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1.
Characterization of chromium-containing wastes and soils affected by the production of chromium tanning agents 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Corinna Földi Reiner Dohrmann Katrin Matern Tim Mansfeldt 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2013,13(7):1170-1179
Purpose
Wastes of unknown composition derived from the production of trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) salts used as tanning agents are deposited in the area of Kanpur, India. The questions of whether these samples are chromite ore processing residue (COPR) and whether Cr occurs in its toxic hexavalent form (Cr(VI)) arise.Materials and methods
Twenty-one samples from two disposal sites and surrounding soils were analyzed, specifically examining their elemental and mineralogical composition. Additionally, aqueous eluates with different liquid-to-solid ratios were performed and analyzed for Cr(VI).Results and discussion
The samples were classified in accordance to the sum of silicon and aluminum and the sum of calcium and Cr contents: uncontaminated, moderately contaminated, and highly contaminated material. Highly contaminated material exhibited extremely alkaline pH values up to 12.5 and total Cr contents ranging from 65.7 to 110 g/kg, whereas uncontaminated material had comparatively moderate pH values and Cr contents <1 g/kg. In total, seven crystalline phases commonly found in COPR were identified in the contaminated samples, of which five phases (brownmillerite, hydrocalumite, hydrogarnet, magnesiochromite, and periclase) are known to be able to accommodate Cr whereas hydrogarnet and hydrocalumite are the main host phases for Cr(VI). Batch tests showed that dissolution controlled the Cr(VI) concentrations in the eluates.Conclusions
Six samples were clearly identified as highly Cr-contaminated COPR. Leaching of Cr(VI) and resulting contamination of soils and water bodies is a key environmental risk arising from these COPR sites especially during the monsoon season. This situation is of particular concern as the local population use the highly Cr(VI)-contaminated water not only for the needs of livestock and irrigation but also as drinking water due to the absence of alternative water resources. 相似文献2.
Maha Chalhoub Laurence Amalric Solène Touzé Pierre Gallé Pascal E. Reiller Noëlle Doucet Blandine Clozel Philippe Bataillard 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2013,13(7):1284-1300
Purpose
Remobilization of polychlorobiphenyl (PCB)-contaminated sediments by anthropogenic activities (e.g. dredging) or natural flow conditions could lead to the release of PCBs into the water column and consequently increase the availability of PCBs to benthic organisms. The fate of the released PCBs following such events is not well understood and such knowledge is necessary for the management of contaminated sediments. The objective of this study was to understand the processes that control the fate of PCBs following remobilization of field-aged contaminated sediments.Materials and methods
Sediments contaminated with PCBs collected from Lake Bourget (Savoie, France) were resuspended in a column experiment. The relationships between physical–chemical parameters—i.e. suspended particulate matter, pH, inorganic and organic carbon content, redox-sensitive species and the concentrations of dissolved PCBs both in the water column and in the interstitial water of the sediment—were investigated so as to determine the key processes controlling PCB fate.Results and discussion
Following the simulated resuspension event (SRE), dissolved PCBs were found in much higher concentrations in the water column than under stationary conditions. Desorption of PCBs from the sediment depended on the degree of the hydrophobicity of the PCBs and the initial PCB content in the sediment. Principal component analysis showed that the variations in the concentrations of released PCBs over time and space closely followed those of suspended particulate matter (SPM) and not those of redox conditions. The partitioning behaviour of PCBs on SPM showed that equilibrium state was not attained within 40 days following the SRE. A particle size fractionation study, before and after remobilization of the sediment, showed the presence of PCBs in every fraction of the sediment, but with higher amounts in large particles with high organic matter content and in the finest fractions. Remobilization of contaminated sediment did not affect this distribution profoundly but a significant enrichment in PCBs of the clay-sized fraction was observed in the re-settled sediment.Conclusions
Sediment resuspension induced non-equilibrium conditions in the water column for more than 5 weeks and led to the enrichment with PCBs of the newly formed surface bed sediment. This enrichment was due to the preferential re-sorption of PCBs on clay-sized particles during the SRE and to the physical segregation and accumulation of the less dense particles at the surface of the sediment column; such particles thought to be the principal carriers of contaminants. These changes concerned <0.05 % of the total PCB content. 相似文献3.
Markus Brinkmann Sebastian Hudjetz Catrina Cofalla Sebastian Roger Ulrike Kammann John P. Giesy Markus Hecker Steve Wiseman Xiaowei Zhang Jan Wölz Holger Schüttrumpf Henner Hollert 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2010,10(7):1347-1361
Purpose
One of the central issues related to global changes in weather is the increasing occurrence of flood events that can result in the re-suspension of contaminated sediments in rivers. Here, we report on a proof-of-concept study combining hydraulic engineering and ecotoxicology in a new interdisciplinary approach to assess the toxicity of re-suspended polluted sediments after a simulated flood event.Materials and methods
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed for 5 days under simulated flood conditions in an annular flume with artificial sediments that were spiked with a mixture of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) at environmentally relevant concentrations. Specifically, the objective of this study was to bridge the gap between the physical re-suspension of pollutants and resulting toxicological impacts on aquatic organisms. A suite of different molecular, biochemical and histological markers was used to test the hypothesis that re-suspension of sediments can lead to re-mobilization of PAHs and subsequently to effects on aquatic organisms.Results and discussion
The micronucleus frequency was significantly 4.3-fold elevated after exposure. There was no significant indication of Aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling (no EROD induction or increased CYP1A protein content, only slight induction of CYP1A gene expression). Biliary metabolite concentration was the most sensitive marker of PAH exposure. Results for other biomarkers (glutathione-S-transferase, catalase and lipid peroxidation) were inconclusive.Conclusions
In combination with chemical analyses of suspended matter, the presented approach will be used to improve understanding of the re-mobilization of pollutants from sediments in support of environmental risk assessment. 相似文献4.
Sandro R. Urban Albertina X. R. Corrêa Carlos A. F. Schettini Paulo R. Schwingel Rafael M. Sperb Claudemir M. Radetski 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2010,10(1):65-76
Purpose
Most of the information concerning the effects of contaminated sediments on estuarine organisms deals with the impacts of bed forming sediments. The ecotoxicological potential at the time of a dredging operation is more difficult to assess, and few studies have dealt specifically with resuspended contaminated sediments. The aim of this study was to determine whether release of contaminants through sediment resuspension during a dredging operation in the Itajaí-açu estuary (Brazil) changed the water quality classification and had an ecotoxicological impact on the near-field water column during the critical moment of this operation.Materials and methods
Waters from two sites (control and dredged sites) were analyzed for physicochemical parameters before, during, and after a dredging operation. In parallel, a short-term, sensitive battery of biotests (bacteria, algae, and daphnids) was performed with water samples before and during this operation according to the ISO bioassay protocols.Results and discussion
No short-term toxicity was observed with waters collected before or during the dredging operation. The results showed that desorption of contaminants from suspended particles of sediments with a low level of contamination during a dredging operation lowered the water quality in the near-field water column but that this did not promote significant acute toxicity effects on the organisms tested.Conclusions
More detailed studies are needed (e.g., the question of the reliability of biotests under turbulent, particle-rich conditions) to fully understand this complex issue regarding water column ecotoxicity during the whole dredging operation and to support decisions on the management of dredging activities.5.
Frédérique Eyrolle Olivier Radakovitch Patrick Raimbault Sabine Charmasson Christelle Antonelli Emmanuelle Ferrand Dominique Aubert Guillaume Raccasi Stéphanie Jacquet Rodolfo Gurriaran 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2012,12(9):1479-1495
Purpose
Almost 20 nuclear reactors are situated along the Rh?ne valley, representing Europe??s largest concentration of nuclear power plants. The fate of suspended sediments and natural and artificial particle-bound radionuclides in relation to extreme hydrological events was assessed at the lower course of the Rh?ne River, which provides the main source of water and sediment inputs to the northwestern Mediterranean Sea.Materials and methods
We sampled water at a high frequency over the period 2001?C2008 and measured suspended particulate matter (SPM) loads and particle-bound natural and artificial radionuclide concentrations at the SORA observatory station in Arles, France. We monitored various hydrological events (either natural or anthropogenic origin) and characterize their influence on concentrations and fluxes.Results and discussion
The relationship between SPM concentration and the very wide range of water discharges did not differ significantly from previous periods, indicating no significant shift in the average sediment delivery over the last 20?years. Unexpected hydrological events of anthropogenic origin, in particular those associated with flushing of reservoirs that are generally not captured by sampling strategies, were recorded and were shown to transfer significant additional sediment and associated contaminants towards the marine environment. Concentrations of anthropogenic radionuclides associated with sediment (i.e., 137Cs, 60Co, 54Mn, 110mAg, and Pu isotopes) varied over two to three orders of magnitude during periods of low and moderate flow due to variations in the liquid release from nuclear facilities. Except for Pu isotopes, the concentrations of the various particle-bound radionuclides generally showed a decreasing trend with increasing discharge, revealing the geochemical or anthropogenic background values, and providing a useful flood fingerprint for this large fluvial system before its entry into the marine environment.Conclusions
Our approach produced key data on the level and fate of suspended solids and radionuclide concentrations during flood events occurring in a large river system that could be contaminated by chronic or accidental radioactive releases. These results are of fundamental importance for further interpretations of sediment dynamics at the river mouth. 相似文献6.
Purpose
This article aims to investigate the use and benefits of using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC?×?GC) and structure?Cactivity relationship modeling for screening and prioritization of organic contaminants in complex matrices. The benefit of applying comprehensive screening techniques to samples with high organic contaminant content is primarily that compounds with diverse physicochemical properties can be analyzed simultaneously. Here, a heavily contaminated industrial area was surveyed for organic pollutants by analyzing soil, sediment, and surface water samples. The hazard of the pollutants were ranked using SARs.Material and methods
The water samples were liquid?Cliquid extracted using dichloromethane and directly analyzed by GC?× GC?Ctime-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC?×?GC?CTofMS). Soil and sediment samples were extracted with dichloromethane in an ultrasonic bath and subjected to gel permeation chromatography to eliminate lipids and humic matter. The low molecular weight fraction was then analyzed with GC?×?GC?CTofMS.Results and discussion
More than 10,000 components were found in each sample, of which ca. 300 individual compounds were unambiguously identified using the National Institute of Standards and Technology mass spectra library and authentic reference standards. Alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and phthalates were generally the most abundant and were found in all matrices. In contrast, chlorinated compounds such as chlorophenols, biphenyls, and chlorinated pesticides were only detected in samples from a few hotspot regions. The toxicities of the most frequently detected compounds and of the compounds detected at the highest concentrations in samples from hotspot regions were estimated by ecological structure?Cactivity relationships. The ratio of the measured concentration to the predicted toxicity level was then calculated for each compound and used for an initial risk assessment in order to prioritize compounds for further transport and fate modeling, complementary measurements, and more advanced risk assessments.Conclusions
The advantage of using of GC?×?GC?CTofMS for preliminary screenings of contaminated areas was evaluated at a polluted area in northern Sweden. The area was found to carry organic pollutants such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, phthalic compounds, and many chlorinated pesticides. Preliminary risk assessments indicate which compounds to use for subsequent remediation experiments based on their availability on the site or toxicity. 相似文献7.
Susanne Siebeneicher Dierk-Steffen Wahrendorf Markus A. Wetzel Dirk Jungmann 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2013,13(1):197-206
Purpose
Acute whole-sediment bioassay with the estuarine and marine amphipod Corophium volutator (Pallas) is widely used to assess toxicity of sediments. According to the guidelines DIN EN ISO 16712, mortality is the determined toxic endpoint. Additionally, the reburrowing ability of the surviving organisms of this acute toxicity test in fresh uncontaminated sediment is suggested as the sublethal endpoint, but insufficient information (e.g., exact measurement protocols) on this endpoint is provided, thus confounding factors and the interpretation of the results. The aim of this study was to provide information on burrowing activity as a sublethal endpoint.Materials and methods
Amphipod tests were carried out in the laboratory, and the burrowing behavior was examined in a size- and gender-specific manner. For sediment testing, only animals of the same size were used in a defined sex ratio because it was found that female animals buried themselves faster than males and that smaller animals burrowed faster than bigger organisms. Statistical analyses were applied to determine whether burrowing time and ability differ significantly between sexes and sizes. Finally, tests were run to discern whether the burrowing ability could be a more sensitive endpoint than mortality.Results and discussion
When the burrowing ability was examined in toxicity tests with contaminated sediment, the test organisms were affected in a dose-dependent manner. With rising concentrations of the contaminated sediment in a sublethal testing following the sediment exposure over 10 days, fewer animals buried themselves into the sediment.Conclusions
The burrowing behavior can be used as an additional endpoint. For the tested sediment, burrowing was found to be more sensitive than the mortality. Guidance on the measurement protocol for this additional endpoint was developed. Under the test conditions examined, burrowing ability is an appropriate sublethal endpoint to supplement the toxicity test procedure. 相似文献8.
Sara C. Pé-Leve Santos Mariana Eloy Cruz António M. E. Barroso Catarina P. S. Fonseca Mauro Guerra Maria Luísa Carvalho José Paulo Santos 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2014,14(4):778-784
Purpose
Mining activities represent a current source of pollution due to the large release of trace elements from mineral particles into the soil, atmosphere, and ecosystems. In active or abandoned metal-mining areas, direct discharge from mining deposits is one of the most common processes of contamination.Materials and methods
In this work, we calculated the elemental concentrations of plants, edible for cattle, which might contain high values of toxic elements, such as As, Cu, Zn, and W, originated from mining exploitation, especially wolframite. Several species of plants originating from the same contaminated place, close to the mine, were the subject of our study in order to compare the uptake of harmful elements, from the contaminated soils, in the different plants. We have used the energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence technique to perform the analysis and quantification of the elements present in the collected samples. The quantification was based on the fundamental parameters method for plants and on the WinAxil compare mode using a standard reference material, for soils. Calibration against a series of standard samples has been carried out.Results and discussion
A comparison between contaminated and control samples, within the same species, was performed. The contamination of the two mining wash sites is assessed by comparing the elemental concentration of several plants in these places. Elemental content in soils was investigated, and a comparison between elemental levels in plants was performed.Conclusions
High concentrations of tungsten were found near the new wash site. Arsenic was found throughout the area in concentrations many times higher than those recommended by the World Health Organization. 相似文献9.
René Schwartz Joachim Gerth Helga Neumann-Hensel Ulrich Förstner 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2006,6(3):145-155
Background, Goal and Scope
Nearly all large European rivers have been used as disposal pathways for several unwanted substances. Deposition of the contaminated solids occurs in regions of slack water and also during floods in adjacent floodplains. As a result of the recurrent input, most of the floodplains in central Europe are contaminated by manifold inorganic and organic pollutants, representing a risk for both plants and groundwater at the site, and for areas downstream. The aim of the present paper is to demonstrate and assess the sink and source functions of a highly contaminated 'fluvisol' (= alluvial soil) for inorganic and persistent organic pollutants. The extent of contamination is described on the basis of national guidelines. These results are further discussed on the basis of the 'monitored natural attenuation' (MNA) potential, i.e., with respect to the requirements for the cheapest problem solution for large scale contamination of floodplains. The MNA potential is assessed according to several lines of evidence such as contaminant burial, mechanical and chemical mobility, transformation to less toxic forms, and dilution due to dispersion.Methods
The existing inorganic and organic pollutant status and the ecotoxicological potential of the Spittelwasser floodplain near Jeßnitz was documented by analysing several element and compound depth profiles of a typical alluvial soil site. Geochemical analyses were performed on solid material and soil solution according to standard procedures. In laboratory experiments monoliths were continuously irrigated with deionised water and the leachate was analysed weekly. In addition to the geochemical, the ecotoxicological status of the samples was studied using different biotests for the dissolved and the solid phase.Results
The measured alluvial soil profile is severely contaminated with numerous inorganic and organic pollutants. Highest enrichment factors according to the catchment based, element specific geological background were found for Hg (402), Pb (8.9), Cr (7.1) and Cd (6.3). Assessment was made of the hazard potential of both the solid material and the soil solution according to the German Federal Soil Protection and Contaminated Sites Ordinance (BBodSchV). Relating to the respective maximum contents in the soil profile, the overstepping of BBodSchV trigger values is highest for Hg with a coefficient of 49.0 followed by Cd (14.3), Pb (12.2), Zn (7.3), Cr (5.9) and Cu (3.6). Pollutant concentrations in the soil solution exceed the threshold values for Cd, Cu and Zn by factors of 6.3 to 12. While DDT is retained in the topsoil, there is a considerable translocation of HCH towards deeper horizons.Discussion
The algae test confirms a strong toxicity in the top layer of the soil profile. In contrast, no such toxic reactions were indicated by the luminescent bacteria test and the Daphnia test at this depth. However, the deeper layers (10 - 100 cm) show a toxic reaction by the Daphnia test, thus indicating a relevant translocation of contaminants.Conclusions and Perspectives
The Spittelwasser floodplain represents a significant sink for inorganic and persistent organic pollutants. Simultaneously, the area is a relevant secondary source of dissolving contaminants like heavy metals and HCH. Although strict criteria in the lines of evidence for applying MNA are not fulfilled, it can be stated that the alluvial soil offers a high natural retention potential for As, Hg, DDT, and PCDD/F. These pollutants are firmly retained and are not found in the soil leachate. This meets the demands of the EC-WFD for pollutant retention close to their primary source. But for agricultural use and groundwater recharge the natural attenuation potential of the soils in the Spittelwasser area will not be sufficient to achieve acceptable conditions medium-term. The main problem for the dissemination of pollutants is not chemical stability but mechanical dispersion. This is particularly the case for PCDD/F, with concentrations of more than 10,000 ng/kg I-TEQ in the upper Spittelwasser soil layers. Dispersion processes can result in a wide spatial contamination of downstream floodplains. 相似文献10.
Background, aim, and scope
The Mecklenburg Bight (Western Baltic Sea) near Luebeck, Germany was historically used to dump industrial waste at sea and, thus, sediments in some regions are highly polluted at present. While earlier studies identified hot spots of chemical pollution, little is known about biological activities and impacts on exposed marine organisms. This study aimed to assess the pollution in the Mecklenburg Bight to determine the degree of contamination with sediment-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as well as biological activities.Materials and methods
Sediment cores with a depth of 30 cm were sampled at a dumping site and at a reference site, sliced in distinct layers, freeze-dried, and processed using the accelerated solvent extraction method. Sediment was characterized measuring total organic carbon (TOC) and soot contents. Concentrations of the 16 EPA-PAHs were determined with chemical analysis (gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy) in each sediment slice and referred to the determined TOC content. Further on, in vitro biotests were applied to determine toxic effects of contaminants in the sediment. The acute neutral red retention assay indicated no specific cytotoxic effects. Arylhydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated activities were measured using the mechanism-specific 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase induction assay. Both biotests were performed with rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) liver cells (RTL-W1). Analyzed compound concentrations and biological activities were given in toxicological equivalent concentrations (chem- and bio-TEQs) to determine shares of analyzed EPA-PAHs to the overall activity.Results
TOC and soot contents indicated a significant alteration through the sediment core at the dumping site. EPA-PAH concentrations were referred to TOC and indicated elevated concentrations at the dumping site. Maximum PAH concentrations (14 to 16 cm depth; 5.44 µg/g TOC) were 300-fold increased at the dumping site, compared to the reference site (4 to 6 cm depth; 0.017 µg/g TOC). Cytotoxicity as determined in the neutral red retention assay was elevated in some layers at the dumping site (maximum in 4 to 6 cm depth; NR50?=?14 mg/ml), but not correlated with TOC or soot contents. Ah receptor agonist activities were clearly elevated in highly PAH-loaded layers at both sites. At the dumping site, maximum activities were determined reflected by a bio-TEQ of 223,000 pg/g (19 to 22 cm), in contrast to a bio-TEQ of 41,000 pg/g (6 to 8 cm) at the reference site. Further on, shares of EPA-PAHs to the overall activity were determined and contributed >40% at the dumping site and between 4% and 17% at the reference site. Chem-TEQs were found to exceed bio-TEQs in a depth of 11 to 22 cm, indicating the presence of Ah receptor antagonistic or inhibitive compounds.Discussion
Sediments from the dumping site were determined to be highly contaminated and caused toxic effects in depths that are known to be influenced by dumping activities. In contrast, the reference sediment indicated only near to surface layers to be minor contaminated. In comparison with highly polluted sediments from other marine sites, the contamination of the dumping site could be ranked as elevated. Chem-TEQs exceeding bio-TEQs in a depth of 11 to 22 cm seem to be caused by AhR antagonistic compounds in the dumped material. Furthermore, particle-bound PAH concentrations assessed in this study were discussed against freely dissolved concentrations in interstitial water, as determined in a different study with the same sediment core.Conclusions
Sediments in the inner Mecklenburg Bight could be shown to be highly contaminated, at least with PAHs, causing articulate increased Ah receptor-mediated activities. Marine organisms may be exposed to these contaminants, in particular when inhabiting the sediment.Recommendations and perspectives
Further research activities should extend the range of chemically analyzed pollutants and applied biotests and endpoints. Monitoring should close the gap between analytical methods in the laboratory and the field to determine possible impacts on organisms at site. 相似文献11.
Florence Clostre Thierry Woignier Luc Rangon Paula Fernandes Alain Soler Magalie Lesueur-Jannoyer 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2014,14(1):23-33
Purpose
The use of chlordecone (CLD) has caused pollution of soils, which are now a source of contamination for crops and ecosystems. Because of its long-term impacts on human health, exposure to CLD is a public health concern and contamination of crops by CLD must be limited. To this end, we conducted field trials on chlordecone sequestration in soil with added compost.Materials and methods
The impact of added compost on chlordecone sequestration was measured in nitisols. After characterization of the soil, the transfer of chlordecone from soil to water was assessed in a leaching experiment and from soil to two crop plants in a nitisol plot. Finally, to understand the underlying processes, changes in CLD content were measured in soil fractions and soil porous properties were assessed after the addition of compost.Results and discussion
A rapid seven-fold decrease in water extractable CLD was observed in amended soils. Five percent amendment led to a significant reduction in the contamination of crops by CLD; edible radish tubers were 50% more contaminated without added compost and cucumber fruits were 60% more contaminated. After the addition of compost, CLD content increased in the fraction of pre-humified or partially mineralized organic debris. Finally, in contrast to andosols, adding compost to nitisols did not affect the soil microstructure.Conclusions
Increasing chlordecone sequestration by adding compost could be an alternative solution until soil decontamination techniques become available. This could be a provisional way to control further release of CLD from contaminated soils towards other environmental compartments. 相似文献12.
Steffen Keiter Sabrina Peddinghaus Ute Feiler Britta von der Goltz Christoph Hafner Nga Yu Ho Sepand Rastegar Jens C. Otte Richard Ottermanns Georg Reifferscheid Uwe Strähle Thomas Braunbeck Monika Hammers-Wirtz Henner Hollert 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2010,10(4):714-717
Introduction
The European Water Framework Directive aims to achieve a good ecological and chemical status in surface water of European rivers by the year 2015. Since sediments and particulate matter act as secondary sources for pollutants, applied sediment toxicology is perceived to play a major role for obtaining new knowledge that can contribute to successful attainment of the goal. However, the existing bioassays for sediment toxicity analyses do not provide sufficient data concerning bioavailability of environmental pollutants. In this regard, there is an urgent need to combine sediment contact assays with gene expression analysis to investigate mechanism-specific sediment toxicity.Purpose
The aim of the novel joint research project is to develop a eukaryotic test system, which can be used to investigate the ecotoxicological effects of contaminated sediments on gene expression level (DNA-array and RT-PCR). Current ecotoxicological research customarily involves a battery of bioassays to cover different toxicological endpoints (e.g., teratogenicity, genotoxicity, mutagenicity, Ah-receptor-mediated toxicity, neurotoxicity). In contrast, methods that detect alterations in gene expression offer deeper insight by elucidating how chemical exposure and/or environmental challenge affect multiple metabolic pathways leading to these particular kinds of toxic response. Gene expression profiles reflect the way cells and organisms adapt or respond to a changing environment.Conclusion
The present project aspires to increase the fundamental molecular and physiological knowledge concerning the mode of action of environmental toxicants in zebrafish (Danio rerio). By working with partners from the academic and research institutions as well as from industry and waterway regulations, the success of this basic research-driven joint project in terms of development and implementation of novel sediment toxicity methods will be realized. 相似文献13.
Petra Scanferla Giorgio Ferrari Roberto Pellay Annamaria Volpi Ghirardini Gabriele Zanetto Giovanni Libralato 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2009,9(3):229-236
Background, aim, and scope
An innovative stabilization/solidification (S/S) process using high-performance additivated concrete technology was developed for remediating soil contaminated by metals from abandoned industrial sites. In order to verify the effectiveness of this new ex situ S/S procedure, an area highly contaminated by metallic pollutants (As, Cd, Hg, and Pb), due to the uncontrolled discharge of waste generated from artistic glass production on the island of Murano (Venice, Italy), was selected as a case study. The technique transforms the contaminated soil into an aggregate material suitable for reuse as on-site backfill. This paper reports the main results of the demonstration project performed in collaboration with the local environmental protection agency (ARPAV).Materials and methods
An ex situ treatment for brownfield remediation, based on the transformation of contaminated soil into very dense, low porous, and mechanically resistant granular material, was set up and tested. Specific additives (water reducers and superplasticizers) to improve the stabilized material properties were developed and patented. A demonstration plant assembled on the study area to treat 6 m3 h–1was then tested. After excavation, the contaminated soil was screened to remove coarse material. The fraction Ø?>?4 mm (coarse fraction), mainly composed of glass, brick, concrete, and stone debris, was directly reused on site after passing through a washing treatment section. The highly polluted fraction Ø?≤?4 mm (fine fraction) was treated in the S/S treatment division of the plant (European patent WO/2006/097272). The fine fraction was mixed with Portland cement and additives defined on the basis of the high performance concrete technique. the mixture was then granulated in a rolling-plate system. After 28 days curing in an onsite storage area to allow for cement hydration, the stabilized material was monitored before its in situ relocation. The chemical, mechanical, and ecotoxicological reliability and performance of the treatment was checked. Metal leachability was verified according to four leaching test methods: Italian Environmental Ministry Decree (1998), EN 12457 (2002) tout court, amended only with MgSO4 and, lastly, with artificial sea water. The mechanical properties were measured according to BS (1990) and AASHTO (1999) to obtain the Aggregate Crushing Value and California Bearing Ratio, in that order. Moreover, leachate samples prepared with artificial seawater were assessed via the Crassostrea gigas embryotoxicity test and Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence inhibition test to discriminate the presence of potential ecotoxicological effects for the brackish and saltwater biota.Results
Outcomes from all leachate samples highlighted the effectiveness of the remediation treatment, fully complying with the Italian legislation for non-hazardous material reuse under a physicochemical viewpoint. The stabilized granular material demonstrated high mechanical strength, low porosity, and leachability. Moreover, ecotoxicological surveys indicated the presence of low toxicity levels in leachate samples according to both toxicity tests.Discussion
Remediated soil samples revealed a significant decrease in leachability of heavy metals as a consequence of the application of additivated cement that enhanced granular material properties, resulting in improved compactness due to the reduction in water content. The toxicity data confirmed this state-of-the-art technique, indicating that leachates could be deemed as minor acutely toxic.Conclusions
The proposed S/S treatment proved to be able to remediate soil contaminated by heavy metals through trapping pollutants in pellet materials presenting adequate physicochemical, mechanical, and ecotoxicological properties in order to prevent leachability phenomena, their reclamation, and reuse being made easier by its granular form.Recommendation and perspectives
This project foresees long-term monitoring activity over several years (until 2014) to consider treatment durability. 相似文献14.
Characteristics of bacterial community in the water and surface sediment of the Yellow River,China, the largest turbid river in the world 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Na Xia Xinghui Xia Ting Liu Lijuan Hu Baotong Zhu Xiaotian Zhang Jianwei Dong 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2014,14(11):1894-1904
Purpose
Few studies have described the bacterial community structures of turbid rivers. In this paper, the characteristics of the bacterial community in the water and surface sediment of the Yellow River, China, the largest turbid river in the world, were studied.Materials and methods
Water and sediment samples were collected from six sites along the river. Bacterial community composition was determined using the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene clone library technique. The relationship between environmental parameters and bacterial diversity was analyzed.Results and discussion
A total of 1,131 gene sequences were obtained and clustered into 639 operational taxonomic units (at the 97 % identity level), with Proteobacteria as the predominant phylum. The Shannon index for water samples ranged from 3.39 to 4.40 and was generally higher than that in other rivers; this was probably due to the high suspended particulate sediment (SPS) concentration in the Yellow River, which can provide more habitats for both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Also, the bacterial diversity of the water samples was slightly higher than that of the surface sediment samples. The bacterial diversity of water increased along the river in the downstream direction, while there was no trend for the sediment. Redundancy analysis indicated that pH, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and SPS were the main factors controlling the water bacterial community in the Yellow River, and pH, nitrate–nitrogen, and water content were the main factors for the surface sediment bacterial community.Conclusions
This study indicated that the bacterial diversity of the Yellow River is generally higher than that in other rivers, suggesting that SPS plays an important role in regulating bacterial diversity and community structure in aquatic environments. 相似文献15.
Ruiping Li Guanqing Cai Jing Wang Wei Ouyang Hongguang Cheng Chunye Lin 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2014,14(11):1806-1817
Purpose
The concentration of human activities in urban systems generally leads to urban environmental contamination. Beijing is one of ancient and biggest cities on the world. However, information is limited on Beijing’s soil contamination, especially for roadside and campus soils. Thus, the aims of this study were to investigate the contents and chemical forms of toxic heavy metals Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the road-surface dust, roadside soils, and school campus soils of Beijing. In addition, enrichment and spatial variation of these toxic heavy metals in the soils and dust were assessed.Materials and methods
Topsoil samples were collected from the schools and roadside adjacent to main ring roads, and dust samples were collected from the surface of the main ring roads of Beijing. These samples were analyzed for total contents and chemical forms of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sc, Zn, Al, and Fe. Enrichment factors (EFs, relative to the background content) were calculated to evaluate the effect of human activities on the toxic heavy metals in soils.Results and discussion
Heavy metal contents in the road dust ranged from 0.16 to 0.80, 52.2 to 180.7, 18.4 to 182.8, 11.9 to 47.4, 23.0 to 268.3, and 85.7 to 980.9 mg kg?1 for Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn, respectively. In the roadside soil and school soil, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn contents ranged from 0.13 to 0.42, 46.1 to 82.4, 22.7 to 71.6, 20.7 to 29.2, 23.2 to 180.7, and 64.5 to 217.3 mg kg?1, respectively. The average EF values of these metals were significantly higher in the dust than in the soils. In addition, the average EF values of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in the soils near second ring road were significantly higher than those near third, fourth, and fifth ring roads. Anthropogenic Cd, Pb, and Zn were mainly bound to the carbonates and soil organic matter, while anthropogenic Cu was mainly bound to oxides. The mobility and bioavailability of these metals in the urban soils of Beijing generally decreased in the following order: Cd?>?Zn?>?Pb?>?Cu?>?Ni?>?Cr; while in the dust, they decreased in the following order: Zn, Cu, and Cd?>?Pb?>?Ni?>?Cr.Conclusions
Both EF and chemical forms documented that Cr and Ni in the soils and dust mainly originated from native sources, while Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn partially originated from anthropogenic sources. In overall, Beijing’s road dust was significantly contaminated by Cd and Cu and moderately contaminated by Cr, Pb, and Zn, while Beijing’s roadside soil and school soil were moderately contaminated by Cd and Pb. However, the maximal hazard quotients (HQs) for individual Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn and comprehensive hazard index (HI) of these metals in the dust and soil were less than 1, indicating that the heavy metals in the dust and soil generally do not pose potential health effects to children, sensitive population. 相似文献16.
Marie Smutná Klára Hilscherová Veronika Pašková Blahoslav Maršálek 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2008,8(3):154-164
Background, aim, and scope
Restoration of lakes and reservoirs with extensive cyanobacterial water bloom often requires evaluation of the sediment quality. Next to the chemical analysis of known pollutants, sediment bioassays should be employed to assess toxicity of the present contaminants and to make predictions of associated risk. Brno reservoir in the Czech Republic is a typical example of water bodies with long-term problems concerning cyanobacterial water blooms. Comprehensive assessment of reservoir sediment quality was conducted since successful reservoir restoration might require sediment removal. An important part of this survey focused on an examination of the utility of Tubifex tubifex and its sublethal biochemical markers for the assessment of direct sediment toxicity.Materials and methods
This complex study included chemical analysis of contaminants (heavy metals, organic pollutants), ecotoxicity testing of sediment elutriates (tests with Daphnia magna, Pseudomonas putida, Sinapis alba, Scenedesmus subspicatus), and other parameters. We have tested in more detail the applicability of T. tubifex as a test organism for direct evaluation of contact sediment toxicity. Survival tests after 14 days of exposure were complemented by an assessment of parameters serving as biomarkers for sublethal effects [such as total glutathione content (GSH), activities of the enzymes glutathione transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR)]. The data matrix was subjected to multivariate analysis to interpret relationships between different parameters and possible differences among locations.Results
The multivariate statistical techniques helped to clearly identify the more contaminated upstream sites and separate them from the less contaminated and reference samples. The data document closer relationships of the detected sediment contamination with results of direct sediment exposure in the T. tubifex test regarding mortality but namely regarding the sublethal endpoints rather than the results obtained with other test organisms exposed to sediment elutriates. Aside from the reduction in T. tubifex survival, the sediments with organic pollution caused an increase in glutathione content and increased activities of glutathione S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase in the exposed T. tubifex worms.Discussion
Results of our study confirm the suitability of T. tubifex for toxicity testing of raw waters and sediments. This longer-lasting direct contact test has proven more sensitive and appropriate to reflect a lower level of pollution than do the elutriate tests. Sensitive biochemical changes in T. tubifex, including an elevation in GSH levels and GST activities, reflect a general stimulation of detoxification metabolisms in the presence of xenobiotics. The results also suggest an important role of glutathione and related enzymes in detoxification processes and possible involvement of oxidative stress in toxicity mechanisms in benthic sediment-dwelling worms such as T. tubifex.Conclusions
The complex assessment has identified the more contaminated samples with locally increased concentration of organic pollutants and significant ecotoxicity. The direct sediment contact test with T. tubifex and especially the biochemical parameters corresponded better to the lower level of pollution than the other tests with sediment elutriates. Despite its greater time and cost demands, the direct sediment contact test can provide a more realistic picture of exposure.Recommendations and perspectives
Sediment bioassays should always be included as an integral part of the sediment quality assessment. The direct contact tests also take into account the more hydrophobic pollutants that are not easily available for the water elution but can still be accessible to the organisms. The T. tubifex test is a suitable option for contact sediment toxicity tests also because these animals show measurable sublethal biochemical changes that can be associated with this exposure. 相似文献17.
C. Amiard-Triquet 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1979,12(2):141-153
Introduction
A previous work (Amiard-Triquet and Foulquier, 1978) has covered the dynamics of water-borne contamination in organisms included into two freshwater food-chains: Here, we report the results obtained about the contamination of the same species bothvia water and food.Experimental Procedures (Table I)
The specimens were continuously immersed in contaminated water and received radioactive food. The radioactivity level was the same for the water in which they were immersed and for the water used in the contamination of their prey. The level was adjusted at 4 μCi/l for the carp food-chain and 0.4 μCi/l for that of the crayfish. Daphnia were reared in a medium compo?ed of 2/5 of soil extract and 3/5 of river water (Table II). They were fed bacteria developed in this medium or uponChlorella cultivated apart and then introduced in the rearing tanks. The bulk of the medium varied between 5 and 30 l. The influence of the various components of the rearing medium on the physico-chemical form of60Co was studied by chromatographic techniques using ion-exchange resins. Three groups of fiftyLymnaea were placed in three tanks containing 30 l of river water.Elodea which composed their food were immersed in the same tanks. Crayfishes and carps were reared in individual containers. Five times per week, they received, respectively, oneLymnaea or one hundredDaphnia. Water was changed and contaminated again each week.Results
NH 4 + ions produced in the rearing medium with organic metabolites extracted byDaphnia do not affect the physico-chemical form of60Co. On the contrary, anionic complex forms appear under the influence of river water or soil extract components. The radioactivity ofDaphnia evolves during the contamination experiment as a function of the biological availability of the different physico-chemical states of cobalt. The maximum value of the overall contamination factor C* is 70.3 after one week of experiment; the minimum value, 8.6 after ten months. The contamination dynamics for the other species are presented in Figures 3 and 4. The mean values at equilibrium for60Co concentration in the organisms and for overall contamination factor C are assembled in Table III.Discussion and Conclusions
Daphnia likely discriminate the different physico-chemical forms of60Co, the availability of anionic complexes being low. The vector of contamination, water alone or both food and water, has not a striking influence upon the60Co concentration in carp,Lymnaea and crayfish. The most highly developed species from the zoological point of view are the weakest in this concentration: Teleosts are not so contaminated as Crustaceans which are not so contaminated as Mollusks. On the other hand, the secondary consumers (carp, crayfish) are not so contaminated as the primary consumers (Lymnaea, Daphnia) which are not so contaminated as primary producers (Table III). Laboratory experiments andin situ measurements in seawater and freshwater environments reported in the literature confirm a general tendency to a decreasing of radiocobalt concentrations as a function of trophic level. 相似文献18.
Purpose
The object of this study was to study a boat maintenance facility by investigating the degree of contamination and assessing how leachate water from soil affects organisms from three trophic levels.Materials and methods
Surface and subsurface (20-cm depth) soil samples were collected in a typical boatyard (200 boats, 12,000 m2) at a 70- (station A), 90- (station B), 120- (station C) and 160-m (station D) distance from the shoreline. Three replicate samples, ～10 m apart, were taken at stations A, B and C, respectively, and one replicate was taken at station D (i.e. altogether 20 samples with 10 at surface and subsurface, respectively). The total copper (Cu), lead (Pb), tin (Sn) and zinc (Zn) concentrations were determined for all replicates. Pooled samples from the respective stations were used for analysis of organotin compounds, irgarol and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Leachate waters were produced from the pooled samples and used for toxicity testing with the bacterium Vibrio fischeri, the macroalga Ceramium tenuicorne and the crustacean Nitocra spinipes.Results and discussion
Very high concentrations of Cu, Pb, Zn were detected, with maximum values of 16,300, 6,430 and 18,600 mg/kg dw, respectively. Organic hazardous compounds were found in high concentrations with maximum values of 37, 27 and 16 mg/kg dw for tributytin (TBT), dibutyltin (DBT) and triphenyltin (TPhT), respectively. All pollutants exceeded existing guidance values for both sensitive land use and less sensitive land use by several factors, in both surface and subsurface soil. The least and worst cases of total amount of TBT (12 000 m2 and 0.2 m depth) were estimated to be 10 and 122 kg of TBT. Leachates were shown to be toxic in all three test organisms.Conclusions
Several known hazardous pollutants were found in boatyard maintenance areas and they exceeded recommended guidance values by several factors. Leachates were shown to be toxic to test organisms of several trophic orders. This underlines that boat maintenance facilities in general should be better regulated to minimize further exposure to humans and spread of contaminants in the environment. The amounts of contaminants accumulated in these areas call for investigations of how remediation should be performed. 相似文献19.
Purpose
Treated and processed sewage sludges (biosolids) generated during the treatment of wastewater usually contain substantial concentrations of nutrients, especially phosphorus, which is essential for plant growth. Sewage sludge therefore can be used as an alternative fertiliser in agriculture. But since sewage sludge could also contain pollutants, analysis and ecotoxicological tests on affected soil and stream water organisms are necessary in order to guarantee its harmless use.Materials and methods
Three test species were chosen to cover the environmental compartments, water, sediment and soil. The following test species and parameters were applied to evaluate the acute effects of three sewage sludge samples: Lemna minor (growth inhibition, discolouration and colony breakup), Gammarus fossarum (mortality, behaviour) and Eisenia fetida (avoidance behaviour). Chemical assessment included nutrients, organic pollutants and heavy metals.Results and discussion
The assessment of a non-dewatered sludge (S1) sample resulted in an inhibition of growth of L. minor starting from 0.6 g total solid (TS)?l?1 after 7 days (EC50 1.2 g TS l?1). G. fossarum displayed significantly decreased movement activity at 0.5 and 1.2 g TS l?1 sludge concentration during an exposure time of 2 days, leading to decreased survival after 4 days of exposure in 0.5 g TS l?1 (LC50 0.5 g TS l?1). After 2 days, E. fetida exhibited an increased avoidance behaviour of contaminated soil from 0.2 g TS kg?1 sewage sludge (EC50 0.4 g TS kg?1). The dewatered sludge samples (S2 and S3) had a lower toxic effect on the test organisms. G. fossarum was the most sensitive test species in the applied test setups. The realistic application amounts of the tested sewage sludge samples of approximately 6.0 g TS kg?1 (maximum allowed application amount of sewage sludge) and approximately 3 g TS kg?1 (maximum agronomical relevant application amount) in worst case studies are higher than the analysed EC50/LC50 values of S1 and of the LC50 (G. fossarum) of S2 and S3.Conclusions
All three tested sewage sludge samples have to be classified as toxic at high concentration levels under laboratory conditions. Realistic output quantities of S1 will negatively influence soil invertebrates and freshwater organisms (plants and crustacean), whereas the dewatered sludge samples will most likely not have any acute toxic effect on the test organisms in the field. Test with environmental samples should be conducted in order to support this hypothesis.20.
Using in situ solid phase microextraction (SPME) for depth profiling in sediments treated with activated carbon 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Ryan D. Stringer Joel G. Burken Andrew Curtis Elmore Danny D. Reible 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2014,14(5):1013-1020