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1.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(3):247-257
Abstract This study assessed variation in modulus of elasticity of trees and logs of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) trees. The study used 192 sample trees (c. 90–150 years) selected from 24 clear-felling forests in central and southern Sweden. Modulus of elasticity (MOE) assessed with transit-time technology on standing tree stems at 0.5–2.0m on the southern and northern side of each tree varied from 8.6 to 17.6 GPa. No systematic MOE difference was found between the southern and northern side of tree stems. The sometimes large MOE variations seen in some individual trees are probably a result of wood variation and wood defects. MOE assessed with resonance-based technology varied between 7.4 and 14.1 GPa for logs cut at similar height (<6.0 m). Models of MOE variation were derived from factors related to growth conditions at stand and tree level, with an R 2 adj of c. 0.46–0.62. The models indicate that growth and tree attributes associated with and/or creating less stem taper would yield trees with higher MOE. 相似文献
2.
The objectives of this study were to establish the method of evaluating wood mechanical properties by acoustic nondestructive
testing at standing trees and at logs of a Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.) plantation, and to compare three acoustic nondestructive methods for evaluating the static bending modulus
of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), and compressive strength parallel-to-grain (σc) of plantation wood as well. Fifteen Chinese fir plantation trees at 36 years of age were selected. Each tree was cut into
four logs, for which three values of dynamic modulus of elasticity, i.e., E
sw, of the north and south face based on stress waves to assume the measuring state of the standing tree, E
fr, longitudinal vibration, and E
us, ultrasonic wave, were measured in the green condition. After log measurements, small specimens were cut and air-dried to
12% moisture content (MC). Static bending tests were then performed to determine the bending MOE and MOR, and compressive
tests parallel-to-grain were made to determine σc. The bending MOE of small clear specimens was about 7.1% and 15.4% less than E
sw and E
us, respectively, and 11.3% greater than E
fr. The differences between the bending MOE and dynamic MOE of logs as determined by the three acoustic methods were statistically
significant (P < 0.001). Good correlation (R = 0.77, 0.57, and 0.45) between E
sw, E
fr, and E
us and static MOE, respectively, were obtained (P < 0.001). It can be concluded that longitudinal vibration may be the most precise and reliable technique to evaluate the
mechanical properties of logs among these three acoustic nondestructive methods. Moreover, the results indicate that stress
wave technology would be effective to evaluate wood mechanical properties both from logs and from the standing tree. 相似文献
3.
Futoshi Ishiguri Sapit Diloksumpun Jun Tanabe Kazuya Iizuka Shinso Yokota 《Journal of Wood Science》2013,59(6):506-511
Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. is extensively planted in Thailand to produce wood chips used as raw material for pulp and paper. To promote the utilization of the wood from plantation-grown E. camaldulensis for solid lumber, stress-wave velocity of trees and dynamic Young’s modulus of logs were investigated for 4-year-old trees of eight half-sib families selected for pulpwood production on the basis of the growth characteristics in the previous tree breeding program. For the eight families, the mean stem diameter at 1.3 m above ground level and mean tree height were 7.6 cm and 11.9 m, respectively. The mean stress-wave velocity of eight families was 3.45 km/s. Dynamic Young’s modulus of logs ranged from 7.88 to 17.64 GPa, and the mean value for the eight families was 11.72 GPa. Stress-wave velocity of trees was significantly correlated with dynamic Young’s modulus of logs, suggesting that dynamic Young’s modulus of wood can be evaluated nondestructively by stress-wave velocity of trees. Significant differences in stress-wave velocity and dynamic Young’s modulus of logs were obtained among families. Thus, to promote the utilization of E. camaldulensis wood for solid lumber production, selection of trees with high Young’s modulus should be applied to trees already selected for the growth characteristics in the previous tree breeding program. 相似文献
4.
5.
We studied the effect of genotypes of planting stocks regarding the variation of the modulus of elasticity of tree trunks on standing trees (trunk-MOE), tree height (TH), and diameter at breast height (DBH) in a 19-year-old Japanese cedar plantation made with root cuttings. Trunk-MOE was assessed nondestructively using a tree-bending method. Genotypes of individual trees were detected using the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. RAPD analysis revealed that the sampled plantation consisted of 14 genotypes. Genotypic effects on DBH and TH were unclear, and there was no significant difference among genotypes. This result indicated that an acquired variation should have more influence than an inherited variation on DBH and TH. For trunk-MOE, there were significant differences among the four largest genotypes at the 5% level. However the coefficient of variation in trunk-MOE of each genotype ranged from 7.5% to 26.8%. It seems reasonable to assume that the wide variation in trunk-MOE in a sampled plantation may depend on the environmental effect within a clone as well as on the genetic origin of clones. We therefore conclude that the use of multiple planting stocks from different cuttings for which the wood quality is unknown contributed strongly to the wide variation in trunk-MOE in the plantation of Japanese cedar. 相似文献
6.
Arne Steffenrem Pekka Saranpää Sven-Olof Lundqvist Tore Skrøppa 《Annals of Forest Science》2007,64(8):799-806
Genetic- and environmental variation and correlation patterns were characterized for modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR) and related wood traits: latewood proportion, wood density, spiral grain, microfibril angle and lignin content in five full-sib families of Norway spruce. The families were evaluated on the basis of clearwood specimens from the juvenile -mature wood transition zone of 93 sampled trees at age 30 year from seed. Family-means varied significantly (p < 0.05) for all wood traits studied except lignin content. MOE varied between 7.9–14.1 GPa among trees and 9.4–11.0 GPa among families. MOR varied between 47–87 MPa among trees and 61–71 MPa among families. Families remained significantly different in an analysis of specific MOE (MOE/density) and MOR (MOR/density). Hence, solely relying on wood density as a wood quality trait in tree breeding would not fully yield the potential genetic gain for MOE and MOR. Correlations between wood structural traits and specific MOE and MOR are presented and discussed. 相似文献
7.
This study was designed to investigate the effects of moisture content (MC) and specific gravity (SG) on the bending strength and hardness of six wood species including Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don), China fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), red meranti (Shorea spp.), Selangan batu (Shorea spp.), and red oak (Quercus spp.). The experimental results are summarized as follows: Effects of MC and SG on the strength (MOR), stiffness (MOE), and hardness (H
B) could be represented by a multiregression formulas. A negative correlation existed between these properties and MC, whereas a postive correlation showed between them and the SG. The changing rate of these properties induced by 1% MC changes varied with the wood species: 2.6% change in MOR was observed in Japanese cedar, China fir, western hemlock, red meranti, and Selangan batu; and 3.9% was found in red oak. For MOE, a 0.58% change was observed in Japanese cedar, China fir, and red meranti; western hemlock and Selangan batu exhibited 1.2% and red oak 2.5%. For hardness, a 1.1% change was observed in Japanese cedar, western hemlock, and red oak; red meranti and China fir exhibited 3.3%; and Selangan batu 1.8%.A part of this report was presented at the 48th annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society in Shizuoka, Japan, April 3-5, 1998 相似文献
8.
Jean-Pierre Lasserre Euan G. Mason Michael S. Watt John R. Moore 《Forest Ecology and Management》2009
Pinus radiata D. Don trees from six clones, grown at initial spacings of 2500 stems ha−1 and 833 stems ha−1 were destructively harvested. For these trees wood properties were measured on radial slices sampled at a height of 1.4 m above the ground. Relative to wide spacing, close initial stand spacing significantly reduced microfibril angle (MFA) and ring width and significantly increased dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOE), fibre length, latewood percentage and cell wall thickness. Density and fibre width were not significantly different between spacing treatments. Examination of the influence of genetic population on wood properties indicated that genotype significantly influenced MFA, MOE and ring width. The key wood properties MFA, MOE and fibre length were regressed against tree diameter, height and stem slenderness. All three wood properties were most strongly correlated with stem slenderness. Multiple regression models developed for MFA, MOE and ring width accounted for respectively 62%, 81% and 58% of the variation in these variables. The following changes occurred in sampled properties with increasing ring number: MFA and ring width declined markedly; MOE and fibre length increased markedly; latewood percentage and cell wall thickness increased slightly; and density and fibre width did not show any radial trend. 相似文献
9.
Reduction in the rotation ages of softwood saw-log plantations in South Africa is causing increased proportions of low stiffness sawn lumber at final harvest. It has been shown for some species that the microfibril angle (MFA) of the S2 layer of tracheids is strongly related to the modulus of elasticity (MOE) of wood, even more so than wood density, especially in wood formed during juvenile growth. The objectives of this study were to describe the variation in MFA in young Pinus patula trees and to determine the relationship between MFA and the dynamic MOE of sawn P. patula lumber. Thirty 16- to 20-year-old trees from six compartments from the Mpumalanga escarpment were processed into discs and lumber. The MFA, density and ring width were measured at two height levels using Silviscan 3. The average annual ring MFA varied between 7° and 29°; the pattern of variation depended mainly on height level and the ring number from the pith. The MFA in P. patula followed the same within-tree variation trends as in New Zealand-grown Pinus radiata but the average MFA was lower in absolute terms and differences between height levels were less pronounced. The MFA and density exhibited highly significant Pearson correlations of 0.73 and 0.70, respectively, with board dynamic MOE. A multiple regression model, which included MFA, density and ring width, explained 71% of the variation in the dynamic MOE of boards. A sensitivity analysis on the model showed that MFA and density had approximately similar influences on predicting the dynamic MOE of Pinus patula boards. 相似文献
10.
Lina Karlinasari Suhada Andini Descarlo Worabai Prijanto Pamungkas Sri Wilarso Budi Iskandar Z.Siregar 《林业研究》2018,(4)
Plantations of tropical species are becoming an increasingly important source of wood.However, it is important that research trials focus not only on tree growth performance, but also on wood quality.The aims of this study were to assess the growth performance of six commercially and ecologically important tree species from separate plantation trials in Indonesia and to determine the relationships between tree growth and wood quality in terms of the dynamic modulus of elasticity(MOE) and wood density.Forty-eight 7-year Maesopsis eminii Engl.and thirty-five 9-year specimens(7 each of 5 Shorea spp.)were selected from two trials.The MOE, based on acoustic velocity, was indirectly measured to evaluate wood stiffness.Tree-growth performance was evaluated, and correlations between growth traits and acoustic velocity as well as density and wood stiffness properties were estimated.The growth performance of M.eminii in terms of tree volume was significantly different in three different categories of growth(i.e.fast, medium, slow).Of the five Shorea spp.studied, Shorea leprosula Miq.had the highest growth rate, as expected since it is known to be a fastgrowing Shorea species.Indirect measurement of wood quality by means of non-destructive ultrasonic methods showed a weak negative correlation between tree volume and acoustic velocity and dynamic MOE.Although each fast-growing tree could reach a merchantable size faster than other varieties or species, wood traits of various species tested were not significantly different based on tree growth rate performance.The findings from this study could be used to improve selection criteria in future breeding trials; indirect measurements of the dynamic modulus of elasticity can be used in mass pre-selection of genetic materials, to choose the most-promising material for in-depth evaluation. 相似文献
11.
The effect of plantation spacings (types A-E) on the bending strength and dynamic modulus of elasticity of 41-year-old Taiwan-grown cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) was investigated. The results indicate that the highest values for the static bending modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), and dynamic modulus of elasticity (ED, E
Dt) occurred in trees obtained from those most densely planted (type A); there was a significant difference between type A and the other four spacing types (B, C, D, and E), but there were no significant differences among those four types. Interrelations among MOE, MOR, E
D, and E
Dt could be represented by positive linear regression formulas, which revealed highly significant differences. The relations among the square value of stress-wave transmission velocity (Vt
2 and Vt
2) and MOE, MOR, E
Dl, and E
Dt, respectively, could be represented by positive linear regression formulas. The differences were highly significant.Part of this report was presented at the International Wood Engineering Conference '96, New Orleans, LA, USA, October 1996 相似文献
12.
Effect of acidic stemflow input on soil biological properties around cedar tree trunk were examined in a 34 year old Japanese
red cedar plantation forest. Average soil pH of soil around cedar trunk (stemflow soil) was 3.88 and that of soil between
trees (throughfall soil) was 4.97, and this suggested soil acidification due to proton load via stemflow. Soil microarthropod
density in soil was higher as close to tree trunk, whereas microbial biomass of surface soil was reduced ca. 30 % around trunk.
Abundance of Collembola and Gamasid mites showed positive correlation to amount of soil organic matter, while Oribatida had
strong negative correlation to soil pH.Tectocepheus velatus (Oribatida) was dominant in soils pH under 4.0. Annual decomposition rate of cedar foliage was reduced ca. 16% in stemflow
soil compared to throughfall soil. More litter accumulation was observed in stemflow soil, but it was not significant, though
low microbial activity and retarded litter decomposition may be responsible to the accumulation of organic matter in stemflow
soil. Soil biological community and soil process have been changed due to stemflow, the affected area corresponded to ca.
9.4 % of the forest. Thus, ecological risk of acidification in the sense of decrease in decomposition rate is 1.4%.
This study was partly supported by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A)(1), No.08506001 by The Ministry of Education,
Science, Sports, and Culture, Japan, and by the research project “Establishment of a scientific framework for the management
of toxicity of chemicals based on environmental risk-benefit analysis” supported by Core Research for Evolutional Science
and Technology (CREST). 相似文献
13.
14.
The effects of pressure and temperature on supercritical fluid impregnation of tebuconazole were evaluated on Douglas-fir,
western red cedar, red alder, white spruce, and white oak. Higher pressure markedly enhanced both the retention and distribution
of tebuconazole in these species. When the rate of pressure release was altered at the ends of treatments of Douglas-fir,
results varied. Generally, a higher rate of venting increased the steepness of the preservative gradient inward from the surface.
Elevated pressures also affected some wood properties. Western red cedar and white spruce showed collapse, while the other
three species were free of such defects. Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) and Modulus of Rupture (MOR) tended to decline with higher
pressure in western red cedar and white spruce, but the differences were rarely significant. No significant changes in MOE/MOR
occurred with the other 3 species.
Received 9 November 1998 相似文献
15.
研究了不同培育措施(初植密度、间伐强度、坡向、坡位)对人工林樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica)木材的密度和力学性质(横纹抗弯强度、抗弯弹性模量、顺纹抗压强度、冲击韧性、端面硬度)的影响。初植密度(1.5m×1.0m,1.5m×2.0m和1.5m×2.5m)对木材密度和抗弯弹性模量有显著的影响。初植密度为1.5m×1.0m时,木材主要力学指标值最大。适当间伐可提高木材的抗弯弹性模量和顺纹抗压强度,但重度间伐则会降低木材的力学强度。坡向(阳坡和阴坡)对木材的抗弯弹性模量影响显著,阳坡高于阴坡。坡位(上坡位和下坡位)对除端面硬度外的木材力学性质指标影响都显著,各项力学指标值均是坡下高于坡上。表5参9。 相似文献
16.
Chang-Hua Fang Daniel Guibal Bruno Clair Joseph Gril Ya-Mei Liu Sheng-Quan Liu 《Annals of Forest Science》2008,65(3):307-307
Six inclined poplar I-69 (Populus deltoids cv. I-69/55) trees were collected for studying the influence of growth stress level on wood properties. Growth stress indicator (GSI) was measured at eight positions around the periphery of each trunk at breast height and corresponding wood samples were obtained. Wood anatomical, physico-mechanical and chemical characteristics were measured, including cell diameter, fibre length, double wall thickness excluding the gelatinous layer, lumen diameter after gelatinous layer removal, proportion of wood tissues, basic density, FSP, MOE, compressive strength, shrinkage and chemical composition. Each property was regarded and discussed in relation to the growth stress level. 相似文献
17.
18.
Compressive deformation of wood impregnated with low molecular weight phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin IV: Species dependency 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Flat-sawn specimens of eight wood species, albizia (Paraserianthes falkata, 0.23 g/cm3), Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica, 0.31 g/cm3), red lauan (Shorea sp., 0.36 g/cm3), European spruce (Picea abies, 0.44 g/cm3), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga douglasii, 0.50 g/cm3), elm (Ulmus sp., 0.51 g/cm3), Japanese beech (Fagus crenata, 0.64 g/cm3), and Japanese birch (Betula maximowicziana, 0.71 g/cm3), were impregnated with low molecular weight phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin and their compressive deformations were compared.
The volume gain (VG) and weight gain due to 20% resin solution impregnation were different among species. Furthermore, the
specific volume gain (VG/specific gravity), indicating the degree of swelling of the cell wall, also varied from 17.7% for
European spruce to 26.4% for elm. Oven-dried specimens of each species were compressed using hot plates fixed to an Instron
testing machine. The deformation behavior of resin-impregnated wood up to 10MPa was significantly different among the species.
Stress development during cell wall collapse for low density wood was minimal. As a consequence, a significant increment of
density occurred up to 2MPa for low density wood such as albizia and Japanese cedar. When PF resin-impregnated wood was compressed
up to 2MPa and the pressure was kept constant for 30min, the density of Japanese cedar reached 1.18g/cm3, about 30% higher than the density of compressed Japanese birch, which possesses an original density that is 2.5 times higher
than that of Japanese cedar. The mechanical properties of resin-impregnated wood, especially low density wood, increased with
density. Hence, it is manifested that low density wood species have an advantage as raw materials for obtaining high-strength
wood at low pressing pressure. 相似文献
19.
Yoshio Kijidani Naoki Ohshiro Daisuke Iwata Masanori Nagamine Taiga Nishiyama Junji Matsumura Shinya Koga 《Journal of Wood Science》2014,60(3):177-185
Recently, breeding programs have attempted to produce high growth rates for shorter rotation cycles in plantation trees. In these trees, the ratio of juvenile wood increases; thus, the juvenile wood properties should be improved for structural use. To this end, it is important to understand the influences on juvenile wood properties precisely. In this study, we report on the indole acetic acid (IAA) amounts of juvenile sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) trees in September and compare the IAA amounts to those in mature trees. The IAA amounts at the lower trunks in juvenile trees were significantly larger than those in mature trees and the IAA amounts decreased with tree height. In each stand, except a mature tree stand, there is no significant effect of IAA amounts on latewood width and MFA. However, put together all samples, the latewood width and MFA increased with IAA amounts in samples with IAA <200 ng/cm2. The samples at lower trunk in juvenile trees had significantly larger IAA amounts, larger MFA and larger latewood width than the samples in mature trees (p < 0.01). The very large IAA amounts may have a certain relation with juvenile wood properties. 相似文献
20.
Kruchelski Silvano Trautenmüller Jonathan William Deiss Leonardo Trevisan Rômulo Cubbage Frederick Porfírio-da-Silva Vanderley de Moraes Anibal 《Agroforestry Systems》2021,95(8):1577-1588
Integrating trees in agricultural landscapes is a promising option to sustainably provide goods for society while increasing biodiversity, securing animal welfare, and generating profits for stakeholders. The choice of the species and knowing how timber quality is affected when trees are integrated to crop and/or livestock enterprises can provide additional insights into the usefulness of timber after harvest, and wood density is one of the most important properties in this regard. The present study aimed to evaluate how Eucalyptus benthamii growth and wood density are affected in integrated crop-livestock systems when compared to monoculture forestry 74 months after planting in subtropical environments. The integrated systems were in an alley cropping design where crop and/or grazed pasture were temporally rotated in between tree lines (14?×?2 m trees spacing), and those systems were compared to monoculture forestry (3?×?2 m spacing). Tree trunks (n?=?60) were sampled in five diameter classes of each treatment by cutting disks in six positions of the trunk (0.1 m, 1.30 m, 25%, 50%, 75% and 90% of the total height) (n?=?360). Trees growing in integrated systems increased trunk diameter at breast height by 24.7%, increased wood fiber production per tree by 17.9%, and produced wood 9.0% less dense than in the monoculture forestry system. Monoculture forestry increased tree height, and there was no difference of trunk volume among the production systems. The results suggest that integrated systems can produce timber with lower wood density, but faster individual tree growth than in forestry monocultures. Such a system can promote sustainable intensification of agricultural production, and enhance provision of complementary ecosystem services.
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