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1.
于初始底物质量浓度100 g/L,酶解6 h、12 h分别补料50 g/L条件下,以总底物质量浓度200 g/L的绿液预处理玉米秸秆,先预酶解24 h后同步糖化发酵48 h,体系中乙醇质量浓度47.58 g/L,乙醇得率为0.42 g/g(以纤维素计,下同)。而不经预酶解直接同步糖化发酵72 h,体系中乙醇质量浓度48.57 g/L,乙醇得率为0.43 g/g。与基于补料预酶解的半同步糖化发酵相比,补料同步糖化发酵技术工艺简单,适合于高浓度底物绿液预处理玉米秸秆的生物转化。 相似文献
2.
研究了玉米芯的酶法水解及酶解液的乙醇发酵。采用里氏木霉ZU-02纤维素酶水解酸预处理后的玉米芯为原料,适宜的酶用量为20 FPIU(以每克底物计,下同),48 h后酶解得率为67.5%;添加黑曲霉ZU-07所产纤维二糖酶可有效解除纤维二糖累积引起的反馈抑制作用,当纤维二糖酶用量为6.5 CB IU时,48 h后酶解得率提高到83.9%。采用分批补料酶解工艺,使底物质量浓度提高到200 g/L,酶解60 h后还原糖质量浓度达到116.3 g/L,酶解得率为80.1%。利用一株耐高温酿酒酵母HTR-11在38℃下对酶解液进行乙醇发酵,质量浓度95.3 g/L的葡萄糖在18 h内发酵生成质量浓度为45.7 g/L的乙醇,其得率达到理论值的94%。 相似文献
3.
分批和分批补料培养合成低纤维素酶酶活力的木聚糖酶 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
研究了里氏木霉RutC30在分批培养和分批补料培养模式下合成低纤维素酶酶活力的木聚糖酶及其在生物漂白上的应用。底物质量浓度为15g/L的木聚糖分批培养合成木聚糖酶,酶活力为152.09IU/mL、酶产率为2112.4IU/(L·h)、酶得率为10139.3IU(以每克木聚糖计,下同)。底物质量浓度为17g/L的木聚糖分批补料合成木聚糖酶,酶活力为252.14IU/mL、酶产率为3501.9IU/(L·h)、酶得率为14831.8IU,产酶效果远优于分批培养模式。该木聚糖酶用于草浆预漂白,在相同有效氯用量下,与对照浆相比可使白度提高2%~5%,SBD;在达到相同白度条件下,木聚糖酶预处理的纸浆后续漂白有效氯用量可降低43%。 相似文献
4.
利用可再生的木质纤维素资源生产丁醇等液态燃料,可以实现农林废弃生物质的高值转化。以典型农林废弃物玉米秸秆为研究对象,选取丁醇生物合成前体物质丁酸作为预处理剂,拟建立生物质高效解聚/酶解及丁醇合成的优化工艺。结果表明：在180℃、50 g/L丁酸溶液中预处理0.5 h后,固体组分中的葡聚糖质量分数提高至47.25%,葡聚糖质量回收率达88.53%;在此预处理工艺下将固体组分进行酶解,当固液比和纤维素酶添加量分别为1∶5(g∶mL)和10 FPU/g底物时,酶解72 h的葡萄糖质量浓度达到70.8 g/L。这说明丁酸预处理可以有效破解玉米秸秆的复杂结构,进而提高纤维素酶的可及度。以丙酮丁醇梭菌(Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824)为发酵菌株,探究了秸秆酶解得到的葡萄糖和预处理残余丁酸作为底物进行丁醇合成的性能。当利用秸秆酶解产生的葡萄糖作为补料碳源时,丁醇产量从4.89 g/L提高到9.34 g/L。将秸秆酶解液和残余丁酸作为共底物补料时,发酵结束时的丁醇产量和生产效率分别达到10.58 g/L和0.147 g/(L·h),比对照组提高了116%,这表明... 相似文献
5.
《林产化学与工业》2017,(5)
以小麦秸秆为原料,采用蒸汽爆破预处理(SP)、碱法预处理(AP)以及两者协同预处理的方式分别进行预处理,通过扫描电镜(SEM)和傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)等方法,分析了预处理前后麦秆形态和化学成分的变化规律,研究了碱处理与蒸汽爆破的不同组合对麦秆成分及后续酶解的影响。研究表明:相比先碱法后蒸汽爆破预处理(ASP),先蒸汽爆破后碱法预处理(SAP)的麦秆中纤维素质量分数高达88.15%,半纤维素和木质素质量分数分别减少到5.55%和4.13%。SEM和FT-IR分析结果及低底物浓度酶解结果表明,与其他预处理方法相比,SAP对麦秆的物理结构破坏程度更大,对木质素的去除效果更显著,纤维素的酶解转化率也明显优于其他预处理样品。以分批补料的手段对各预处理后麦秆进行高底物浓度酶解,SAP样品在底物质量浓度高达180 g/L时,酶解120 h,纤维素转化率可达80.53%。蒸汽爆破与碱处理的不同组合方式对麦秆的预处理效果不同,SAP的方法能极大的提高麦秆的酶解效率。 相似文献
6.
对采用选择性控制木聚糖酶水解条件制备低聚木糖进行了研究,并同时探讨了以两种木聚糖形式--干粉和湿浆为原料造成的酶解结果差异及其原因.结果表明,目前较适宜的低聚木糖制备工艺为以木聚糖湿浆为底物,底物质量浓度20～40g/L,酶用量1%(体积分数,下同),pH值4.8,温度50℃,酶解时间4 h.造成干粉与湿浆酶解制备低聚糖结果差异的原因,可能是由于这两种底物自身结构特性的差异导致了底物可及度,以及酶与底物吸附作用的不同.结果显示当以干粉为底物,酶用量10%,酶解时间12 h,低聚木糖得率最高可达40%(质量分数)左右,而以湿浆为底物,达到同样低聚糖得率的酶用量和酶解时间分别仅需1%和4 h. 相似文献
7.
β-葡萄糖苷酶的制备及在纤维素辅助水解上的应用研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
研究了固体发酵法制备β-葡萄糖苷酶及其在纤维素水解上的应用.黑曲霉NL02以玉米芯和麸皮为碳源固体发酵制备β-葡萄糖苷酶,培养5d,酶活力达到225.43IU/g(以干曲计).粗β-葡萄糖苷酶酶液经硫酸铵沉淀、离子交换层析、凝胶过滤层析纯化,获得单一β-葡萄糖苷酶组分,酶活回收率和比活力分别为69.34%和133.88IU/mg.底物质量浓度为100g/L的稀硫酸预处理玉米秸秆,经酶用量为20FPIU/g(以纤维素计)的里氏木霉纤维素酶和4IU/g(以纤维素计)的β-葡萄糖苷酶水解48h,水解糖液中纤维二糖和葡萄糖质量浓度分别为1.12和42.68g/L,纤维素水解得率和可发酵性糖的比例分别为62.85%和97.44%. 相似文献
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10.
分批添料纤维素酶水解研究 总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18
提出了在反应过程中分批添加底物的纤维素酶解方法，并对分批添料的作用机理进行了讨论。研究表明，分批添料可以同时提高酶解得率、底物浓度和酶解糖液浓度，当底物浓度为１５％（ｗ／ｖ）时，分批添料酶解得率为７０％，糖液中还原糖浓度为４８．１ｇ／Ｌ。 相似文献
11.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):427-435
In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads. 相似文献
12.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(3):206-217
The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage. 相似文献
13.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):53-61
This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland. 相似文献
14.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):15-27
The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. 相似文献
15.
本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。 相似文献
16.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(2):131-138
The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):472-479
Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken. 相似文献
19.
Srisuda Thippayarugs Banyong Toomsan Patma Vityakon Viriya Limpinuntana Aran Patanothai Georg Cadisch 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,72(2):137-148
In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic
or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts
(stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea
(Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content
as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest
N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized
to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea,
largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for
N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant
components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N
released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures
were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality
components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in
the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols.
Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest
age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its
components are mixed. 相似文献
20.
A. Rigueiro-Rodríguez M. R. Mosquera-Losada E. Gatica-Trabanini 《Agroforestry Systems》2000,48(3):245-256
The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste
disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization,
(2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha−1 target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two
pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha−1. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha−1) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha−1) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha−1); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha−1) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha−1) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha−1). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea
(Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m2, with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect
on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage
sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but
affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral
systems.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献