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1.
Cytology and quantitative bacterial cultures of lower respiratory tract secretions are widely used in human medicine to differentiate airway infection from simple bacterial colonization. A retrospective study was conducted to determine the usefulness of quantitative aerobic cultures and Gram stain intracellular bacteria counts from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) specimens in dogs in diagnosing lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) and to determine whether chronic bronchitis is associated with marked bacterial growth in dogs. The threshold determined to define clinically relevant bacterial growth was 1.7 x 10(3) colony-forming units per milliliter of BAL fluid. We used this threshold and found that diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were 86% and 100%, respectively. With a threshold for infection of >2 intracellular bacteria observed in any of 50 fields, microscopic examination of Gram stain BAL preparations had a sensitivity of 71% and a specificity of 97% in establishing LRTI. There was a high correlation between bacterial morphology on BAL Gram stain and bacterial cultures. Combining the results of intracellular bacteria counts from the BAL Gram stain with those from the quantitative cultures, the sensitivity in diagnosing LRTI was 87% and the specificity was 97%. BAL quantitative cultures as well as quantitating intracellular bacteria on Gram stain BAL cytology were revealed to be useful in identifying LRTI in dogs. Chronic bronchitis does not appear to be associated with marked bacterial growth in dogs.  相似文献   

2.
Chronic bronchitis is a frustrating disease because the cause is rarely determined, the pathologic changes that accompany and define the disease are usually nonreversible and often progress to life-threatening disorders, and there is a lack of direct scientific evidence for the treatment recommendations that have been offered for the management of this disease in dogs. This article reviews the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and evaluation of chronic bronchitis in dogs. Important diagnostic tools for use in diagnosis are discussed, including clinical pathology, chest radiographs, and culture and cytology of airway fluid samples.  相似文献   

3.
OBJECTIVE: To develop a real-time PCR assay for the quantification of mucin gene expression in tracheobronchial brushing specimens from dogs and compare mucin gene expression in specimens from dogs with naturally occurring chronic bronchitis with that in specimens from healthy dogs. ANIMALS: 7 healthy dogs and 5 dogs with chronic bronchitis. PROCEDURES: Primers that were designed to span the predicted intron-exon boundaries of a canine MUC5AC-like gene were used to develop a real-time PCR assay for quantification of expression of that gene. Total mRNA was isolated from tracheobronchial brushing specimens obtained from dogs with and without bronchitis during anesthesia; MUC5AC-like gene expression in those samples was quantified by use of the real-time PCR assay. RESULTS: The PCR assay was sensitive and specific for the target sequence, the predicted amino acid sequence of which had greatest homology with human, porcine, and rat MUC5AC. The assay was able to quantify the target over a wide dynamic range. Dogs with chronic bronchitis had a 3.0-fold increase in the quantity of MUC5AC-like mRNA, compared with healthy dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability to measure mucin gene expression from tracheobronchial brushing specimens collected from client-owned dogs during routine bronchoscopy should prove to be a useful tool for the study of bronchitis in dogs and expand the usefulness of airway inflammation in dogs as a model for bronchitis in humans.  相似文献   

4.
An 11-year-old Dalmatian was examined and treated for bilateral nasal discharge and cough of 6 months' duration. Response to medical treatment and surgical intervention was unsatisfactory. Histologic examination of lung tissue revealed chronic severe catarrhal bronchitis and bronchiolitis with bronchiectasis. Histologic findings and barium sulfate bronchography indicated abnormal mucociliary clearance in the respiratory tract. Electron microscopy revealed abnormalities or deletions of outer and/or inner dynein arms in 26% of the ciliary profiles from the affected dog. Similar abnormalities were not found in 500 ciliary profiles from age- and gender-matched control dogs.  相似文献   

5.
Two Old English Sheepdog litter-mates with chronic respiratory disease since birth had ultrastructural abnormalities of their respiratory tract cilia. The ciliary defects included lack of inner dynein arms, abnormal radial spokes and nexin links, and microtubule doublet displacement. Similar ciliary defects in man result in immotile cilia with the subsequent development of sinusitis, bronchitis or bronchiectasis, male sterility, and, in some cases, situs inversus. Both dogs had sinusitis and bronchiectasis, and one of the dogs also had situs inversus.  相似文献   

6.
An Escherichia coli bacterial prostatitis was experimentally induced in dogs to determine the effect of castration on chronic bacterial prostatitis. Two weeks after instillation of bacteria directly into the prostate gland, 17 of 22 adult mixed-breed male dogs had positive urine or prostatic fluid cultures or both. Seven of the 17 dogs were randomly chosen to be castrated, and 10 of the 17 served as sham-operated controls. At weekly intervals, urine was obtained from 17 dogs for aerobic microbiologic culturing. At each week, dogs with no bacterial growth in the cultured urine had prostatic fluid collected for aerobic microbiologic culture. Dogs with negative urine, prostatic fluid, and prostatic tissue needle biopsy culture results at week 7 were euthanatized. For remaining dogs, weekly cultures were continued until the dogs were euthanatized at week 12. None of the 7 castrated dogs and 6 of the 10 dogs subject to sham operation had prostatic infection at the time of necropsy. The castrated dogs had a mean infection duration of 4.2 weeks, which was statistically shorter than the 9.5-week mean duration of infection in the sham-operated controls. Cultures of prostatic tissue obtained immediately after euthanasia correlated 100% with urine and prostatic fluid cultures taken before euthanasia. All of the 6 dogs with positive prostatic cultures at termination had moderate to marked lymphoplasmacytic chronic prostatitis. The 11 dogs that were not infected at the end of the study had normal to moderate lymphoplasmacytic chronic prostatitis on histologic examination.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

7.
Chronic tracheobronchial syndrome was diagnosed in eight dogs which had had a chronic mild cough for two to 13 months but were otherwise clinically normal. In five of them there was evidence of contact with other coughing dogs before the appearance of clinical signs and the majority at first responded favourably to antibacterial therapy. The coughing occurred mainly when the dogs pulled on their leads or became excited. Three cases had bronchoscopic evidence of active airway inflammation, and five had varying numbers of inflammatory cells (neutrophils) in bronchial aspirates. There was no evidence of excessive production of mucus in the airways of any of the dogs. Seven had an increased bronchial pattern on radiographs but only one of the dogs has developed chronic bronchitis.  相似文献   

8.
Bacterial culture and cytology of semen, bacterial culture and cytology of prostatic fluid washings, urinalysis, bacterial culture of urine, and blood leukocyte counts were performed on specimens from dogs with prostatic hyperplasia, chronic prostatitis, or prostatic neoplasia. Hemorrhage was the most frequent abnormal finding in semen from dogs with prostatic hyperplasia. Inflammation was the most frequent abnormal finding in dogs with chronic prostatitis. Bacterial culture of semen was sensitive but not specific for chronic bacterial prostatitis, due to false-positive results from urethral contamination. Hemorrhage was the most frequent abnormal finding in prostatic fluid washings from dogs with prostatic hyperplasia. Inflammation was the most frequent abnormal finding in dogs with chronic prostatitis. Abnormal epithelial cells were found after prostatic massage in 4 dogs with neoplasia, although these cells were difficult to identify as neoplastic. Prostatic fluid washings were not useful for detecting chronic bacterial prostatitis, due to an inability to detect increases in bacterial counts in the fluid when urine bacterial counts were high. Hematuria was the predominant abnormal finding in urinalysis from dogs with hyperplasia and neoplasia. Pyuria was the most frequent abnormal finding in dogs with chronic prostatitis. Urine was usually culture-positive when there was prostatic infection. Blood leukocyte counts were normal in dogs with prostatic hyperplasia and usually normal in dogs with neoplasia. Leukocytosis, a left shift, and toxic white blood cells were predictive of abscessation, although the blood leukocyte count was not a very sensitive indicator for infection without abscessation.  相似文献   

9.
Thoracic radiographs from 23 dogs with chronic bronchitis were mixed with those taken from 11 dogs (matched by age and bodyweight) without respiratory disease and interpreted twice by two blinded, independent examiners in an attempt to determine the accuracy of radiography for the diagnosis of chronic bronchitis. The only radiographic signs found more often in dogs with chronic bronchitis were thickening of the bronchial walls and increased numbers of visible bronchial walls (P<0·01). Other signs, including bronchial calcification and interstitial pattern, occurred with similar frequency in both groups of dogs. The examiners were consistent in their interpretations (kappa >0·64). The accuracy of radiographic diagnosis of chronic bronchitis is limited principally by insensitivity for bronchial lesions.  相似文献   

10.
Using a mask, pneumotachograph, and X-Y recorder, tidal breathing flow-volume loops (TBFVL) were evaluated in 33 healthy dogs and in 18 dogs with acquired obstructive respiratory tract disease. The loops were evaluated for qualitative shape, tidal volume (VT), respiratory rate, peak and midtidal inspiratory flow (PIF and IF50, respectively), peak and midtidal expiratory flow (PEF and EF50, respectively), inspiratory and expiratory flow at end expiratory volume plus 25% VT (IF25 and EF25, respectively), inspiratory time, and expiratory time. Indices of loop shape were developed by division of flow measurements (eg, PEF/PIF and IF50/IF25). Twenty healthy dogs had the same TBFVL (type 1). Typically, PEF occurred at the beginning of expiration, and PIF occurred toward the end of inspiration. Three other TBFVL types were identified in the remaining dogs. Mean coefficients of variation for TBFVL indices ranged from 7% to 18%. Dogs with a fixed-type upper airway obstruction (pharyngeal or laryngeal mass, n = 7) had TBFVL abnormalities, indicating inspiratory and expiratory phase flattening. Concavity or late expiratory phase flattening was detected in TBFVL from dogs with chronic bronchitis/tracheal collapse (n = 11). The TBFVL were easily evaluated in conscious dogs and were useful in the functional assessment of airway obstruction.  相似文献   

11.
This study investigated volumetric capnography (VC) in detecting airway responsiveness following airway challenge using carbachol in seven sedated dogs via face mask. Nebulised saline was administered, followed by increasing concentrations of nebulised carbachol until airflow limitation occurred (EP). Dead space (DS) variables and shape indices of the VC curve were calculated automatically after entering arterial carbon dioxide tension. Airway DS, airway DS to tidal volume (V(T)) ratio and the intercept of slope 2 of the VC curve decreased significantly at EP by 10%, 13% and 16%, respectively, minute ventilation, V(T) and alveolar DS increased significantly at EP by 49%, 22% and 200%, respectively. We conclude that VC and derived indices may be used to verify a reaction to airway challenge caused by carbachol in sedated dogs.  相似文献   

12.
The small intestine of healthy adult Beagles was examined to determine whether subclinical abnormalities might exist that would be relevant to the use of Beagles in pharmacologic studies. Duodenal juice was obtained for qualitative and quantitative bacteriologic examinations; jejunal mucosa was taken for morphologic and biochemical investigation, and intestinal permeability was assessed by quantification of 24-hour urinary excretion of 51Cr-labeled EDTA after its oral administration. Comparisons were made with findings in healthy adult dogs of other breeds that served as controls. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth was found in 14 of the 21 Beagles examined, and represented a mixed flora that included obligate anaerobic bacteria in 8 dogs and exclusively aerobic bacteria in 6 dogs. Intestinal permeability (percentage urinary recovery of 51Cr-labeled EDTA; mean +/- SEM) was considerably higher (P < 0.01) in Beagles with anaerobic overgrowth (37.6 +/- 3.2%) or aerobic overgrowth (30.5 +/- 4.8%), compared with Beagles with no overgrowth (17.3 +/- 1.6%) and with controls (11.1 +/- 1.0%). In Beagles, significant (r = 0.54, P = 0.03) correlation was observed between 24-hour urinary recovery of 51Cr-labeled EDTA and bacterial numbers in duodenal juice. Morphologic changes in jejunal mucosa were minimal, and specific activities of brush border enzymes were not significantly decreased, apart from aminopeptidase N, but activities of lysosomal and endoplasmic reticular marker enzymes were higher in the 3 groups of Beagles with anaerobic, aerobic, or no overgrowth, compared with controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

13.
The dose of aerosol pirbuterol that could be administered safely to ponies (weight approximately 200 kg) was determined by observation for sweating, trembling and excitement and measurement of heart and respiratory rates during cumulative administration of the drug. Sweating, trembling and excitement were first observed following a dose of 2,400 micrograms and became more severe at 3,200 micrograms. These effects were accompanied by an increase in heart rate but not a change in respiratory rate. When 3200 micrograms was administered without prior administration of lower doses, side effects were trivial. This dose was therefore tested for its bronchodilator activity. Pulmonary function was evaluated in ponies that developed airway obstruction ('heaves') when housed in a barn and fed hay. Measurements were made when ponies were in clinical remission (Period A) and during an acute attack of airway obstruction (Period B). At Period A, pirbuterol had no effect on pulmonary function. Barn housing increased pulmonary resistance and decreased dynamic compliance. At Measurement Period B, pirbuterol administration significantly reduced pulmonary resistance and increased dynamic compliance and minute ventilation. These changes were significant 5 min after drug administration and lasted for the 30 min duration of the study. Vehicle administration had no effect on pulmonary function. It was concluded that aerosol pirbuterol has few undesirable side effects and is an effective bronchodilator in ponies with recurrent airway obstruction.  相似文献   

14.
Tracheobronchial collapse and chronic bronchitis (CB) are the two most common forms of chronic tracheobronchial disease in dogs. These conditions may exist independently of one another, although CB and some degree of tracheobronchial collapse often co-exist in the same patient. Diagnosis of CB can be established on clinical grounds alone, whereas radiographic or bronchoscopic evidence is required to confirm the diagnosis of tracheobronchial collapse. Although glucocorticoid drug therapy remains one of the most effective methods for managing CB, surgical implantation of a prosthetic airway device may be of great benefit for some dogs with a focal area of collapsing trachea. With early diagnosis and aggressive medical and surgical management, the prognosis for many dogs with chronic tracheobronchial disease is good for reasonable quality of life.  相似文献   

15.
Computed tomography is increasingly being used in veterinary medicine to evaluate animals with pulmonary signs such as coughing, tachypnea, and exercise intolerance, however, a quantitative measure of bronchial wall thickening has yet to be validated in veterinary medicine. Canine chronic bronchitis is a disease that is characterized histologically by thickening of the bronchial walls. Thoracic CT images of 16 dogs with chronic bronchitis and 72 dogs presenting for conditions unrelated to cough were evaluated. A ratio comparing the bronchial wall thickness to the adjacent pulmonary artery diameter was obtained in the right and left cranial and caudal lung lobes. There was no significant difference in dogs with chronic bronchitis or unaffected dogs between the left and right hemithorax, patient weight, patient age, image slice thickness, or CT machine used. Dogs with chronic bronchitis were found to have a significantly greater ratio than unaffected dogs (P < 0.001). The ratios in the cranial lung lobes were found to be significantly greater than the caudal lung lobes in both chronic bronchitis and unaffected dogs (P < 0.001). A receiver operating characteristic curve of the ratios in the cranial lung lobes had an area under the curve of 0.912, indicating high accuracy in predicting for bronchial wall thickening. A ratio of ≥0.6 in the cranial lung lobes was found to have a sensitivity of 77% and specificity of 100% in predicting for the presence of chronic bronchitis, and we propose using this cut‐off as supportive of bronchial wall thickening on CT.  相似文献   

16.
OBJECTIVES: To determine the value of inhaled corticosteroids in the management of chronic inflammatory airway disease in dogs. METHODS: Medical records of dogs that were presented for the investigation of respiratory disease were reviewed retrospectively. Criteria for inclusion were knowledge of previous medical treatment including side effects, diagnosis of the underlying disease, use of inhaled corticosteroids and at least two-months follow-up data.RESULTS: Thirteen dogs that fulfilled the criteria were identified. Ten dogs were diagnosed with chronic bronchitis and three with eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy. Four dogs had not previously received corticosteroid treatment for their respiratory disease, and all these showed a reduction or a resolution of clinical signs without obvious side effects after inhaled corticosteroid therapy. Nine dogs had previously received oral or parenteral corticosteroids for treatment of their respiratory disease, and all had exhibited side effects. Five of these dogs were treated with inhaled corticosteroids alone, and all exhibited an improvement in clinical signs without observable side effects. The remaining four dogs were treated with a combination of inhaled and oral corticosteroids, and all showed improvement in clinical signs and reduction in side effects. Inhaled medication was well tolerated in all dogs. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Inhaled corticosteroids were used for the management of chronic bronchitis and eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy in 13 dogs, and these may have the advantage of reducing side effects associated with oral corticosteroids.  相似文献   

17.
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18.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate effects of one-lung ventilation on oxygen delivery in anesthetized dogs with an open thoracic cavity. ANIMALS: 8 clinically normal adult Walker Hound dogs. PROCEDURE: Each dog was anesthetized and subjected to one-lung ventilation during a period when it had an open thoracic cavity. A Swan-Ganz catheter was used to measure hemodynamic variables and obtain mixed-venous blood samples. A catheter was inserted in the dorsal pedal artery to measure arterial pressure and obtain arterial blood samples. Oxygen delivery index was calculated and used to assess effects of one-lung ventilation on cardiopulmonary function. Effects on hemodynamic and pulmonary variables were analyzed. RESULTS: One-lung ventilation caused significant decreases in PaO2, arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2), mixed-venous oxygen saturation, and arterial oxygen content (CaO2). One-lung ventilation caused significant increases in PaCO2, physiologic dead space, and alveolar-arterial oxygen difference. Changes in SaO2, CaO2, and PaCO2, although significantly different, were not considered to be of clinical importance. One-lung ventilation induced a significant increase in pulmonary arterial wedge pressure, mean pulmonary artery pressure, and shunt fraction. One-lung ventilation did not have a significant effect on cardiac index, systemic vascular resistance index, pulmonary vascular resistance index, and oxygen delivery index. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: One-lung ventilation affected gas exchange and hemodynamic function, although oxygen delivery in clinically normal dogs was not affected during a period with an open thoracic cavity. One-lung ventilation can be used safely in healthy dogs with an open thoracic cavity during surgery.  相似文献   

19.
Clinical and physiologic investigations were done weekly in 5 nonsedated Friesian calves before, during, and after an induced infection with Dictyocaulus viviparus infective larvae. Clinical, hematologic, serologic, and parasitologic findings were all compatible with the classic picture of moderate subacute verminous bronchitis. Most pulmonary function values revealed significant (P less than or equal to 0.05) changes in the 2nd or 3rd week after inoculation and maximal changes at 5 weeks after inoculation. Most marked changes included a decrease in tidal volume, dynamic lung compliance, and arterial oxygen tension, and an increase in minute ventilation, minute viscous work of breathing, and alveolar-arterial oxygen difference. Minute ventilation, dynamic lung compliance, minute viscous work of breathing, and PaO2 revealed the most homogeneous change. Conversely, maximal change of intrapleural pressure, total pulmonary resistance, and viscous work of breathing had higher variability from week to week.  相似文献   

20.
Seventeen cases (i.e., 14 dogs and three cats) were identified as having Mycoplasma spp. as the sole bacterial isolate cultured from airway washings in 224 cases evaluated for lower respiratory disease that was present in each case. Primary diagnoses included pneumonia (35.3%), airway collapse (35.3%), and bronchitis (29.4%). Fourteen cases had follow-up information available. Of these cases, eight showed resolution or improvement with antimycoplasmal drugs. Mycoplasma spp. is recognized as a primary cause of respiratory disease in several species, including humans. The relationship between Mycoplasma spp. and respiratory disease detected in some of these cases suggests some Mycoplasma spp. may act as primary pathogens in dogs and cats.  相似文献   

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