共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 156 毫秒
1.
Erin Nelson Laura Gómez Tovar Rita Schwentesius Rindermann Manuel Ángel Gómez Cruz 《Agriculture and Human Values》2010,27(2):227-237
Over the past two decades the growth of the organic sector has been accompanied by a shift away from first party, or peer
review, systems of certification and towards third party certification, in which a disinterested party is responsible for
the development of organic standards and the verification of producer compliance. This paper explores some of the limitations
of the third party certification model and presents the case of Mexico as an example of how an alternative form of participatory
certification has emerged. The paper suggests that participatory guarantee systems (PGS) are reflective of the growing “beyond
organic” movement, which focuses on reconstructing the local and re-embedding food systems into their socio-ecological contexts.
It argues that PGS offers a number of benefits for producers and consumers, particularly in the South, but that it faces a
number of challenges as well, such as a lack of formal recognition, social conflicts and dependence on donated resources. 相似文献
2.
Stakeholders in the field of food safety management in China can be classified into three categories,government,food producers(farmers and enterprises),and the third-party regulatory bodies. The third-party regulation has experienced rapid development in past twenty years,and recently received considerable attention from consumers and the central government. This paper provides a review about the development,problems and future trend of the third-party regulation on food safety in China. To be specific,five forms of the third-party regulation are assessed,including media exposure,the third-party certification,regulation by consumer associations,social movements promoted by non-governmental organizations(NGOs),and regulation by industry associations. The study concludes that media and consumer associations are the major players in the third-party regulation and are highly repudiated among customers. The food certification industry has developed rapidly,but is now facing crises of confidence among consumers because of its lack of self-regulation. NGOs and industry associations still remain in the early development stages of food safety management,and therefore,are of little importance in current regulatory bodies. 相似文献
3.
4.
中国农民组织化问题分析及对策建议 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
党的十六大报告提出的全面建设小康社会,解决“三农“问题方面的宏观目标是积极推进农业产业化经营,提高农民进入市场的组织化程度和农业综合效益.文章正是顺应中国农村社会经济发展的要求,阐述了中国目前农民组织化的现状,分析了其存在的问题,在阐述了提高农民组织化程度的意义之后,提出了提高农民组织化程度的对策与建议. 相似文献
5.
Robin Jane Roff 《Agriculture and Human Values》2009,26(4):351-363
Third-party certification is an increasingly prevalent tactic which agrifood activists use to “help” consumers shop ethically,
and also to reorganize commodity markets. While consumers embrace the chance to “vote with their dollar,” academics question
the potential for labels to foster widespread political, economic, and agroecological change. Yet, despite widespread critique,
a mounting body of work appears resigned to accept that certification may be the only option available to activist groups
in the context of neoliberal socio-economic orders. At the extreme, Guthman (Antipode 39(3): 457, 2007) posits that “at this political juncture… ‘there is no alternative.” This paper offers a different assessment of third-party
certification, and points to interventions that are potentially more influential that are currently available to activist
groups. Exploring the evolution of the Non-GMO Project—a novel certification for foods that are reasonably free of genetically
engineered (GE) material—I make two arguments. First, I echo the literature’s critical perspective by illustrating how certification
projects become vulnerable to industry capture. Reviewing its history and current context, I suggest that the Non-GMO Project
would be better suited to helping companies avoid mounting public criticism than to substantially reorient agrifood production.
Second, I explore the “politics of the possible” in the current political economy and argue that while neoliberalization and
organizers’ places within the food system initially oriented the group towards the private sector, the choice to pursue certification
arose directly from two industry partnerships. Consequently, current trends might favor market mechanisms, but certification
is only one possible intervention that has emerged as a result of particular, and perhaps avoidable, circumstances. The article
offers tentative delineation of alternatives ways that activists might intervene in agrifood and political economic systems
given present constraints. 相似文献
6.
刘乐卿 《安徽农业大学学报》2024,33(2):41-49
泰国的小农经济在市场化条件下顽强存在的主要原因是当地的社会结构和道德传统依然具有比较强的韧性和稳定性。对泰国南奔府的有机农业进行人类学田野调查发现,小农户在市场化情境中面临销路不稳定、农业劳动力短缺等风险,但是从事有机农业的农民通过有效运用有机农业的种植技术、社区合作网络来缓解这种风险,维护有机农业的价值。在政府政策、市场力量和“互帮互助”“团结协作”道德规范的共同作用下,小农户积极建立社区企业、学习中心等农业合作组织,这既有助于他们在参与市场化的过程中维护生计安全,同时也使这种道德规范开始具有市场经济的特征,焕发出新的生机与活力。此外,小农户的生产实践也有助于维护乡村的社会秩序,传承原有的道德规范。 相似文献
7.
Impacts of Fair Trade certification on coffee farmers,cooperatives, and laborers in Nicaragua 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This paper analyzes the possibilities and challenges of Fair Trade certification as a movement seeking to improve the well-being
of small-scale coffee growers and coffee laborers in the global South. Six months of fieldwork was conducted in 2005–2006
to study the roles of a wide range of farmers, laborers, cooperative administrators, and export companies in Fair Trade coffee
production and trade in Nicaragua. The results of our evaluation of the ability of Fair Trade to meet its objectives indicate
that Fair Trade’s opportunities to provide a significant price premium for participating farmers largely depend on world coffee
prices in mainstream markets. While Fair Trade has promoted premiums for social development for participating producers and
strengthened the institutional capacities of the cooperatives involved, its ability to enhance significantly the working conditions
of hired coffee laborers remains limited. 相似文献
8.
Third-party certification (TPC), the most common organic certification system, has faced growing criticism in recent years. This has led to the development of alternative certification systems, most of which can be classed as Participatory Guarantee Systems (PGS). PGS have been promoted as a more suitable, cheaper and less bureaucratic alternative to TPC for local markets and are associated with additional benefits such as empowering smallholder farmers, facilitating farmer-to-farmer learning and enhancing food security and sovereignty. PGS have spread rapidly in the past few years, but studies suggest that they are facing numerous challenges that, if not addressed, may jeopardise these benefits. Using the example of three Mexican PGS initiatives, this paper explores the main challenges faced by PGS, specifically those predominantly found in producer-run PGS initiatives. Based on producer and consumer surveys, semi-structured and informal interviews, and participant and non-participant observation, the key challenges that emerged were continuous implementation of the certification process, time constraints, personal conflicts and conflict avoidance. The paper further argues that the requirements for PGS recognition under the Mexican Law for Organic Products may also threaten the continued existence of PGS and suggests that mechanisms for managing conflicts, incentivising PGS participation and mitigating opportunity costs are key if PGS are to continue to develop. 相似文献
9.
李凌 《北京农业职业学院学报》2006,20(2):27-31
近几年,我国农民合作组织不断发展壮大,对促进农业和农村经济发展发挥了重要作用,突出体现在增强市场竞争力、提高合作化程度、增加农民收入、改善干群关系等方面.在发展环境、组织化程度、资金使用等方面,还有不少问题制约着合作组织的发展.随着国家政策、各地政策的支持和政府治理方式的改变,农民合作组织会有较大的发展. 相似文献
10.
陈俭 《信阳农业高等专科学校学报》2012,22(1):69-71
河南省土地流转发展迅速,但流转市场不完善、规模化程度低及农户缺乏流转动力等问题制约了土地流转的健康发展。要解决这些问题,必须加大宣传土地物权性质的力度,鼓励农民土地流转,建立和完善包括流转市场主体、流转中介组织和流转规则在内的土地流转市场机制,完善社会保障制度。 相似文献
11.
The Farmers Market Nutrition Program (FMNP) is a federal-state partnership designed to provide fresh, locally grown produce
to low-income participants at nutritional risk and expand consumer awareness and use of local produce sold at farmers markets.
This paper describes the results of a collaboration initiative based on the typology of a “comprehensive, multisectorial collaboration”
to support the FMNP. We report the outcomes of the partnerships that developed over three years, including increased outreach
to FMNP participants and strategies to decrease barriers to participation. Those partnerships that reached higher degrees
of coordination or collaboration are now addressing market accessibility and market quality in new ways. Those partnerships
that exhibited the highest degree of collaboration are contributing to community capacity building beyond FMNP issues per se and to larger issues affecting the agriculture community and the food security of residents.
Jamie S. Dollahite, PhD, RD, is an associate professor of Community Nutrition. She leads the Food and Nutrition Education in Communities programs,
including Cornell Cooperative Extension’s role in the Farmers Market Nutrition Program, which provide outreach to and conduct
research with limited resource audiences across New York State.
Janet A. Nelson, MS Ed, is an Extension associate in Community Nutrition. Since 1999 she has coordinated Cornell Cooperative Extension’s role
in the New York State Farmers Market Nutrition Program. For the preceding five years, Janet was Rural and Community Nutrition
Educator for Cornell Cooperative Extension of Oswego County where she facilitated Extension’s relationship with the NYS-FMNP
at the county level.
Edward A. Frongillo, PhD, is an associate professor of Community and International Nutrition. His work includes the evaluation of program enhancements
for the Farmers Market Nutrition Program, as well as studying the impact of nutrition programs for elders on food security,
dietary intake, and nutritional status.
Matthew Griffin, MS, is the Nutrition Resource Manager at the Food Bank of the Southern Tier, Elmira, New York where he coordinates nutrition,
food safety, and community food security programs in connection with emergency food relief organizations. 相似文献
12.
Interest in purchasing local food from suppliers who follow sustainable practices is growing in Canada. Such suppliers wish
to have their products recognized in the market so that price premiums might be received, and new markets developed. In response,
the organization Local Food Plus (LFP) developed standards and a certification process to authenticate local and sustainable
claims. LFP provides certification seals, and labeling provisions for qualifying producers and processors. However, given
pre-existing national food labeling rules, it is not evident that existing regulations permit such claims. Using LFP as a
case, this study examined whether current federal labeling rules might impede the marketing of local and sustainable claims.
Key findings include that the use of the terms natural, sustainable, and local in panel language and on shelf-talkers could
be contested; and that the absence of specific regulation of numerous pertinent terms means they can only be assessed against
general fraud prevention regulations, resulting in case-by-case determinations of compliance. Sustainability food label approvals
in Canada, based on these general provisions, have not always been favorable to sustainable producers and firms. Existing
regulation of these potentially contested terms appears to be out of step with other policy-related developments at the federal
level and / or conceptual developments in the field. Proposals are made for amending existing rules to better support local
and sustainable claims. 相似文献
13.
Since its inception in 1988, the SAREprogram has sponsored hundreds of projects to exploreand apply economically viable, environmentally sound,and socially acceptable farming systems. Recognizingthat researchers often collaborated with producers andthat producer interest in sustainable agriculture wasincreasing, SARE's North-Central Region began directlyfunding farmers and ranchers in 1992 to test their ownideas on sustainable agriculture. The present articleis based on data from the formative evaluation of thefirst five years (1992 to 1996) of the NCR-SAREProducer Grant Program. The evaluation used acombination of mail surveys, non-response telephoneinterviews, and personal interviews.The evaluation revealed that the Program hassucceeded in showing that sustainable agriculturaltechnologies and practices can be viable andprofitable alternatives to conventional ways ofproducing crops and animals while simultaneously beingless environmentally damaging. On the other hand, thecontributions of the Producer Grant Program to thesocial and institutional spheres in which agricultureis embedded are less clear. Changes in these spheresare imperative for the success of sustainableagriculture, and for it to become more mainstream.Such changes cannot occur overnight, but they willremain the main challenge for SARE to tackle in thenear future. 相似文献
14.
A forest of evidence: third-party certification and multiple forms of proof—a case study of oil palm plantations in Indonesia 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Laura Silva-Casta?eda 《Agriculture and Human Values》2012,29(3):361-370
In recent years, new forms of transnational regulation have emerged, filling the void created by the failure of governments and international institutions to effectively regulate transnational corporations. Among the variety of initiatives addressing social and environmental problems, a growing number of certification systems have appeared in various sectors, particularly agrifood. Most initiatives rely on independent third-party certification to verify compliance with a standard, as it is seen as the most credible route for certification. The effects of third-party audits, however, still need to be empirically investigated. This article provides a critical assessment of the notion of ‘evidence’ which is at the heart of auditing practices. It focuses on the case of the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) and fieldwork carried out in Indonesia, the world’s largest producer of palm oil. In this country, some non-governmental organizations decided to participate in the RSPO in order to use this platform to tackle the issue of land conflicts. They managed to include important clauses regarding indigenous and land rights in the RSPO standard. In practice, however, auditors rarely recognize as valid evidence the forms of proof put forward by local communities. As a result, the whole process risks compounding local power imbalances. 相似文献
15.
江苏苏北农民专业合作组织绩效评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
农民专业合作组织的发展有利于增加农民收入、发展农村经济。本文从经营绩效、运行机制和组织发展等3个角度分析江苏苏北农民专业合作组织发展的现状,构建评价指标体系来考察苏北农民专业合作组织发展的绩效。结论是：江苏苏北的农民专业合作组织运行绩效普遍较差,可持续发展能力不容乐观,在经营绩效、组织建设方面还需要进一步提高。 相似文献
16.
介绍了农民专业合作社各利益主体的需求,分析了农民专业合作社的动力,其中作为合作社主体地位的普通农户的需求是合作社持久发展的内部动力源,各利益主体的利益平衡是合作社持久发展的动力保障,政府扶持是合作社发展不可或缺的外部驱力。最后提出推动农民专业合作社持久健康发展,应实行品牌化经营,提升市场竞争力,完善运行机制,同时加大政府在教育培训、农超对接、电子商务平台建设、财政金融扶持方面的力度和对核心成员的精神激励。 相似文献
17.
Farm to school programs are at the vanguard of efforts to create an alternative agrifood system in the United States. Regionally-based,
mid-tier food distributors may play an important role in harnessing the potential of farm to school programs to create viable
market opportunities for small- and mid-size family farmers, while bringing more locally grown fresh food to school cafeterias.
This paper focuses on the perspectives of food distributors. Our findings suggest that the food distributors profiled have
the potential to help institutionalize farm to school programs. Notably, their relationships with farmers may be a critical
element in expanding the scale and scope of local school food procurement. Their ability to catalyze local school food procurement
however, is limited by the structural context in which farm to school programs operate. Specifically, the oppositional school
year and agriculture production cycle, and tight food service budget constraints disembed and limit the potential of farm
to school programs to decrease the “marketness” of school food procurement and to shift it from a process based largely on
price to one that is more territorially embedded. As farm to school programs continue to gain support, regionally-based food
distributors that have the meaningful relationships necessary to re-embed the school food service market back into the larger
society may be critical to enabling advocates to achieve their goals. 相似文献
18.
蔬菜等农产品价格频繁波动,影响到市场稳定与居民消费,影响到生产发展与农民收入,也影响到政府宏观决策。总体上看,当前管理者、生产者、消费者及媒体对农产品市场价格波动的认识有待进一步厘清。中国已逐步进入农产品的高价格时代,价格波动是正常的市场现象,是成本变动、粮食基础价格不断抬高、农产品价格与石油价格联动、国内因素与国际因素联动等综合作用的结果,管理部门与媒体应理性对待农产品市场价格变动。但当前政府的宏观调控滞后和媒体的过度炒作,在一定程度上助推了市场价格的波动。政府管理部门应采取综合性措施,既要保证城市消费的利益,更要保证生产者的利益,减少农民在价格波动中的损失。 相似文献
19.
深刻分析东丽区质检机构发展现状,探求质检机构发展新模式。通过创新发展理念,加大基础设施建设,依托技术优势,采取多元融资方式,走强强联合的道路,开拓检测市场,提升质检机构能力与水平,走出了一条新的发展之路,为其他质检机构发展提供了借鉴。 相似文献
20.
阐述了农民专业合作经济组织特有的发展机理,指出它是分散弱小的广大农户为应对市场风险、提升市场竞争地位而自愿组织起来的内生型组织;从具有所有者与使用者同一、劳动联合、民主管理和共有产权等方面探讨了农民专业合作经济组织区别于其他经济组织的本质特征;剖析了农民专业合作经济组织的动力机制,指出市场环境和政府政策构成其外部发展动力,组织形成方式以及产权制度、激励制度等是其发展的内部动力,组织发展效率的提升主要依赖决策成本、监督成本和教育成本等非物质成本的降低。 相似文献