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《Strength and Conditioning Journal》2008,61(5):554-560
Predation by jaguars (Panthera onca) and pumas (Puma concolor) is often a source of conflict with cattle ranching in northeastern Sonora, Mexico. Because jaguars are endangered in Mexico, such conflicts have biological, social, and economic consequences. We documented the extent of predation by jaguars and pumas on cattle in 1999–2004 in northeastern Sonora, where the northernmost breeding population of jaguars exists in North America. Jaguars and pumas killed only calves < 12 mo old, and calves constituted 58% of prey biomass consumed by jaguars and 9% by pumas. Annual cause-specific mortality rates of confirmed jaguar predation (≤ 0.018), confirmed and suspected jaguar predation (≤ 0.018), and all confirmed and suspected large felid predation (≤ 0.018) were low and cattle calf survival was high (0.89–0.98 annually). If calves reported as missing but for which no evidence of mortality could be found were classed as large felid predation, annual cause-specific rates increased to 0.006–0.038. Collectively, confirmed jaguar and puma predation accounted for < 14% (57/408) of total cattle losses, with jaguars responsible for 14% of all calf losses; this could increase to a maximum of 36% (146/408) if missing calves were included in the totals. While jaguar and puma predation may have an impact on some small cattle operations, it is generally minor compared to losses from other causes in northeastern Sonora. Moreover, 91% of all confirmed calf kills were associated with three individual jaguars in our study. Targeting problem cats rather than broad-scale predator control may therefore be a viable alternative to address chronic predation problems. Because most (83%) instances of jaguar predation occurred during the dry season along thick riparian habitats, modified cattle husbandry operations, such as establishment of permanent water sources in uplands and away from dense vegetative cover, could ameliorate many cases of predation by jaguars on cattle. 相似文献
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Marina ZANIN Noa GONZALEZ-BORRAJO Cuauhtémoc CHÁVEZ Yamel RUBIO Bart HARMSEN Claudia KELLER Pablo VILLALVA Ana Carolina SRBEK-ARAUJO Leonora Pires COSTA Francisco PALOMARES 《Integrative zoology》2021,16(1):2-18
Modern and paleoclimate changes may have altered species dynamics by shifting species’ niche suitability over space and time. We analyze whether the current genetic structure and isolation of the two large American felids, jaguar (Panthera onca) and puma (Puma concolor), are mediated by changes in climatic suitability and connection routes over modern and paleoclimatic landscapes. We estimate species distribution under 5 climatic landscapes (modern, Holocene, last maximum glaciations [LMG], average suitability, and climatic instability) and correlate them with individuals’ genetic isolation through causal modeling on a resemblance matrix. Both species exhibit genetic isolation patterns correlated with LMG climatic suitability, suggesting that these areas may have worked as “allele refuges.” However, the jaguar showed higher vulnerability to climate changes, responding to modern climatic suitability and connection routes, whereas the puma showed a continuous and gradual transition of genetic variation. Despite differential responsiveness to climate change, both species are subjected to the climatic effects on genetic configuration, which may make them susceptible to future climatic changes, since these are progressing faster and with higher intensity than changes in the paleoclimate. Thus, the effects of climatic changes should be considered in the design of conservation strategies to ensure evolutionary and demographic processes mediated by gene flow for both species. 相似文献
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Márcio Botelho de Castro Karin Werther Guilherme Sellera Godoy Vivian Palmeira Borges Antonio Carlos Alessi 《Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine》2003,34(1):100-102
Little is known about neoplasia in the jaguar (Panthera onca), the largest American feline. A captive black jaguar was diagnosed at necropsy with a mastocytic form of visceral mast cell tumor similar to that which occurs in domestic cats. This animal had no previous clinical disease and died during anesthesia for a routine dental treatment. 相似文献
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深受中国消费者青睐的青胫性状受隐性伴性基因或常染色体显性基因控制。为探明培育品系W系青胫性状的遗传规律及分子基础,本研究首先选取W系黑羽青胫与洛岛红黄羽黄胫的成熟公、母鸡(1♂∶5♀)进行正反交试验,然后对后代中青、黄胫母雏各4只的胫部皮肤进行转录组测序分析。结果表明,正交后代有青胫293只(♂172只,♀121只),黄胫51只(♂20只,♀31只); 反交后代有青胫256只(♂156只,♀100只),黄胫73只(♂29只,♀44只),正或反交后代均有两种胫色,且青胫显著多于黄胫,表明W系青胫性状属于常染色体显性遗传。将有胫色分离的杂交组合后代按胫色、羽色统计,青、黄胫个体分别为黑、黄羽,青、黄胫分离比符合1∶1(121∶117),因此青、黄胫性状或黑、黄羽性状可能受1对等位基因控制。雏鸡的胫部皮肤转录组测序分析表明,差异表达基因显著富集于黑色素生成通路(P < 0.01),Mc1r基因和已知参与黑色素合成的基因如Tyr、Tyrp1在青、黄胫皮肤中的表达量存在极显著差异。另外,一些尚无报道参与胫色形成的基因如Wnt16、Wnt3a、Fzd10等也存在极显著差异。青胫性状的形成除涉及显著富集的黑色素生成通路外,还涉及细胞外基质与受体信号、信号传导、细胞骨架与迁移、细胞黏附、鞘脂与糖脂代谢。综合遗传分析与转录组分析,本研究推定培育品系W系中的青胫性状受Mc1r基因控制,呈常染色体显性遗传,青胫性状的形成涉及多个信号通路,这为青胫性状形成机制的阐明奠定了基础。 相似文献
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Shotaro Nishimura Sayaka Arai Mizuki Ohtani Yuri Shimomura Shoji Tabata 《The Journal of Poultry Science》2022,59(2):162
Skin thickness and strength differ between male and female chickens. This study aimed to clarify the effects of estradiol on the expression of estrogen receptors and collagen mRNA in chicken skin. Estradiol was administered to male chicks for 3 weeks, then cryosections of skin collected from the cervical, thoracic, dorsal, and pelvic limb regions were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and dermal thickness was measured. Estrogen receptor and collagen mRNA expression was assessed using real-time RT-PCR, and collagen contents were determined. Estradiol did not alter dermal thickness or the collagen content of the skin from any tested region. Among the estrogen receptors, significantly more ESR1 mRNA was expressed in the thoracic skin of chicks administered with estradiol compared with vehicle (control), and in the thoracic skin compared with skin from other regions within each group. Estradiol did not affect ESR2, GPER, and COL1A1 mRNA expression. These results suggested that estradiol stimulates ESR1 expression in thoracic skin, but does not affect collagen synthesis in skin from any other region of male chicks. 相似文献
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Guerra RR Santos NP Cecarelli P Mangetti AJ Silva JR Hernandez-Blazquez FJ 《Anatomia, histologia, embryologia》2006,35(3):144-146
The skin histology of Clarias gariepinus, a scaleless teleost from south central Africa, is described. The African catfish epidermis is composed of epithelial cells representing 62.3% of volumetric density (Vv), club cells (Vv = 25.7%), mucous cells (Vv = 10.5%) and melanocytes (Vv = 1.4%). Its thickness amounts to approximately 240 microm. The dermis is distinguished by two well differentiated layers, the stratum adiposum, containing prominent amounts of adipose tissue, which forms large, oblong compartments circumscribed by dense connective tissue, and the stratum compactum, which is rich in compacted collagen fibres. Compared with other catfish species the dermis thickness is considerably thicker ranging from 1.3 to 2.3 mm. The function of this type of skin is discussed. 相似文献
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Percutaneous absorption of methimazole: an in vitro study of the absorption pharmacokinetics for two different vehicles 
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下载免费PDF全文 K. E. Hill P. C. Mills B. R. Jones C. F. Bolwell D. Aberdein J. P. Chambers 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》2015,38(6):581-589
The use of transdermal medications in cats has become popular in veterinary medicine due to the ease of administration compared to oral medication. However, the research to support systemic absorption of drugs applied to the pinna after transdermal administration in cats is limited. The aim of this study was to characterize the percutaneous absorption pharmacokinetics of methimazole in a lipophilic vehicle compared to methimazole in Pluronic® lecithin organogel (PLO) using a finite dose applied to feline ear skin in an in vitro Franz cell model. The two formulations of methimazole (10 mg) were applied to the inner stratum corneum of six pairs of feline ears. The receptor medium was sampled up to 30 h post–administration, and methimazole concentrations were measured using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Histological examination of all ears was undertaken as small differences in the thickness of ear skin may have contributed to inter‐individual differences in methimazole absorption between six cats. Methimazole was absorbed more completely across the pinnal skin when administered in the lipophilic vehicle compared to administration in the PLO gel (P < 0.001). 相似文献
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This study evaluated the influence of the Body Condition Score (BCS) and subcutaneous fat thickness on the tissue composition of the digital cushion in horses. Sixty mixed breeds of Criollo horses (21 males and 39 females) were sent for slaughter. All animals were submitted to BCS analysis, through visual antemortem evaluation, and then ultrasound evaluation to estimate the subcutaneous fat thickness. Macroscopic analyses of the thoracic and a pelvic limb (weight, volume, and density of the hooves and digital cushions) were performed. In addition, measurements of the area of internal structures to the hoof and histological analyzes were carried out to measure the areas of adipose, fibroelastic, and collagen fibers of the digital cushion. There were no macroscopic differences in the digital cushion between thoracic and pelvic limbs or between genders (P > .05). Likewise, the histological characteristics between the limbs and the genders were similar (P > .05). There was no correlation between the weight, volume, and density of the digital cushion with the BCS (P > .05). A positive correlation was observed with the area of adipose tissue (P = .038, R2 = 0.28) and a negative correlation with area of fibroelastic tissue (P = .005, R2 = −0.37) and collagen fibers (P = .003, R2 = −0.39). In conclusion, the adipose tissue, fibroelastic tissue, and collagen fibers of equine digital cushion alter their areas in the functions of the various subcutaneous fat patterns in horses. 相似文献
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Maneenooch Khiao In Kenneth C. Richardson Anna Loewa Sarah Hedtrich Sabine Kaessmeyer Johanna Plendl 《Anatomia, histologia, embryologia》2019,48(3):207-217
Because of the shortage of human skin for research purposes, porcine skin has been used as a model of human skin. The aim of this study was to identify the region of German Landrace pig skin that could be used as the best possible substitute for human abdominal skin. Porcine samples were collected from the ear, flank, back and caudal abdomen; human abdominal skin samples were excised during plastic surgery. Histological and ultrastructural assessments were carried out on the epidermis and dermis, with emphasis on the dermo‐epidermal interface length, dermo‐epidermal thickness ratio as well as densities of; hair follicles, arrector pili muscles, blood vessels and sweat glands. In the pig, the barrier function of the four anatomical regions was assessed. Results showed that both histologically and ultrastructurally, all four regions of porcine skin were similar to human skin. These include the shapes of keratinocytes, structure of cell contacts and presence of Weibel Palade bodies in endothelial cells. Other parameters such as the thickness of epidermis, the thickness of stratum basale, spinosum and granulosum and the number of cell layers in the stratum corneum were similar in human abdominal and in all four regions of porcine skin. However, there were also significant differences especially in the thickness of the stratum corneum, the dermo‐epidermal interface length and the blood vessel density. 相似文献
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Bent Riis 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A - Animal Sciences》2013,63(4):225-230
The soluble collagen from mink skin was extracted from 2-week to 6-month-old animals. A total of 14 different age groups, each containing three animals, was studied by using two different buffers for collagen extraction. The amount of soluble collagen was measured. The various collagen species were characterized using capillary zone electrophoresis, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and protein blotting followed by antibody analysis for type I collagen. The data showed that the amount of soluble collagen declines with age. Using capillary electrophoresis it was also found that the distribution of soluble collagen differs in very young kits' skin compared with older animals' skin, whereas the skin from animals more than 2 weeks old was found to contain the same proportions of various collagen species. Antibody analysis of type I collagen found no difference in the relative amount between different age groups, and only the acetic acid-containing buffer extracted type I collagen from the mink skin. 相似文献
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Vanessa de Freitas Ferreira Fernanda Carolina Ribeiro Dias Kyvia Lugate Cardoso Costa Sérgio Luis Pinto da Matta Fabiano Rodrigues de Melo Fabiana Cristina Silveira Alves de Melo 《Anatomia, histologia, embryologia》2021,50(2):379-386
Philander frenatus is an important marsupial for the maintenance and conservation of the Atlantic Rainforest, however, it has biological characteristics that are still little explored. The study of the reproductive biology is an important key to understand the species reproductive strategies and to improve the development of conservation and management activities. The present study aimed to conduct a histological and morphometric investigation of the testis structure and function of P. frenatus. The average body and testicular weight were 445 g and 0.74 g, respectively, with a gonadosomatic index of 0.17%. The seminiferous tubules occupying 64.95% of the organ, totalising 9.26 m per gram of testis. The tubulesomatic and epitheliumsomatic indexes were 0.10% and 0.07%, respectively. Philander frenatus showed cell loss of approximately 98% during the proliferative phase and the spermatogenic yield was 10.3 cells. The high loss during the mitotic phase contributed to the low spermatogenic yield. The testicular parenchyma was composed of 35% of intertubular components, one of the highest proportions observed in mammals. Leydig cells were responsible for approximately 25% of the testes, followed by lymphatic space (6.44%), blood vessels and connective tissue (4% together). The organisation of the intertubular components resembles the Fawcett III category. The volume and number of Leydig cell per gram of testis were 2,627.12 µm3 and 91.28 × 106 cells, respectively. High investment in the intertubular compartment, specifically number and volume of Leydig cells in P. frenatus is consistent with territorial behaviour and polygynic mating system, which have greater androgenic capacity. 相似文献
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The dry and wet weights of the uterus (caruncular and intercaruncular areas) and cervix were measured in non-pregnant (n = 5) and pregnant (n = 25) ewes post mortem; for the latter, five were obtained for each of the 5 months of gestation. The total collagen tissue content was measured in both areas of the uterus and cervix by hydroxyproline analysis and image analysis of Haematoxylin-Van Gieson stained tissue sections. Both wet and dry uterine weights increased significantly with gestational age (P < 0.001). The water content of uterine and cervical tissue remained constant, at between 83 per cent to 85 per cent and 76 per cent to 80 per cent, respectively. There was a close correlation between the two methods used to determine the collagen content (r = 0.96, P < 0.001), and between the increasing weight of the uterus during pregnancy and the total collagen content of tissues (r = 0.97, P < 0.001). At all stages, the total collagen content of the cervix [mean (SEM) 96.2 (5.4) mg g(-1)] was significantly greater (P < 0.001) than that of the caruncular mean [mean (SEM) 24.3 (1.4) mg g(-1)], and the intercaruncular areas [mean (SEM) 29.0 (1.0) mg g(-1)]. The changes in uterine and cervical weights and collagen content of the tissues were similar to those reported in other related species. 相似文献
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通过混合样品DNA测序方法寻找黑素皮质素受体l（MC1R）基因的突变位点,采用Alu1-RFLP对突变位点在4种羽色（栗羽、黄羽、白羽、黑羽）鹌鹑群体中的基因分布进行了研究;利用qRT-PCR技术测定了MC1R基因在12日龄时4种羽色鹌鹑胚胎皮肤组织中的表达情况。结果表明,在鹌鹑MC1R基因上发现1个T/C突变位点,该位点没有导致编码蛋白氨基酸序列改变,A1u1-RFLP分析发现,该突变位点的不同基因型在4种羽色鹌鹑群体间的分布有显著差异（P〈0.05）。4种羽色鹌鹑皮肤组织中MC1R基因的表达量存在明显差异,栗羽鹌鹑皮肤组织中该基因的表达量明显高于黑羽鹌鹑皮肤中的表达量（栗羽〉黄羽〉白羽〉黑羽）。本试验没有发现导致日本鹌鹑黑羽突变的Glu92Lys突变位点,表明朝鲜鹌鹑的黑羽突变与报道的日本鹌鹑黑羽突变的机制不同,朝鲜鹌鹑的黑羽可能与其他基因的突变有关。 相似文献
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In sheep wetted by rain, proliferation of bacteria in the skin-fleece microenvironment invariably discolours the fleece and causes a dermatitic condition known as fleecerot. The changes in population dynamics of fleece bacteria were analysed by carrying out skin washings at randomly selected sites on the back of sheep before, and at 48 h and 96 h after exposure to rain. Gram-positive rods belonging to Bacillus species (10(2)-10(4) cfu/cm2) predominated in dry fleece. Gram-positive cocci (e.g. Micrococcus and Staphylococcus species) as well as Gram-negative rods (pseudomonads) were also present but in lower abundance (less than 10(2) cfu/cm2). Fleece bacterial populations generally increased in numbers during the first 24-48 h of wetting. By 96 h however, skin washings showed a preponderance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10(4)-10(6) cfu/cm2) and to a lesser extent, pigmented Micrococcus species. Growth of fleece bacteria was associated with a characteristic green or yellow/orange staining of fleece. Fewer species of bacteria were isolated from sheep showing green staining while those animals with yellow/orange discolourations appeared to have a more mixed microflora composition. The predominance of P. aeruginosa in the wet fleece of sheep displaying either green or yellow/orange bacterial stain, was accompanied by a significant serological response against this species. Since skin bacteria have never been observed to penetrate cutaneously in skin sections biopsied from fleecerot sites, it must be concluded that the sheep skin is sensitized by continuous exposure to antigens that are associated with or released by P. aeruginosa. 相似文献
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An immature jaguar was surgically treated for severe constipation caused by a narrow pelvic canal. This narrowing was attributed to nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism. The ventral floor of the pelvis was widened by placing a piece of high density polyethylene between the 2 sides of the pubis after symphysiotomy and stabilizing the implant with orthopedic wires. This procedure provided stable fixation and permanent enlargement of the pelvic canal. The technique was easy to perform and could be used to treat pelvic collapse in other species. 相似文献