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1.
土壤侵蚀物理模型中紫色土细沟侵蚀参数研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
以长江中上游典型侵蚀性土壤紫色土为研究对象,采用变坡限定性细沟土槽,研究不同流量、坡度和沟长情况下,紫色土细沟侵蚀特征,并量化了细沟侵蚀参数。结果表明:细沟侵蚀受水流水力特征、土壤性质和坡面影响,随着水流含沙量的增大,细沟侵蚀速率呈现减小趋势;流量越大,坡度越陡,细沟水流的剥蚀率越大,造成细沟侵蚀速率也越大。在5L/min的小流量下,细沟侵蚀速率受剥蚀率限制与含沙量没有出现线性关系,15,25L/min流量下,细沟侵蚀速率与含沙量呈线性相关。侵蚀速率在细沟开始处最大,随沟长的增大,水流能量消耗于挟带泥沙而迅速减小,相关性分析得到侵蚀速率与沟长呈指数递减,相关系数R2变化于0.45~0.98之间。通过回归分析得到试验条件下,紫色土细沟土壤可蚀性均值为0.005 3s/m,临界剪切力均值为2.92Pa。研究结果对于坡面土壤侵蚀物理模型的建立和推广应用提供数据支撑,为紫色土坡面侵蚀研究提供借鉴。 相似文献
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WEPP模型中细沟可蚀性参数估计方法误差的理论分析 总被引：8，自引：4，他引：4
细沟土壤侵蚀在坡面土壤侵蚀占有重要地位。土壤可蚀性参数是WEPP模型中计算预报/计算细沟土壤侵蚀中极其重要的参数。WEPP模型现在采用的可蚀性参数是用长的细沟/径流小区试验以细沟侵蚀产沙估计得到的最大可能剥蚀率为基础获得的。该文分析了细沟侵蚀产沙随沟长的变化关系,分析了可蚀性参数估计误差的来源。从理论上推导出了计算现有WEPP可蚀性参数估计误差的计算方法。理论分析表明,对于限定性细沟,可蚀性参数的估计误差主要来源于细沟最大可能剥蚀率的估计值。最大可能剥蚀率的理想估计值是水流载沙量与细沟长度的函数关系在细沟 相似文献
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降雨和径流条件下红壤坡面细沟侵蚀过程 总被引：13，自引：7，他引：6
为明确第四纪黏土发育红壤坡面侵蚀过程特征,采用人工模拟降雨和径流冲刷相结合试验,研究坡度、流量和降雨因素对坡面细沟侵蚀过程影响。结果表明:1)坡面侵蚀过程呈现明显阶段性,试验条件下侵蚀前3 min为层状面蚀为主的初始阶段,细沟出现后转变为细沟侵蚀为主的细沟发育阶段。降雨以及增加坡度和流量能加快细沟发育速度和侵蚀速率;2)各侵蚀阶段平均侵蚀速率关系为初始阶段细沟发育阶段细沟稳定阶段。初始阶段侵蚀速率对各水动力学参数响应关系为水流功率坡度水流剪切力单位水流功率=流速流量。细沟发育阶段平均侵蚀速率与水流功率、水流剪切力和坡度关系密切,而细沟稳定阶段侵蚀速率只与坡度和流量相关;3)水流功率是与初始阶段和细沟发育阶段关系最密切的水动力学参数,侵蚀初始阶段的层状面蚀、单独径流冲刷和降雨-径流作用下细沟侵蚀发生的临界水流功率分别为0.091、0.121、?1.691 N/(m·s)。试验在小尺度条件下初步揭示了红壤坡面细沟侵蚀过程特征,为南方红壤丘陵区土壤侵蚀预报模型和侵蚀防治提供理论参考。 相似文献
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基于物理过程基础上的WEPP土壤水蚀预报模型将坡面侵蚀分为细沟侵蚀和细沟间侵蚀,建立了独立的细沟间模型和细沟模型.其中细沟侵蚀产沙方程从概念上可以预报细沟侵蚀过程,但没经实验或理论验证.该文经过理论分析表明,WEPP模型中的剥蚀率是水流含沙量的线性函数,并由给定的试验条件计算得到了函数中的参数.将理论分析结果和已有的实验结果进行了比较,验证了WEPP中的侵蚀产沙模型.同时将已得到的确定细沟剥蚀率的微分方程代入细沟侵蚀产沙方程并求解,从理论上得到了含沙量随沟长变化的函数关系.将理论分析结果和由实验所得的结果进行了对比,进一步验证了WEPP中的侵蚀产沙模型.该文从细沟剥蚀率和产沙量两方面对WEPP模型中细沟侵蚀产沙模型进行了验证. 相似文献
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为研究黄土坡面细沟侵蚀规律,探究水流剥蚀能力的室内测算方法,以黄绵土为研究对象,设置2,4,6,8 L/min 4个流量,5°,10°,15°,20°4个坡度,土槽长度为12 m,进行室内径流冲刷试验,得到黄绵土坡面细沟侵蚀的临界沟长和输沙能力,基于二者之间的函数关系,推导出剥蚀能力的计算公式,以此研究不同试验条件下临界沟长、输沙能力和剥蚀能力的变化规律,并验证方法的准确性。结果表明：在设计水力工况条件下,黄绵土坡面细沟侵蚀的临界沟长的变化范围在5.33～11.12 m,且临界沟长随流量和坡度的增加而缩短;输沙能力随流量和坡度的增大而增大;剥蚀能力与流量之间存在明显的线性关系,与坡度之间存在较好的对数关系。试验方法与其他方法相比,操作便捷、结果吻合度高,能较好地确定黄土区细沟侵蚀的剥蚀能力。研究结果可进一步完善黄土坡面细沟侵蚀理论。 相似文献
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坡面土壤剥蚀率与水蚀因子关系室内模拟试验 总被引：5，自引：10，他引：5
为了确定影响十壤剥蚀率的丰要侵蚀因子,该文采用变坡土槽在较大坡度(9°～24°)和流量(2.5～6.5 L/min)范围内进行了径流冲刷试验,运用逐步回归法,系统地分析了土壤剥蚀率与坡度和流量、水流剪切力、水流功率、单位水流功率和单宽能耗各因子之间的关系,建市了基于水流功率和坡度的土壤剥蚀率二元线性公式(R2=0.977).结果表明,土壤剥蚀率和各水蚀因子都显著相关,土壤剥蚀率与坡度和流量呈幂函数关系(R2=0.77),土壤剥蚀率与水流剪切力呈幂函数关系(R2=0.908),土壤剥蚀率随着水流功率的增加呈线性增加(R2=0.945),土壤剥蚀率和单宽能耗呈线性关系(R2=0.91),土壤剥蚀率与单位水流功率呈三次方关系(R2=0.52);坡度和水流功率是影响土壤剥蚀率的土要凶素. 相似文献
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细沟径流输沙是细沟侵蚀产沙的重要过程,阐明细沟径流输沙与水动力学参数之间的关系可以有效地揭示细沟径流输沙的动力学机制,并为建立细沟侵蚀过程物理模型奠定基础。采用具有定流量人工放水的组合小区模拟降雨试验,研究黄土坡面细沟径流输沙对水动力学参数的响应关系。结果表明:1)一次降雨径流产生的细沟输沙模数对水动力学参数平均值响应关系大小顺序为平均水流断面单位能量(R=0.99)>平均水流功率(R=0.88)>平均水流切应力(R=0.82)>平均单位水流功率(R=0.76);2)降雨径流过程中,细沟输沙率对水动力学参数瞬时值响应关系为水流切应力(R=0.88)>水流功率(R=0.47),水流断面单位能量和单位水流功率的相关性较差,细沟输沙率对水流切应力的响应关系呈幂函数方程关系。 相似文献
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东北黑土坡耕地不同水力条件下坡长对土壤细沟侵蚀的影响 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
集中水流条件下细沟土壤侵蚀过程对研究细沟侵蚀机理与土壤侵蚀预报有着重要的意义,并且为土壤侵蚀模型其他重要参数比如剥蚀率、可蚀性参数提供基础数据。为了研究东北黑土坡耕地不同水动力条件下坡长对土壤细沟侵蚀的影响,该文采用室内模拟试验方法,测量含沙量随坡长的分布。试验设计包括4个坡度(5?、10?、15?、20?)与3个流量(1、2、4 L/min),在不同水力条件下,测量不同坡长(0.5、1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8m)含沙量。结果表明含沙量在各种水力条件下均随坡长增加,且其增加的速率随坡长减小。对坡长与含沙量系列数据用幂指数函数拟合,其决定系数R2在0.85到0.99之间。因此,黑土坡耕地细沟侵蚀产生的含沙量随坡长呈幂指数增加,且含沙量在一定坡长之后将达到最大值。随坡度和流量的增大,水流在更短的坡长上侵蚀并携带更大的最大含沙量。该文对进一步理解与研究细沟侵蚀过程有着重要的意义,且为深入研究细沟侵蚀提供了数据支撑,为土壤侵蚀模型剥蚀率、可蚀性参数等提供依据。 相似文献
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估算细沟含沙水流剥蚀率的改进方法 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
为了得到更接近实际的细沟侵蚀模拟数据,改进了前人研究细沟含沙水流剥蚀率的方法。选取黄土高原的典型土壤(安塞黄绵土),采用12 m长土槽在5个坡度(5°,10°,15°,20°,25°)和3个流量(2、4、8 L/min)条件下进行细沟侵蚀过程模拟试验。估算各水力工况下沿细沟含沙水流剥蚀率,探究含沙量,沟长,坡度及流量对于剥蚀率的影响并验证该试验方法的准确性。结果表明:剥蚀率随含沙量的增加呈线性递减,在陡坡(15°,20°,25°)上,随细沟长度的递增呈指数下降,该变化规律在陡坡和大流量下更为显著;并与前人数据进行对比分析,相关系数为0.917,说明与前人结果吻合度高,验证了该研究试验方法的准确性。研究结果将为更好地描述黄土细沟侵蚀过程及土壤侵蚀预测预报提供参考依据。 相似文献
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细沟剥蚀土粒随着细沟股流中含沙量的增加而减少，这一概念已在一些侵蚀模型（如WEPP）中得到应用。用黄土高原一种典型的粉壤土，在5种坡度（5°，10°，15°，20°，25°），3种流量（2，4，8 L/min）条件下进行了细沟侵蚀模拟试验，试验沟长0.5～8 m。通过405次试验，确定了不同坡度、入流量条件下，侵蚀产沙量与细沟长度的定量函数关系。在假定细沟径流和土壤侵蚀沿细沟的行为相同条件下，提出了一种计算含沙水剥蚀率的方法，并进一步表达了细沟剥蚀率随含沙量以及沟长变化的函数关系。实验结果在15°，20°，25°时表现出很好的显著性。 相似文献
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A rational method for estimating erodibility and critical shear stress of an eroding rill 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Soil erodibility and critical shear stress are two of the most important parameters for physically-based soil erosion modeling. To aid in future soil erosion modeling, a rational method for determining the soil erodibility and critical shear stress of rill erosion under concentrated flow is advanced in this paper. The method suggests that a well-defined rill be used for shear stress estimation while infinite short rill lengths be used for determination of detachment capacity. The derivative of the functional relationship between sediment yield and rill length at the inlet of rill flow, as opposed to average detachment rate of a long rill, was used for the determination of detachment capacity. Soil erodibility and critical shear stress were then regressively estimated with detachment capacity data under different flow regimes. Laboratory data of rill erosion under well defined rill channels from a loess soil was used to estimate the soil erodibility and critical shear stress. The results showed that no significant change in soil erodibility (Kr) was observed for different slope gradients ranging from 5 to 25 while critical shear stress increased slightly with the slope gradient. Soil erodibility of the loess soil was 0.3211 ± 0.001 s m− 1. The soil erodibility and critical shear stress calculations were then compared with data from other resources to verify the feasibility of the method. Data comparison showed that the method advanced is a physically logical and feasible method to calculate the soil erodibility and critical shear stress for physically-based soil erosion models. 相似文献
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Purpose
This study aims to verify the performances of Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) rill erosion equation using loess material by investigating the variations of soil detachment rate with sediment load by rill flow, quantifying the response of soil detachment rate to sediment load, and comprehensively examining WEPP rill erosion equation, so as to provide scientific basis for the application of WEPP model on the loess plateau and to sufficiently understand the response of soil detachment rate to sediment load.Materials and methods
The experiment was conducted in a rill flume with a soil-feeding hopper and was specifically designed to isolate the effect of sediment load on detachment rate. Loess material was collected from a typical hilly region of the Loess Plateau, Ansai, Shaanxi, China. The test soil was quantitatively fed into rill flow by a soil-feeding hopper to produce different sediment loads. Seven unit flow discharges (1.11, 1.56, 2.00, 2.44, 2.89, 3.33, and 3.78?×?10?3 m2 s?1) were combined with six slopes (10.51, 15.84, 21.26, 26.79, 32.49, and 38.39 %). The sediment transport capacity was measured for each combination. The detachment rate was measured for each combination under seven sediment loads, which were 0, 10, 25, 50, 75, 90, and 100 % of the sediment transport capacity.Results and discussion
Soil detachment rate decreased with the increase of sediment load. Levels of sediment load in 0, 10, 25, 50, 75, 90, and 100 % reduced detachment rate in rates of 0, 18.93, 36.36, 56.28, 70.15, 83.42, and 92.19 %, respectively. The response relationship of detachment rate to sediment load by rill flow was described well by a negative linear equation (R 2 range from 0.8489 to 0.9982, P?<?0.01), and the vertical and horizontal intercepts of the linear equation represented the detachment and transport capacities, respectively (R 2?=?0.9955, NSE?=?0.9788 for D c ; R 2?=?0.9957, NSE?=?0.9635 for T c ), as expressed by the WEPP rill erosion equation. The WEPP rill erosion equation predicted the soil detachment rate very well (R 2?=?0.9667, NSE?=?0.9611).Conclusions
Sediment load transported by rill flow has a negative influence on soil detachment rate in rills. Introducing sediment load as a factor in model equation of detachment is essential for developing an accepted erosion model. The WEPP rill erosion equation could correctly reflect the response relationship of detachment rate to sediment load in this flume experiment and has a good applicability to loess material.15.
Eroding rills evolve morphologically in time and space. Most current studies on rill erosion use spatially averaged soil erosion data, providing little information on soil erosion dynamics. A method is proposed to use rare earth elements (REEs) to trace sediment distribution in eroding rills. Laboratory flume simulation experiments were conducted at three flow rates (2, 4 and 8 litres minute?1) and five slope gradients (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25°) with three replicates of each treatment. The rills, of 8 m length, were subdivided into 10 equal segments of 0.8 m length and 0.1 m width, with a different REE applied to each segment. We derived computational formulae for estimating the distribution of eroded amounts along the rills. The actual erosion distribution along rills was then estimated with the data from the experiments. The precision of the REEs for tracing rill erosion was analysed. The results showed that sediment concentration increased with rill length, but the increased rate (the slope of the curve) flattened gradually. Sediment yields increased with slope gradients and flow rates, but the slope gradients had a greater effect on sediment concentration than flow rates, and greater flow rates caused more rill erosion and soil loss under the same slope gradient. The results also demonstrated the feasibility of using REEs to trace the dynamic processes of rill erosion. 相似文献
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细沟侵蚀动力过程极限沟长试验研究 总被引：6，自引：4，他引：6
由细沟产生的野外动力条件,设计了室内细沟侵蚀模拟冲刷实验。从能量角度,分析了不同动力条件下侵蚀产沙量随沟长的变化规律。采用黄土高原黄绵土,在实验室内用水槽进行了5种坡度、3种流量下不同沟长时的细沟土壤侵蚀产沙的模拟侵蚀试验,测量沟长为0.5～8m。提出了由细沟侵蚀产沙随沟长变化函数关系的回归结果,在给定误差限下,估计水流含沙量达到极限值——水流输沙能力的细沟长度的计算方法。并据此方法,求得了不同坡度、流量条件下细沟侵蚀产沙达到极限值的细沟长度,且在不同水动力条件下的R2均大于0.81。 相似文献