行三甲基木质素季胺盐和羧甲基纤维素作用,制备三甲基木质素季胺盐-羧甲基纤维素(TLQAS-CMC)聚电解质复合物,测得其含氮量2.11%;通过FT-IR、DSC、XRD对聚电解质复合物进行表征,结果表明:TLQAS-CMC聚电解质复合物存在;聚电解质复合物的热分解温度提高,热稳定性增强;XRD显示复合物排列无序,TLQAS-CMC复合物具有一定的吸水膨胀性能。 相似文献
4.
5.
以季铵盐氯化胆碱(ChCl)与乳酸(Lac)、尿素(U)、草酸(OA)、甲酸(FA)分别合成低共熔溶剂(DES)并对工业碱木质素(AL)进行改性,研究了由不同氢键供体与ChCl合成的DES体系、反应条件及催化剂对碱木质素改性的木质素提取率的影响。研究发现使用氯化胆碱/乳酸低共熔溶剂(ChCl/Lac)时,木质素的提取率最高。通过单因素试验得到ChCl/Lac改性的最优条件为：在120℃时,Lac与ChCl物质的量比值(nLac/nChCl)为12,DES添加量为碱木质素质量的20倍(mDES/mAL=20),反应时间12 h,木质素提取率达95.37%;当反应温度降低到100℃,无催化剂时,木质素提取率为40.39%,使用8%碳酸钠为催化剂时,木质素提取率提高至74.87%。采用FT-IR、13C NMR、TG和DTG对木质素样品进行表征,由FT-IR、13C NMR结果可得,改性中β-O-4键断裂并引入羟甲基和甲氧基,改性后木质素主要结构单元为紫丁香基结... 相似文献
6.
竹炭-ZnO复合材料的制备及对苯酚的光催化降解作用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以硅酸钠为粘结剂用浸涂法制备了竹炭-ZnO复合材料,用FT-IR、电镜扫描(SEM)对其进行结构表征和形貌观察,研究了该复合材料对溶液中苯酚光催化降解去除效果.结果表明:制备竹炭-ZnO复合材料的最佳配比为m(竹炭) ∶m(ZnO)∶m(Na2 SiO3·9H2O) 为5∶2∶1;酸性条件下,竹炭-ZnO复合材料对苯酚的去除效果更好,H2 O2对苯酚溶液光催化降解有促进作用.当苯酚溶液的质量浓度为50mg/L时,复合材料最佳用量为2g/L,溶液中H2 O2最佳的添加量为1.95mmol/L,在紫外灯和太阳光下催化降解4h,苯酚去除率分别达到92.3%和76.4%.复合材料重复使用3次,对苯酚的去除率仍可以达到80%以上. 相似文献
7.
采用超声波法提取石榴皮多酚,乳化交联法制备石榴皮提取物微球,应用星点设计-效应面法优化壳聚糖沉积时间、乳化剂用量和海藻酸钠用量对微球载药量的影响。结果表明,石榴皮最佳提取条件下干浸膏得率为50.5%,其中干浸膏中多酚质量分数为47.8%;采用二项式方程拟合微球实验结果,相关性较好(r=0.994),海藻酸钠用量0.98%、壳聚糖沉积时间2.56 h、乳化剂用量17.83%、固化时间5 h,戊二醛1 m L为优化的最佳制备工艺条件,此条件下微球载药量为12.19%,与预测值偏差较小。最优条件下微球对DPPH自由基清除率为96.92%,四联球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌直径分别为2.70、2.78和2.72 cm。37℃,75%湿度下放置一星期后的石榴皮提取物和及其微球DPPH自由基清除率分别为:78.53%,91.26%。 相似文献
8.
研究了马尾松硫酸盐浆单段氧脱木质素的最佳工艺条件。结果表明 :氧压0 .6MPa、温度 10 0℃、时间 80min、NaOH用量 5%、MgSO4用量 0 .5%、浆浓 10 % ,在此条件下 ,纸浆木质素脱出率 4 7 1% ,氧脱木质素后纸浆粘度 94 8 1cm3/g ,白度 4 1 0 %(ISO) ,得率 96.9% ,经过氧脱木质素后浆的裂断长 6 3km ,耐破指数 5 8kPa·m2 /g ,撕裂指数 14 1mN .m2 /g 相似文献
9.
为提高木质素的反应活性,采用微波辅助加热方式,在HBr/十六烷基三正丁基溴化磷(HBr/TBHDPB)体系下对木质素进行脱甲基化改性。考察了HBr用量、反应温度、反应时间和催化剂用量对木质素改性反应的影响。通过紫外光谱(UV)、核磁共振氢谱(1H NMR)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)和元素分析等手段研究了木质素改性前后的官能团及分子质量变化,并由羟甲基化反应和曼尼希反应分析了木质素改性前后的活性变化。结果表明:木质素在微波辅助加热条件下,HBr用量为20 mmol/g,催化剂TBHDPB用量为木质素质量的2%,95℃反应1 h,制备的改性木质素含酚羟基为4.95%,相比原料木质素提高了32.71%,甲氧基为6.11%,相比原料木质素降低了20.44%。与甲醛反应的活性提高了18.15%,胺基侧链增加了7.54%。UV、1H NMR和FT-IR分析也表明,改性木质素的酚羟基含量增加,甲氧基含量降低。 相似文献
10.
以尿素为改性剂,亚硫酸氢钠、过硫酸铵(APS)为引发剂,将甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)接枝到大豆分离蛋白(SPI)上制备改性大豆蛋白胶黏剂基料.研究了尿素浓度及处理时间、引发剂用量、反应温度、单体用量等因素对改性大豆蛋白胶黏剂基料的黏度和耐水性的影响,确定了最佳的工艺条件.最佳工艺条件为:尿素浓度3 mol/L,预处理时间30 min,反应温度50℃,NaHS03、APS和GMA分别占大豆蛋白的质量分数为5％、10％和84％.合成的基料黏度为59.68(mPa.s),胶膜水溶物含量为44.12％,对桦木的拉伸剪切强度为5.85 MPa,基本满足木材胶黏剂要求.红外光谱证明GMA和SPI发生了接枝反应. 相似文献
11.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):427-435
In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads. 相似文献
12.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(3):206-217
The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage. 相似文献
13.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):53-61
This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland. 相似文献
14.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):15-27
The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. 相似文献
15.
本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。 相似文献
16.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(2):131-138
The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided. 相似文献
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18.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):472-479
Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken. 相似文献
19.
Srisuda Thippayarugs Banyong Toomsan Patma Vityakon Viriya Limpinuntana Aran Patanothai Georg Cadisch 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,72(2):137-148
In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic
or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts
(stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea
(Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content
as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest
N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized
to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea,
largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for
N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant
components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N
released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures
were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality
components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in
the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols.
Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest
age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its
components are mixed. 相似文献
20.
A. Rigueiro-Rodríguez M. R. Mosquera-Losada E. Gatica-Trabanini 《Agroforestry Systems》2000,48(3):245-256
The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste
disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization,
(2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha−1 target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two
pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha−1. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha−1) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha−1) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha−1); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha−1) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha−1) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha−1). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea
(Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m2, with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect
on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage
sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but
affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral
systems.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献