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1.
A 12‐week growth trial was performed to evaluate the effect of lupin seed meal as a protein source in diets for gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) juveniles. Six experimental diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isoenergetic and to contain 10%, 20% and 30% of raw lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) seed meal protein or 20% and 30% lupin (L. angustifolius) seed meal processed by infrared radiation (micronized) in place of fish meal protein, the only protein source of the control diet. Fish accepted all diets well and no significant differences in feed utilization among groups were noticed during the trial. Final weight of fish fed the experimental diets was identical or higher than the control group. Final weight of fish fed diets including 20% micronized lupin protein was even significantly higher than that of fish fed the fish meal‐based control diet. Moreover, at the same dietary lupin seed meal protein inclusion levels, final weight of fish fed diets including micronized lupin was significantly higher than with raw lupin. A trend was also noticed for a decrease of final weight with the increase in lupin seed meal in the diets. At the end of the trial no significant differences in proximate whole‐body composition, hepatosomatic and visceral indices were observed among groups. It is concluded that lupin seed meal can replace up to 30% fish meal protein in diets for gilthead sea bream juveniles with no negative effects on growth performance. Furthermore, micronization of lupin seeds improves its dietary value for gilthead sea bream juveniles. At the same dietary lupin inclusion levels, diets including micronized lupin seeds promote significantly higher growth rates than raw lupin seeds.  相似文献   

2.
The intention of the study was to investigate the effect of ultrafiltered fish protein hydrolysate (UF) level on growth, feed utilization, apparent digestibility coefficients and proximal intestine peptide transporter 1 (PepT1) mRNA level for juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). Experimental diets (UF‐0, UF‐5, UF‐10, UF‐15 and UF‐20) were prepared containing about 68% plant protein, and fish meal protein was, respectively, replaced by 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% UF of dietary protein. Diet PP contained about 78% plant protein, and diet CAA contained about 10% crystalline amino acid mixture. All diets were fed to seven triplicate groups of turbot (initial weight 16.05 ± 0.03 g) for 68 days. Fish fed diet UF‐10 had an increasing tendency in growth compared with diets contained UF, while dietary UF level was not significantly correlated with specific growth rate and feed intake. Feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio and protein productive value significantly correlated with dietary UF level, and fish fed diets contained low‐level UF had higher digestibility than that diets UF‐0, PP and CAA. There was a decreasing tendency in PepT1 expression level with dietary UF level. The results indicated that low‐level UF showed a positive effect on growth and feed utilization in juvenile turbot.  相似文献   

3.
Replacement of fish meal (FM) protein with dehulled and solvent‐extracted plant by‐products, soybean meal, cottonseed meal, sunflower meal, and linseed meal was tested in diets for juvenile Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Fish averaging (±SD) 14.2 ± 2.9 g were divided into 18 groups and fed for 6 mo on pelleted feed containing each of the plant protein meal supplemented with Yucca schidigera powder extract at 750 mg/kg. Methionine (1%) and lysine (0.5%) were added to each diet except the control diet (FMC), while diet FMC + Y was supplemented with yucca only. Three groups of fish were fed each of six isonitrogenous (25% crude protein) and isocaloric (4.3 kcal/g) diets replacing 100% of FM protein and performance compared against a nutritionally balanced control and a commercial tilapia feed. After 6 mo of feeding, the fish fed plant protein diets supplemented with yucca exhibited growth performance not differing significantly from that of fish fed FMC + Y, while differing significantly from the control FMC and diet linseed meal (LSM). The highest apparent protein digestibility coefficient was observed for diets treated with yucca, which was significantly higher than that observed for the control diet FMC. No significant differences were found in whole‐body moisture of fish fed different experimental diets. An increase in the whole‐body protein content was observed in fish fed diets supplemented with yucca, which was significantly different from that of the diet FMC. The whole‐body fat content of Nile tilapia was low and showed significant differences among treatments supplemented with yucca compared with the control diet FMC. The whole‐body energy content showed the same trend as whole‐body fat content.  相似文献   

4.
Two experiments (I and II) were conducted to evaluate the effect of nonprotein phenolic amino acid, L ‐dopa (L ‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine) on growth, metabolism and feed assimilation of common carp. Six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets (diets 1–6 containing 0, 2.5, 7.0, 14, 28 and 56 g kg–1L ‐dopa, respectively) were prepared by replacing wheat meal in the feed with L ‐dopa. For experiment I (8‐week duration), each treatment had two replicates with five fish each per replicate (mean initial body mass of 13.4 ± 1.0 g), whereas five groups of carp, each consisting of three fish, individually kept in respiration chambers, giving three replicates per treatment with a mean body mass of 25.0 ± 1.8 g were used for experiment II (4‐week duration). Fish were fed six times their maintenance ration daily (3.2 g feed kg–0.8 day–1). No fish died during either experiment. In experiment I, the growth rate, feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and apparent net protein utilization (ANPU) of carp fed diets 1, 2 and 3 were similar but they were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those in dietary groups 4, 5 and 6. However, no significant differences were observed with regard to body composition (moisture, protein, lipid, ash and energy contents) between control (1) and the diets 2, 3, 4 and 5. Fish fed diet 6 had reduced lipid and energy contents (P < 0.05) when compared with other dietary groups. In experiment II, L ‐dopa significantly increased the oxygen consumption per unit body weight gain in treatments 4, 5 and 6. The average metabolic rate also tended to be higher in these groups. The energy expenditure was similar in treatment groups, but the energy retention was significantly lower and energy dissipated significantly higher in dietary groups 4, 5 and 6. The cholesterol level in blood plasma between the control and L ‐dopa containing diets was not significantly different. It may be concluded that at higher inclusion rates (>7 g kg–1) L ‐dopa appears to be a major antinutrient and hence the protein sources of plant origin, containing high amounts of L ‐dopa (i.e. mucuna beans) should be used with caution as fish meal substitutes in carp diets.  相似文献   

5.
The potential of rapeseed protein concentrate as fish meal alternative in diets for wels catfish (initial average weight 86.5 ± 1.9 g) was evaluated. Sixteen fish were stocked into each of 12 experimental tanks being part of a freshwater recirculation system. Fish were organized in triplicate groups and received isonitrogenous (603 ± 3 g CP kg?1) and isocaloric (23.0 ± 0.3 kJ g?1) experimental diets with 0%, 25%, 50% and 75% of fish meal replaced with rapeseed protein concentrate (710 g CP kg?1). At the end of the 63‐day feeding period, weight gain, standard growth rate, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency showed no significant difference between control group and fish fed on diets with 25% reduced fish meal content by inclusion of rapeseed protein concentrate. Higher dietary fish meal replacement negatively affected diet quality and palatability resulting in reduced feed intake, feed efficiencies and fish performance. However, blood serum values of triglycerides, glucose and protein were not significantly different between treatment groups, still indicating a favourable nutrient supply from all experimental diets.  相似文献   

6.
An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted in a warmwater recirculation system at 27 ± 0.2 °C to evaluate the nutritive value of dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata) seed meal as a possible fish meal substitute in the diet of tilapia. Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated to contain 32% crude protein and 18.4 kJ g?1 gross energy. Sesbania seed meal was included in diets at various levels [0%, 9.7%, 19.4%, 29.1% and 38.8% for diets 1 (control), 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively, which correspond to 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of dietary crude protein]. Each treatment had two replicates, eight fish per replicate, with mean initial weight of 7.06 ± 0.03 g. Fish were fed 20 g kg?1 metabolic body weight daily. On the basis of the observed growth rate, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, apparent net protein utilization and energy retention, diets 1 (control) and 2 (containing 9.7% Sesbania meal) were similar and significantly (P < 0.05) better than the other dietary groups. Fish fed diets 3, 4 and 5 containing higher levels of Sesbania meal showed significantly reduced growth performance compared with those fed diets 1 and 2. Fish fed diets 3, 4 and 5 had significantly lower faecal dry matter (DM) content, apparent crude protein, lipid and energy digestibility and reduced levels of cholesterol compared with the control and diet 2. Fish fed diets containing higher levels (>9.7%) of Sesbania meal had significantly higher whole‐body moisture, lower lipid and gross energy content. The lower growth performance of fish fed diets containing higher levels of Sesbania meal is thought to result from the presence of tannins, saponin and the non‐starch polysaccharide content of the seed. The results of this study showed that inclusion of up to 9.7% untreated Sesbania seed meal (10% of the dietary protein) in the diet did not affect the growth performance and nutrient utilization in tilapia.  相似文献   

7.
Abstract. Dry and fresh Azolla pinnata were evaluated as feed ingredients for fingerling and adult Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Dry Azolla was incorporated into practical diets containing approximately 30% crude protein and 360–400kcal/lOOg of GE lo replace 25,50,75 and 100% of the fish meal (FM) protein in the control diet. Fresh Azolla was also tested as a total diet for these fish. Formulated diets were fed to duplicate groups of fingerling (2–54g ± 0093) and adult (4033g ± 103) fish at a daily rate of 5% and 3% of their body weight respectively for 10 weeks. Growth and feed utilization efficiency of fish fed the control diet were significantly higher than of those fed Azolla-supplemented diets. Fish performance continued to deteriorate with increasing dietary Azolla level in the diets. This reduction was extremely sharp when dry and fresh Azolla were used as total diets. Furthermore, adult tilapia fed fresh Azolla started losing weight from the 7th week. Fish fed fresh Azolla had significantly higher moisture content than those fed formulated diets. Body protein and lipid contents were negatively correlated with Azolla levels in the diets, while body ash content showed a positive correlation. Results of this study indicate that young Nile tilapia utilizes Azolla more efficiently than the adults.  相似文献   

8.
A laboratory study was conducted to evaluate effects of dietary total protein and animal protein source and concentration on growth and feed efficiency of juvenile channel catfish Ictalurus punctutus and their response to Edwardsiellu ictuluri challenge. Eight diets evaluated were: three diets containing either 28, 32, or 36% crude protein with 6% menhaden fish meal and 6% meat and bonehlood meal and five diets containing 32% crude protein with either no animal protein, 68 or 12% menhaden fish meal, or 6% or 12% meat and bonehlood meal, respectively. Twenty channel catfish with an average weight of 6.6 g/fish were stocked into each of forty 110-L flow-through aquaria (five aquaridtreatment). Fish were fed to approximate satiation twice daily for 9 wk. Fish in each tank were then exposed to E. ictaluri . There were no differences in feed consumption, weight gain, feed efficiency, and survival before and after challenge among fish fed diets containing 28, 32, or 36% protein with 6% menhaden fish meal and 6% meat and bone/ blood meal. Fish fed a 32% all-plant protein diet had weight gain and feed efficiency similar to fish fed diets containing 12% menhaden fish meal, but had a higher weight gain than fish fed a 32% protein diet containing 6% meat and bonehlood meal. No significant differences were observed in survival after E. ictuluri challenge among fish fed diets containing the various levels of animal proteins. Results indicate that dietary protein levels varying from 28% to 36% do not appear to affect growth, feed efficiency. and E. icraluri resistance or susceptibility in fingerling channel cattish fed to satiation and raised from approximately 7 to 56 g under laboratory conditions. Data also demonstrate that a 32% all-plant protein diet can be fed to small fingerling channel catfish without adversely affecting growth, feed efficiency, or resistance to E. ictuluri .  相似文献   

9.
Four experimental diets were fed to turbot to examine the effect of fish hydrolysate and ultra‐filtered fish hydrolysate on growth performance, feed utilization and non‐specific immune response. Fish hydrolysate was produced by enzymatic treatment and size fractionated using ultra‐filtration (UF). The permeate (molecular weight <1000 Da) after UF and the non‐ultra‐filtered fish hydrolysate (NUF) were tested as feed ingredients. Diets UF1, UF2 contained 3.7%, 1.2% ultra‐filtered fish hydrolysate to replace fish meal protein respectively. The diets UF1, NUF were identical in composition except that the molecular weight of fish hydrolysate in the diet. Fish meal was used in the control diet. All diets were made equal in protein, lipid and energy. Each experimental diet was fed to juvenile turbot (27.87 ± 0.04 g) in triplicate for 8 weeks. Results of this study indicate that the best overall growth and feed utilization of turbot juveniles were obtained with a diet containing higher dose of the small molecular weight compounds in fish hydrolysate. Acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, lysozyme and superoxide dismutase activity in serum were not affected by diet. Total antioxidant capacity was improved with increasing level of low molecule weight fish hydrolysate (UF1).  相似文献   

10.
A basal practical diet for juvenile tench (Tinca tinca) was formulated and elaborated to test several protein contents and substitution possibilities of fish meal (FM) by soybean meal (SBM) in a 90‐day trial with 5‐month‐old juveniles (30.54 mm TL, 0.30 g W). A factorial design included nine feeding treatments: three protein contents (50%, 40% or 30%) and three levels of replacement (0%, 25% or 45%) of FM protein by SBM protein. In addition, a commercial carp feed was used as reference. Final survival ranged from 98.2% to 99.4%. The 50% dietary protein with 0% or 25% replacement and 40% dietary protein with 25% replacement diets enabled higher growth (P < 0.05) and lower FCR (P < 0.05) than the rest of practical diets. Fish fed 50% dietary protein had similar growth than those fed carp feed (63.8% protein). Deformed fish averaged 1% for the practical diets and 87.6% for the carp feed. The basal practical diet has showed to be feasible and levels of 40–50% dietary protein with 25% replacement of FM protein by SBM protein can be recommended for juvenile tench aged 5–8 months.  相似文献   

11.
Abstract— The main objective of this study was to determine the effect of different levels of krill meal (KM) as a feed attractant in juvenile Nile tilapia fed soybean (SBM) diets on growth performance, feed utilization, and body composition. Fish of an initial average weight 0.8 × 0.01g were stocked in 18 glass aquaria (80 L each) at a rate of 25 fish per aquarium. Fish meal (FM 20% of the diet) was used as the sole source of animal protein in the control (Diet 1). Diets 2 to 6 had (SBM) protein with various levels of krill meal (0.0,1.5,3.0,4.5, and 6.0%, diets 2-6 respectively). Test diets were fed to satiation to triplicate groups of Nile tilapia four times daily for 20 wk. Fish fed krill meal supplemented diets had significantly ( P < 0.05) better growth performance compared with fish fed the unsupplemented and FM control diets. The krill meal increased growth of Nile tilapia by 31.9% compared to control diets (average Anal wet weight, 14.15 × 0.95 g and 10.72 × 0.2 g, respectively). Moreover, weight gains were not significantly different for fish fed diets with different levels of krill meal. Feed utilization parameters such as feed intake, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio differed significantly for fish fed krill meal diets compared with control. Digestibility of nutrient and energy of diets increased with increasing levels of krii meal. The incorporation of krill meal in diets significantly affected the protein, fat, ash, and energy of whole body composition. These results suggest that supplementation of krill meal at 1.5% in the diets of Nile tilapia as attractant or stimulant may lead to increased feed intake, growth performance, and feed utilization. Soybean meal can completely replace fishmeal in diets for juvenile tilapia.  相似文献   

12.
The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with cottonseed meal (CSM) on the growth performance, feed utilization and haematological parameters of mono‐sex male Nile tilapia fingerlings. Five isonitrogenous diets (containing 31.82% crude protein) containing graded levels of CSM to replace SBM protein were fed to triplicate groups of fish. The diets were supplemented with lysine so that they were similar to the control diet. After a 14‐week feeding experiment, the results revealed that up to 75% of SBM could be replaced by CSM without causing a significant reduction in growth. Fish fed the diet highest in CSM had a significantly lower protein efficiency ratio and a significantly higher feed conversion ratio than fish fed the other diets. High survival was observed in all the dietary treatments, and no significant difference was observed among treatments. The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of dry matter and phosphorus decreased significantly with an increase in the dietary CSM level, whereas the ADC of lipid was not affected by the dietary treatment. The hepatosomatic index and the condition factor were significantly affected by the replacement of SBM by CSM. No significant differences were detected in the moisture, lipid and ash content in whole body and muscle samples, but protein in whole‐body samples was significantly affected by the CSM levels. Significant differences were found in the haemoglobin, haematocrit, red blood cell and white blood cell contents in fish fed diets with different CSM levels. Therefore, these findings suggest that up to 41.25% CSM can be used to replace 75% of SBM protein in diets for mono‐sex male Nile tilapia fingerlings without any adverse effects on the growth performance, feed utilization, body composition and haematological indexes.  相似文献   

13.
Growth, survival, and body composition were evaluated in two feeding trials using juvenile hybrid bluegill Lepomis cyanellus × L. macrochirus . In Experiment 1, hybrid bluegill (20 g) were stocked into 1.25-m3 cages at a rate of 300 fish/cage and fed diets containing 35, 40, 44, or 48% protein for 12 wk. Fish meal comprised 32% of the dietary protein in all diets. Fish were fed all they could consume in 40 min. No significant differences ( P > 0.05) in individual length, individual weight, specific growth rate (SGR), condition factor (K), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were found among treatments and averaged 13.4 cm, 47.4 g, 1.02%/d, 1.96, and 4.06, respectively. Whole-body composition of hybrid bluegill indicated that fish fed a diet containing 35% protein had a significantly lower ( P < 0.05) percentage protein (56.3%) and a higher ( P < 0.05) percentage lipid (29.3%) compared to fish fed diets containing 40, 44, and 48% protein. In Experiment 2, 15 hybrid bluegill (15 g) were stocked into 110-L aquaria and fed one of four diets containing 28, 32, 36, or 38% protein for 10 wk. Fish were fed twice daily all they would consume in 20 min. Fish fed a diet containing 38% protein had higher ( P < 0.05) percentage weight gain (265%) than fish fed diets containing 28% (203%) and 32% (219%) protein, but were not significantly different ( P > 0.05) compared to fish fed a diet containing 36% protein (251%). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) of hybrid bluegill fed diets containing 36% and 38% protein (average 1.39) were significantly lower ( P < 0.05) than fish fed a diet with 28% protein (1.73). Results from these studies indicate that hybrid bluegill can be fed a practical diet containing 35–36% protein (with fish meal comprising 32% of the protein). Further refinement of the diet formulation may allow producers to reduce diet and production costs.  相似文献   

14.
This study evaluated various by‐catch and by‐product meals of marine origin with red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus L.). Four different kinds of by‐catch or by‐product meals [shrimp by‐catch meal from shrimp trawling, Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone)) processing waste meal, red salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum)) head meal, and Pacific whiting (Merluccius productus (Ayres)) meal] were substituted for Special Select? menhaden fish meal at 33% or 67% of crude protein in diets formulated to contain 40% crude protein, 12% lipid, and 14.6 kJ digestible energy g?1. Each of these diets and three additional diets consisting of shrimp processing waste meal formulated on a digestible‐protein basis and two Pacific whiting diets containing reduced levels of ash were also evaluated in two 6‐week feeding trials with juvenile red drum (initial weight of 4–5 and 1–2 g fish?1 in trials 1 and 2). Red drum fed by‐catch meal at either level of substitution performed as well as fish fed the control diet; whereas, fish fed shrimp processing waste meal diets had significantly (P≤0.05) reduced weight gain and feed efficiency ratio values compared with the controls, even when fed on a digestible‐protein basis. The diets containing Pacific whiting at either levels of substitution and regardless of ash level supported similar performance of red drum as those fed the control diet. Fish fed the red salmon head meal diet fared poorly, probably owing to an excessive amount of lipid in the diet that became rancid. Overall, by‐catch meal associated with shrimp trawling and Pacific whiting appear to be suitable protein feedstuffs for red drum.  相似文献   

15.
Two feeding trials were conducted with juvenile largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides to evaluate alternative plant and animal source proteins for their ability to replace fish meal in practical diets. The first trial was designed to identify the most promising candidates. The second trial was conducted to evaluate how much of the fish meal could be replaced by those candidates. In Study 1, feed‐trained largemouth bass (3.1 ± 0.7 g) were randomly stocked into 18114‐L glass aquaria at 25 fish per aquarium. Fish were fed one of six experimental diets, each containing approximately 38% crude protein and 10% crude lipid, to apparent satiation twice daily. The control diet (CTL) contained 30% fish meal and 34.5% soybean meal. Diets 2–6 each contained 15% fish meal and at least 34.5% soybean meal with the remainder of the protein made up of either meat and bone meal (MBM), soybean meal (SBM), poultry by‐product meal (PBM), a 50150 mixture of blood meal and corn gluten meal (BM/CG), or 50150 mixture of hydrolyzed feather meal and soybean meal (FMISBM). There were three replicate aquaria per dietary treatment. After 12 wk, there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) among treatments in survival which averaged 92% overall. Only fish fed the PBM or BM/CG diets had average individual weights and feed conversion efficiencies that were not significantly different (P > 0.05) from the control diet (CTL). In Study 2, the formulation of the control diet (CTL) remained the same. Based on their performance in the first trial, PBM and BM/CG were chosen to now replace 75 or 100% of the fish meal. Fish were stocked at an average weight of 6.9 ± 1.7 g. After 11 wk, fish fed diets containing the BM/CG mixture at both levels were significantly smaller (P 5 0.05) than fish fed other diets and at 100% replacement survival was reduced. Fish fed diets containing poultry meal as the primary protein source performed as well as those fed the control diet (CTL). It appears that PBM can completely replace fish meal in diets for juvenile largemouth bass without adverse effects on growth, feed efficiency, or body composition.  相似文献   

16.
This study was undertaken to determine the dietary protein requirement of shi drum (Umbrina cirrosa L.) with an initial weight of 86.3±0.4 g. The fish were fed five isoenergetic diets containing dietary protein levels ranging from 35% to 59% by 6% increments [the estimated digestible protein (DP) levels ranged between 29.6% and 52.8%], and the growth response over a 10‐week period was monitored. Each experimental diet was given to triplicate groups of fish. The final weight, weight gain and daily growth coefficient increased with the dietary protein level, reaching a plateau at the dietary level of 47% protein. The feed conversion ratio improved with increasing dietary protein level. The daily feed intake was significantly lower in fish fed 53% and 59% protein diets compared with those fed 35% protein diet. However, protein intake showed an increasing trend with increasing dietary protein and became significantly different between the 59% and the 35% protein diets. The protein efficiency ratio, protein retention and condition factor were not affected significantly by the dietary treatments. The final body composition was not influenced by the treatments. The recommended dietary protein percentage and DP/digestible energy (DE) ratio for juvenile shi drum diets are 51.4% (45.6% DP) and 28.5 g DP MJ DE?1 respectively.  相似文献   

17.
A 12‐week growth trial was conducted to evaluate corn gluten meal as an alternative protein source to fish meal in diets for gilthead sea bream juveniles. The experimental diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isoenergetic and to have 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% of fish meal protein, the only protein source in the control diet, replaced by corn gluten meal. At the end of the growth trial only the group fed the diet with 80% corn gluten protein exhibited significantly reduced growth and feed efficiency compared with the fish meal‐based diet. This was most likely due to a dietary amino acid deficiency in that diet. A trend was noticed for feed efficiency to improve with the replacement of fish meal protein in the diets up to 60%. There were no significant differences among groups in protein and energy retention (as percentage of intake). At the end of the trial whole body water content of the experimental groups was significantly lower and the lipid content of groups including 60% and 80% corn gluten protein was significantly higher than that in the control. No other differences were observed in whole body composition among groups. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of the diets were evaluated in a separate trial. The ADC of dry matter of the experimental diets was significantly higher than in the control diet; there were no significant differences among diets in the ADC of energy and protein, except for the ADC of protein of diet with 80% corn gluten protein, which was significantly lower than the control. The results of this study indicate that corn gluten meal can replace up to 60% fish meal protein in diets for gilthead sea bream juveniles with no negative effects on fish performance.  相似文献   

18.
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of total replacement of fish meal by cottonseed meal (CSM) supplemented with various levels of iron in practical diets on growth performance, feed utilization, body composition and some biological and haematological parameters of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Juvenile fish (average weight 3.78±0.1 g) were stocked in 18 glass aquariums (80 L each) at 25 fish per aquarium. Fish meal (50% of the diet) was used as the sole source of animal protein in the control diet 1. Diets 2–6 had 100% CSM (0.145% free gossypol) protein with various levels of supplemented iron (86, 486, 972, 1458 and 1944 mg Fe kg diet?1) in diets 2–6 respectively. Diets were fed to fish twice daily at a rate of 3% of body weight during the first 12 weeks then 2% of the total fish biomass daily until the end of the experiment (30 weeks). The results of this study revealed that, groups of fish fed diets 1, 4, 5 and 6 had significantly (P≤0.01) the higher average body weight and specific growth rate than those of fish fed diet 2 (100% CSM without iron supplementation) and diet 3 (100% CSM plus 486 mg Fe kg diet?1). The best values for feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio and condition factor (K) were recorded with groups of fish fed diet 4 (100% CSM plus 972 mg Fe kg diet?1). Red blood cell count, haematocrit and haemoglobin were increased with increasing levels of iron and significantly affected by dietary iron. Hepatosomatic index for diets 3–6 were not significantly different (P>0.05) and superior to that of diet 1 control [100% fish meal (FM)]. The gonadosomatic index of males of Nile tilapia was not influenced by CSM diets with or without iron, while females of Nile tilapia were significantly influenced with iron and the lowest values were recorded with groups of fish fed diet 2 (100% CSM without iron supplementation). Apparent digestibility coefficients of protein, fat dry matter and energy were relatively high for most diets supplemented with iron and increased by increasing iron supplementation. There were no significant differences between groups of fish fed diet 1 (100% FM) and diets 5 and 6 which contained 100% CSM with additional 1458 and 1944 mg Fe kg diet supplemental iron?1 respectively. Proximate composition of whole body was not influenced by diet. Adding 972 mg Fe kg diet?1 from ferrous sulphate to the CSM‐based diets that contained 972 mg free gossypol (1:1 iron to free gossypol ratio) for Nile tilapia reduce the negative effects of gossypol and improved growth performance, feed utilization and blood parameters and can totally replace fish meal in tilapia diets.  相似文献   

19.
The nutritional implication of processed maggot meals, hydrolysed, defatted, full‐fat, sun‐dried and oven‐dried, in the diets of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings were evaluated. The nutrient density, proximate composition, gross energy and mineral constituents of the maggot meals were determined. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets were formulated to provide 40% crude protein in which fish meal in the reference diet was completely replaced by any of the following processed maggot meals: oven‐dried full‐fat (ODM), sun‐dried full‐fat (SDM), defatted oven‐dried (DODM) and defatted sun‐dried (DSDM) maggot meals respectively. Fish were fed ad libitum in triplicate treatments for 56 days in glass tanks. Biological evaluations of the fish were based on growth performance and nutrient utilization indices. The result of the nutrient composition analysis showed that processing methods of defattening and drying influenced the nutrient density of maggot meal, with crude protein content ranging between 43.30% and 46.70% for full‐fat sun‐dried and hydrolysed/defatted oven‐dried maggot meals respectively. The result showed that growth performance and nutrient utilization of fish fed DODM and DSDM dietary inclusions were not significantly different and similar to fish fed the fish meal‐based diet. However, fish fed the diet containing SDM exhibited lower daily weight gain, protein efficiency ratio and specific growth. Generally, fish performed better when fed diets containing defatted maggot meals than full‐fat maggot meal, and compared favourably with fish fed the fish meal‐based diet.  相似文献   

20.
The effects of total replacement of dietary fish meal (FM) with animal protein sources on the growth, feed efficiency and profit indices of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), were investigated. Shrimp meal (SM), blood meal (BM), meat and bone meal (MBM), BM + MBM mix and poultry by-product meal (PBM) replaced FM in six isonitrogenous (30% crude protein), isocaloric (400 kcal GE 100 g–1) diets. The diets were fed to O. niloticus fingerlings (12.5 g) to satiation twice a day for 150 days. The growth of fish fed SM, PBM and MBM was not significantly different from those fed the FM-based diet, while feed conversion and protein efficiency ratios were significantly retarded. Further reduction in fish performance was noticed when BM or BM + MBM replaced FM in the control diet. Cost–benefit analyses of the test diets indicated that these sources were economically superior to FM. The PBM-based diet produced higher carcass lipid than other diets. Fish fed SM, MBM and PBM diets had significantly higher ash contents (P < 0.05).  相似文献   

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