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黄河三角洲湿地土壤毛管水运动特性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以黄河三角洲湿地土壤为研究对象,采用土柱实验方法,设置1.3、1.4、1.5g·cm~(-3)共3个容重处理,实验时长120min,定时测定湿地盐碱土毛管水运动过程及积水入渗过程各指标,并通过Philip模型和Kostiakov模型拟合其动态规律性,以此了解黄河三角洲湿地土壤毛管水过程与运动特性。结果表明,不同容重条件下,湿地盐碱土毛管吸水过程各指标动态变化规律与非盐碱土一致;同等条件下,积水入渗过程各指标值均大于毛管吸水过程,各容重土壤积水入渗的初始入渗率和稳定入渗率分别在0.87~1.93cm·min-1和0.028~0.051cm·min-1,毛管吸水过程的相应指标值分别在0.32~0.43cm·min-1和0.025~0.034cm·min-1,入渗60min时,各容重积水入渗湿润锋距离和累积入渗量分别达到13.58~17.62cm和4.95~6.99cm,是同时刻毛管吸水的1.19~1.22倍和1.13~1.29倍。在实验观测的120min内,3种容重土壤毛管水上升高度与入渗湿润锋、累积毛管吸水量与累积入渗量间均存在显著的正相关关系(P0.05)。利用Philip模型、Kostiakov模型对土壤毛管吸水过程和积水入渗过程进行模拟,两种模型对3种容重土壤均具有良好的适应性,但Philip模型对毛管吸水过程的模拟效果最佳,其R2值均大于0.9639,Kostiakov模型则更适于积水入渗过程的模拟,其R2值大于0.8819。 相似文献
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This study aimed to gain insight into the generation and fate of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in organic layers. In a Free Air CO2 Enrichment Experiment at the alpine treeline, we estimated the contribution of 13C-depleted recent plant C to DOC of mor-type organic layers. In an additional laboratory soil column study with 40 leaching cycles, we traced the fate of 13C-labelled litter-DOC (22 and 45 mg l−1) in intact Oa horizons at 2 and 15 °C. Results of the field study showed that DOC in the Oa horizon at 5 cm depth contained only 20 ± 3% of less than six-year-old C, indicating minor contributions of throughfall, root exudates, and fresh litter to leached DOC. In the soil column experiment, there was a sustained DOC leaching from native soil organic matter. Less than 10% of totally added litter-DOC was leached despite a rapid breakthrough of a bromide tracer (50 ± 7% within two days). Biodegradation contributed only partly to the DOC removal with 18-30% of added litter-DOC being mineralized in the Oa horizons at 2 and 15 °C, respectively. This was substantially less than the potential 70%-biodegradability of the litter-DOC itself, which indicates a stabilization of litter-DOC in the Oa horizon. In summary, our results give evidence on an apparent ‘exchange’ of DOC in thick organic layers with litter-DOC being retained and ‘replaced’ by ‘older’ DOC leached from the large pool of indigenous soil organic matter. 相似文献
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Influence of water table levels on CO2 emissions in a Colorado subalpine fen: an in situ microcosm study 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
We quantified the relationship between water table position and CO2 emissions by manipulating water table levels for two summers in microcosms installed in a Colorado subalpine fen. Water levels were manipulated in the microcosms by either adding water or removing water and ranged from +10 cm above the soil surface to 40 cm below the soil surface, with ambient water levels in the fen averaging +3 and +2 cm above the soil surface during 1998 and 1999, respectively. Microcosm installation had no significant effect on CO2 efflux; the 2 year means of natural and reference CO2 efflux were 205.4 and 213.9 mg CO2-C m−2 h−1, respectively (p=0.80). Mean CO2 emissions were lowest at the highest water tables (water +6 to +10 cm above the soil surface), averaging 133.8 mg CO2-C m−2 h−1, increased to 231.3 mg CO2-C m−2 h−1 when the water table was +1 to +5 cm above the soil surface and doubled to 453.7 mg CO2-C m−2 h−1, when the water table was 0-5 cm below the soil surface. However, further lowering of the water table had little additional effect on CO2 emissions, which averaged 470.3 and 401.1 mg CO2-C m−2 h−1 when the water table was 6-10 cm, and 11-40 cm beneath the soil surface, respectively. The large increase in CO2 emissions as we experimentally lowered the water table beneath the soil surface, coupled with no increase in CO2 emissions as we furthered lowered water tables beneath the soil surface, suggest the presence of an easily oxidized labile carbon pool near the soil surface. 相似文献
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The objective of this study was to determine the impact of earthworm bioturbation on the distribution and availability of zinc in the soil profile.Experiments were carried out with Allolobophora chlorotica and Aporrectodea caliginosa in 24 perspex columns (∅ 10 cm), filled with 20-23 cm non-polluted soil (OM 2%, clay 2.9%, pH 0.01 M CaCl2 6.4), that was covered by a 3-5 cm layer of aged zinc spiked soil (500 mg Zn/kg dry soil) and another 2 cm non-polluted soil on top. After 80 and 175 days, columns were sacrificed and each cm from the top down to a depth of 15 cm was sampled. Earthworm casts, placed on top of the soil, were collected. Each sample was analyzed for total and CaCl2-exchangeable zinc concentrations.Effects of earthworm bioturbation were most pronounced after 175 days. For A. chlorotica, total and CaCl2-exchangeable zinc concentrations in the polluted layers were lower with than without earthworms. Total zinc concentrations in the non-polluted layers were higher in columns with earthworms. Casts of A. chlorotica collected on the soil surface showed slightly higher total zinc concentrations than non-polluted soil. Casts were found throughout the whole column. For A. caliginosa there were no differences in total zinc concentration between columns with and without earthworms. CaCl2-exchangeable zinc concentrations in the polluted layers were lower for columns with earthworms. Casts were mainly placed on top of the soil and contained total zinc concentrations intermediate between those in non-polluted and polluted soil layers.This study shows that different endogeic earthworm species have different effects on zinc distribution and availability in soils. A. chlorotica transfers soil throughout the whole column, effectively mixing it, while A. caliginosa decreases metal availability and transfers polluted soil to the soil surface. 相似文献
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To better understand the nature of the C flush that follows the rewetting of dry soil, we chemically characterized the water soluble pools following rewetting of soil dried to several different water potentials. To assess the impact that historical soil water status has on the size of the rewetting labile soluble pool, a laboratory water stress gradient was applied to soils that were collected from drought-prone and irrigated tallgrass prairie soils. In the laboratory, soils were either incubated at −33 kPa or dried steadily over a 0.6, 1, 2, or 3 day period to −1.5, −4, −15, and −45 MPa respectively. On the 4th day, samples were wetted back to −33 kPa and immediately assayed for soluble, microbial, or respiratory pools of carbon. After extraction, samples were also assayed using NMR, GC-MS, and LC-MS to assess carbohydrate, amino acid, osmolyte and sugar pools. The greater the degree of drying before rewetting was associated with greater concentrations of microbial, soluble and respiratory pools of carbon, increasing by 50, 400 and 250%, respectively, in the most water stressed compared to continuously moist soil. Compared to drought-prone soils, the amount of soluble C released as a result of rewetting was 30 to 50% greater in soils that were irrigated for 11 years. The pool of organics was not completely characterized and only small amounts of TBDMS and TMS derived compounds accounting for 2-4% of the soluble C pool were detected. In contrast, oligosaccharides constituted approximately 20-25% of the sample C. Our results suggest that the flush of C following wetting of a dry soil is not dominated by common microbial osmolytes (e.g. proline, glycine betaine, ectoine, glycerol, mannitol, trehalose). In light of this finding more research is needed to better understand the adaptations that microbial communities utilize to respond to the rewetting of dried soil. 相似文献
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脱硫石膏施用下宁夏龟裂碱土水盐运移特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过室内土柱淋洗试验,开展了脱硫石膏施用下不同淋洗水量对宁夏龟裂碱土水盐运移影响的研究,结果表明：脱硫石膏施用下龟裂碱土随着入渗时间的增加,湿润锋深度和累积入渗水量呈先急剧增加再缓慢增加的趋势;0~20 cm土层土壤pH值、碱化度和全盐量均有较大幅度的降低;连续淋洗条件下,最大脱盐深度位于40~60 cm土层;0~40 cm土层,随入渗水量的增加土壤脱盐率缓慢增加,其中0~20 cm土层处理1到处理4土壤脱盐率分别为79.72％、89.88％、91.93％和92.22％;随淋洗水量的增加,0~20 cm土层主要盐分离子易于溶脱的顺序为Mg2＋>Cl－>SO2－4>Na＋> HCO3－, Mg2＋溶脱率最大,可达到100％,20~40 cm土层主要盐分离子易于溶脱的顺序为Na＋>Cl－>Mg2＋, Na＋溶脱率最大,可达到91.42％, HCO3－和SO2－4含量则先增加后降低,0~40 cm土层Na＋、 Cl－、 Mg2＋随淋洗水量的增加淋洗效果更为明显。 相似文献
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Mark A. Williams 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2007,39(11):2750-2757
To better understand how water stress and availability affect the structure of microbial communities in soil, I measured the change in phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) and the incorporation of 13C-labeled glucose into the PLFA following exposure to water stress. Overlaid on the laboratory water stress treatment, samples were collected from drought-prone and irrigated (11 years) tallgrass prairie soil (0-10 cm depth). In the laboratory, soils were either incubated at −250 kPa or dried steadily over a 3-d period to −45 MPa. On the fourth day, the dried samples were brought up to −250 kPa and then all samples received 250 μg of glucose-C (+4000 δ13C-PDB) solution that brought them to −33 kPa matric water potential. Samples were then extracted for PLFA following 6 and 24 h of incubation (25 °C). Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS) techniques and multi-response permutation procedure (MRPP) showed that the largest effect on the mol% distribution of PLFA was related to the field scale water addition experiment. In response to irrigation, the PLFA 16:1ω5, 18:1+, and 18:2ω6,9 showed increases, and a15:0, a17:0, and cy19:0 showed decreases in their respective mol%. Effects related to the induction of laboratory water stress were predominantly associated with a decrease in the mol% distribution of the putative fungal biomarker (18:2ω6,9) with little to no change in the mol% distribution of the bacterial biomarkers. Interestingly, the flow of C to the microbial community was not strongly related to any single PLFA, and differences were rather subtle, but multivariate MRPP detected change to the community structure related to the laboratory water stress treatment but not related to the 11 years of field irrigation. Our results suggest that both the total and the actively metabolizing bacterial community in soil were generally resistant to the effects of water stress brought by rewetting of dry soil. However, more research is needed to understand the nature of the fungal response to drying and rewetting in soil. 相似文献
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犁底层深度对膜下滴灌土壤水盐运移影响的模拟研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了探寻膜下滴灌条件下犁底层深度对土壤水盐运移的影响规律,采用室内土柱模拟试验与数值模拟相结合的方法,对不同犁底层深度（无犁底层,CK;25 cm深度,PB25;30 cm深度,PB30;35 cm深度,PB35;40 cm深度,PB40;45 cm深度,PB45）下土壤水盐运移规律进行了研究,结果表明:犁底层可以阻碍水分运移,降低水分入渗速率且有一定的阻水性,蒸发结束后PB处理表层10 ~ 20 cm土壤含水率比CK处理大;犁底层有一定的抑盐作用,CK处理上部10 ~ 20 cm土层的“洗盐”效果比PB处理好,蒸发结束后上部10 ~ 20 cm土层盐分最大的是PB30处理,最小的是PB45处理;利用HYDRUS-1D模型对膜下滴灌条件下犁底层对土壤水盐运移的变化规律进行模拟,经过实测数据验证,模拟效果较好。在现行以旋耕为主的传统耕作模式下,可根据不同作物根系吸水和耐盐的特点适度深耕打破犁底层,为作物生长创造适宜的水盐环境。研究结果可为新疆地区盐碱地改良、农业生产可持续发展提供参考。 相似文献
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点源供水条件下残膜对土壤水分运移的影响 总被引：7，自引：10，他引：7
通过室内模拟试验,研究残留地膜对土壤水分运移的影响,阐明不同残膜污染水平下土壤水分入渗过程。试验共设置6个残膜梯度,采用马氏瓶恒压供水175 min,根据时间间隔记录马氏瓶读数和湿润面积,分析不同残膜污染水平下土壤水分入渗过程的差异。研究结果表明,残膜会阻碍土壤湿润锋的运移,残膜量在0~360 kg/hm2区间时,当湿润锋经过0~10 cm土层,湿润锋横向距离随着残膜量的增加呈现先减小后增加的变化,当湿润锋经过10~20 cm土层,横向距离随着残膜量的增加而逐渐降低。残膜对湿润锋的垂向运移有显著的阻碍作用,但残膜量的多少对湿润锋垂向距离变化没有显著影响。残膜的存在会提高土壤湿润比和稳定入渗率,残膜区土壤湿润体变小,水分滞留在湿润体内,影响水分在土壤中正常运移与分布。当残膜量达到720 kg/hm2时,残膜区土壤大孔隙比例增加,导致土壤优势流明显,与其他残膜处理相比,湿润锋的运移加快,湿润比和稳定入渗率降低。该研究从土壤水分运移角度阐明了残膜污染危害的过程和机理,为残膜污染的防治提供了理论的依据。 相似文献
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The concentration of glucosinolates (GSLs) and isothiocyanates (ITCs) was monitored in soil following the incorporation of pulverised high and low GSL varieties of rape (Brassica napus) and mustard (Brassica juncea) biofumigant crops. The concentration of both GSLs and ITCs in soil was highest immediately (30 min) after incorporation and they could be detected for up to 8 and 12 d, respectively. Irrigating with 18 mm of water over 3 h had no effect on either GSL or ITC concentrations. The amounts detected were generally related to the amount of GSL added in the incorporated plant tissue. Maximum total GSL concentration detected in the soil was 13.8 and 22.8 nmol g−1 for rape and mustard, respectively, representing 7% and 13% of the original GSL present in the incorporated tissues. The non-ITC liberating GSLs (predominately indolyl GSLs) were found at lower concentrations than ITC-liberating GSLs, but tended to persist longer in the soil. Maximum total ITC concentration was 21.6 nmol g−1 and 90.6 nmol g−1 for rape and mustard, respectively. Calculated ITC release efficiency was 26% and 56% for high GSL rape and mustard, respectively at the time of the highest ITC concentration measured. These are the first reported measurements of GSLs in soil following biofumigant incorporation. They indicate that a significant proportion of plant GSL can persist un-hydrolysed in the soil for several days following Brassica incorporation. Further investigations of plant treatment and incorporation methods to maximise ITC release are warranted. 相似文献
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以喀斯特地区典型的石灰土为研究对象,采用室内一维定水头法土柱模拟试验手段,以4种活性炭浓度(0,0.005,0.01,0.02 g/g)及2种混合施用方式(0—10,10—20 cm)、3种成层施用方式(6—8,10—12,16—18 cm)为变量,观测土壤湿润锋推移及累积入渗量的动态变化过程,利用线性关系式和van Genuchten经验公式分别模拟湿润锋推移情况及水分特征曲线经验公式,测量不同土层的质量含水量来研究活性碳粉对土壤入渗过程的影响。结果表明:(1)相同入渗时间内,较高浓度(0.02 g/g)和较浅层的施用方式(0—10 cm混施和6—8 cm层施)对比其他试验组,在土柱湿润锋推移速度的减缓方面表现最优;(2)在前期(t=80 min),入渗受活性炭粉末抑制的程度与其浓度呈正相关,但高浓度的碳粉同时会减缓湿润锋推移速度,故最终入渗量(t=340 min)受其浓度影响较小,同时土壤入渗受活性炭粉末理化性质的影响,层状铺设入渗后期呈现斜率增大的趋势;(3)van Genuchten经验公式及RETC软件对土壤入渗过程的模拟皆表明活性炭粉末施入土壤后,其浓度与土壤吸收水分的能力呈正相关,与土壤释水能力呈负相关;(4)活性炭粉末使得土壤田间持水量与凋萎系数均有所提升,活性炭粉末施用浓度越高,田间持水量越大。(5)层施状态下的活性炭粉末能增加所在土层的质量含水量,为对于其他深度土层的含水量则影响不大。 相似文献
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为探究一维饱和介质中考虑密度驱动条件下的盐分迁移规律，在室内开展了从土柱顶端释放NaCl盐溶液的密度驱动下盐分迁移试验，结果表明：浓度为100 g/L的盐溶液从顶部释放后仅720 min土柱底部浓度即达到最大值；土柱顶部释放的盐分浓度越高密度驱动效果越明显，迁移到土柱底部（深度70～100 cm）的盐分含量占比越高；释放盐分浓度为6、12、40、60、100、150 g/L时底部盐分含量占比分别为33.3%、36.7%、38.0%、40.0%、40.2%、47.1%。为对比密度驱动和浓度弥散作用下的盐分迁移规律差异，开展了从土柱底部释放高浓度盐溶液的反向弥散试验，结果表明：试验期内密度驱动对盐分迁移的影响效果远大于浓度弥散作用，试验进行30 d后弥散作用仅对土柱底部20 cm范围内的浓度分布产生影响；底部释放盐分浓度越高，向上的弥散通量越大，但对浓度的重分布影响不明显，浓度为6、40、60、100 g/L的NaCl溶液试验进行15 d后土柱底部20 cm范围内含盐量占比依次增大，分别为37.5%、62.4%、72.7%、82.7%。该研究量化分析了在密度驱动和弥散作用下盐分的迁移规律，可为干旱灌区盐分平衡规律的研究提供一定的理论依据。 相似文献
14.
Organic manure stimulates biological activity and barley growth in soil subject to secondary salinization 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A pot experiment was performed to compare the impact of organic manure on soil enzymatic activity, respiration rate and the growth of two barley cultivars (Hordeum vulgare L.) differing in their salt tolerance under a simulated salinized environment. A plastic pot with a hole (2 cm in diameter) in the center of bottom was filled with an anthropogenic (paddy) soil and placed in a porcelain container containing NaCl solution (3.0 g L−1) such that a secondary salinization process was simulated via upward capillary water movement along the soil profile. A treatment with neither organic manure nor simulated soil salinization was taken as a control (CK1). The organic manure was applied either inside or outside rhizobag made of nylon cloth (40 μm of pore size). The soil was treated with: 20 g kg−1 rice straw (RS), 20 g kg−1 pig manure (PM), or 10 g kg−1 rice straw plus 10 g kg−1 pig manure (RS+PM). No organic manure was added in an additional control treatment (CK2). The results indicated that the placement of organic manure both inside and outside rihzobags significantly increased the activity of urease, alkaline phosphatase and dehydrogenase, as well as respiration rate in both rhizosphere and bulk soils. Also, nutrient uptake by barley plants was enhanced in the treatments with organic manure amended either inside or outside rhizobags. The activity of these enzymes along with the respiration rate was higher in rhizosphere than in non-rhizosphere when organic manure was supplied inside rhizobags, while the opposite was found in the case of manure incorporated outside rhizobags. Among all the treatments, RS+PM treatment had most significant stimulating effects on enzymatic and microbial activity and shoot dry weight of barley, followed by PM and RS. Moreover, more significant stimulating effects on both enzyme activity and plant growth were achieved in the treatments with manure amended inside rhizobags than outside rhizobags. The results of the present study confirmed the view that incorporation of organic manure especially into soil-root zones is an effective low-input agro-technological approach to enhancing soil fertility and minimizing phytotoxicity induced by secondary salinization. 相似文献
15.
Effects of vegetation type on soil resistance to erosion: Relationship between aggregate stability and shear strength 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
M. Fattet Y. Fu M. Ghestem W. Ma M. Foulonneau J. Nespoulous Y. Le Bissonnais A. Stokes 《CATENA》2011
Soil water erosion and shallow landslides depend on aggregate stability and soil shear strength. We investigated the effect of vegetation on both soil aggregate stability and shear strength (through direct shear tests) in former croplands converted to vegetated erosion protection areas within the context of China's sloping land conversion programme. Four treatments were analysed in plots comprised of (i) 4 year old crop trees, Vernicia fordii, where understory vegetation was removed; (ii) V. fordii and the dominant understory species Artemisia codonocephala; (iii) only A. codonocephala and (iv) no vegetation. Soil samples were taken at depths of 0–5 cm and 45–50 cm. Root length density (RLD) in five diameter classes was measured, soil organic carbon (SOC), hot water extractable carbon (HWEC), texture and Fe and Al oxides were also measured. We found that mean weight diameter after slow wetting (MWDSW) in the A-horizon, was significantly greater (0.94–1.01 mm) when A. codonocephala was present compared to plots without A. codonocephala (0.57–0.59 mm). SOC and RLD in the smallest diameter class (< 0.5 mm), were the variables which best explained variability in MWDSW. A significant positive linear relationship existed between MWDSW and soil cohesion but not with internal angle of friction. As herbaceous vegetation was more efficient than trees in improving aggregate stability, this result suggests that the mechanisms involved include modifications of the cohesive forces between soil particles adjacent to plant roots and located in the enriched in SOC rhizosphere, thus also affecting shear strength of the corresponding soil volume. Thus, vegetation stabilised soil under different hierarchical levels of aggregate organisation, i.e. intra- and inter-aggregate. Our results have implications for the efficacy of techniques used in land conversion programs dedicated to control of soil erosion and shallow landslides. We suggest that mixtures of different plant functional types would improve soil conservation on slopes, by reducing both surface water erosion and shallow substrate mass movement. Planting trees for cropping or logging, and removing understory vegetation is most likely detrimental to soil conservation. 相似文献
16.
江西大岗山3种林型土壤水分物理性质研究 总被引：18，自引：2，他引：16
对江西大岗山林区常绿阔叶林、杉木人工林和毛竹林土壤的容重、孔隙度、持水量和贮水量等物理性质进行了研究。结果表明:(1)常绿阔叶林、毛竹林和杉木人工林的土壤容重均随深度的增加而增加。在0~80 cm的土层中,杉木人工林、常绿阔叶林和毛竹林的土壤容重分别为1.29 g/cm3,1.24 g/cm3和1.20 g/cm3。(2)随土层深度的增加,3种林型土壤的总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、饱和持水量和毛管持水量均逐渐降低。(3)在0~80 cm的土层中,常绿阔叶林的土壤总孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度最大,毛竹林次之;而常绿阔叶林土壤的毛管孔隙度最小,毛竹林最大。(4)在0~80 cm的土层中,3种林型土壤的饱和持水量、毛管持水量和非毛管持水量均为毛竹林>常绿阔叶林>杉木人工林。在0~80 cm的土层中,3种林型土壤的现有贮水量和饱和贮水量均为常绿阔叶林>杉木人工林>毛竹林。(5)毛竹林在0~40 cm土层中,土壤物理性质明显优于另外两种林分。 相似文献
17.
Spatial distribution of Locusta migratoria manilensis eggpods and soil properties (water content at 5 cm depth, salinity, organic matter and pH) was studied by integrating geostatistical analysis and GIS techniques. During 2 years of surveys over the entire study area (6000 ha), extensive data (292 regularly grids with 450-m intervals), coupled with intensive data (2601 regularly grids of 0.5-m separation) were used to characterize spatial patterns of L. m. manilensis eggpods and soil property variability and to explore the relationship between them. Semivariograms indicated the eggpods and four soil properties showed high spatial heterogeneity. The spatial distribution of eggpods, at distances ranging from 50-452 m in spatial autocorrelation, was best described using the spherical model. Spatial autocorrelation in total spatial heterogeneity in soil water content at 5 cm, salinity, organic matter and pH were 76.15, 78.04, 57.19 and 61.85%, respectively, and the scales of spatial heterogeneity were 621, 594, 1014 and 1368 m, respectively. GIS assessment maps of eggpods and soil properties, derived by block kriging, displayed patterns of the locust eggpods and soil property variability at an area-wide scale. Most eggpods (66.27% and 72.24% for 2002 and 2003, respectively) were found at the areas with low salinity (<2.0% approximately), suitable water content at 5 cm (10.1-20.0%). No eggpods were found at such areas with high soil water content at 5 cm (>30%) and salinity (>3%). In a way, the spatial distribution pattern of locust eggpods mainly depended on the soil heterogeneity at the study area. t-Tests indicated that sites between with eggpods and without eggpods were significantly different only in soil water content at 5 cm depth and salinity. The results may provide useful information on sampling in the field, forecasting and monitoring locust plague and reclaiming coastal locust breeding areas in China. 相似文献
18.
Nitrous oxide research has generally focused directly on measuring fluxes of N2O from the soil surface. The fate of N2O in the subsoil has often been placed in the ‘too hard’ basket. However, determining the production, fate and movement of N2O in the subsoil is vital in fully understanding the sources of surface fluxes and in compiling accurate inventories for N2O emissions. The aim of this study was to generate and introduce into soil columns 15N labelled N2O, and to try and determine the consumption of the 15N2O and production of ambient N2O. Columns, 100 cm long by 15 cm diameter, were repacked with sieved soil (sampled from 0 to 5 cm depth) and instrumented with silicone rubber gas sampling ports. Nitrous oxide enriched with 15N was generated using a thermal decomposition process at 300 °C and then transferred to 2 l flasks. After equilibrating with SF6 tracer gas the 15N2O was introduced into the soil columns via passive diffusion. Gas samples from the soil profile and headspace flux were taken over a 12-day period. A watering event was simulated to perturb the 15N2O gas composition in the soil profile. Using the measured 15N enriched fluxes and the rate of decline in 15N in the N2O reservoir, from which the N2O diffused into the soil, we calculated an N2O sink (consumption plus absorption by water) equal to 0.48 ng N2O g−1 soil h−1. The decrease in the 15N enrichment between successive soil depths indicated N2O production in the soil profile and we calculated a net N2O production rate of 0.88 ng N2O g−1 soil h−1. This pilot study demonstrated the potential for simultaneously measuring both N2O consumption and production rates, using the 15N enrichment of the N2O measured. Further potential refinements of the methodology are discussed. 相似文献
19.
Many studies have shown that the total abundance of hyphae in the soil covaries seasonally with soil moisture. We investigated the extent to which soil hyphal abundance varies as a function of depth and moisture availability within the soil profile during the dry season, and determined whether soil moisture compensation via hydraulic lift (HL) buffers rhizosphere fungi from the effects of severe soil drying. We measured soil water potential, isotopic composition of soil water and total hyphal length in a California coast live oak stand and adjacent grassland at the beginning and end of the 5-month summer drought period. Throughout the summer, oaks maintained predawn water potential values (−0.4±0.1 MPa) that were significantly above those recorded in the 0-200 cm soil depth interval, strongly suggesting root access to groundwater. Direct evaporation of soil water was much more intense and affected deeper layers of the profile in the grassland compared to the oak stand, as indicated by extremely negative water potential values and very enriched isotopic composition of soil water near the surface. Significantly higher soil water potential and less isotopically enriched soil water at 15-40 cm depth in the oak stand were consistent with oak root exudation of isotopically depleted groundwater or deep soil water not exposed to evaporation. Hyphal length in the soil profile declined markedly during the summer drought period in the grassland, particularly in upper layers (41-75% decrease at 0-40 cm depth), indicating rapid turnover of the arbuscular mycorrhizae (AMF) dominated hyphal carbon pool after grass senescence. By contrast, soil hyphal length in the ectomycorrhizal (EM)/AM oak stand remained remarkably constant throughout the summer drought period, with the only exception of the topsoil layer exposed to direct evaporation (49% decrease at 5 cm depth). The sustained exudation of water from roots to soil through HL may have buffered rhizosphere hyphae against the negative effects of extreme soil desiccation in the oak stand. These data suggest that HL by deep-rooted trees may influence the biogeochemical cycling of carbon and nutrients in seasonally dry ecosystems through effects on rhizosphere fungi. 相似文献
20.
不同补水方式下砂壤土渗滤系统对硝态氮去除效果 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在水资源短缺的北京地区利用再生水回补城市河湖,一方面对于水资源的可持续利用有着十分重要的作用,另一方面也可能带来地下水环境的潜在污染风险.该文采用100 cm砂壤土柱模拟(河湖岸底)土地渗滤系统,设置定水头淹水、交替淹水落干、定流速补水和侧向补水4种不同再生水回补方式,研究再生水中硝态氮(NO3-N)在土地渗滤系统中的去除效果和迁移转化规律.结果表明,当水力负荷在0.25~2.65 cm/d范围内时,渗滤系统对NO3-N的去除率随着水力负荷的增大而减小;侧向补水方式下渗滤系统对NO3-N的去除效果最优,平均去除率高达96.1%.在定水头淹水和侧向补水方式下,系统对NO3-N的去除主要发生在土柱的上部,而交替淹水落干和定流速补水条件下,土柱中下部对NO3-N也有一定的去除作用.渗滤系统对NO3-N的去除主要取决于系统内部微生物的分布情况,土层中的反硝化细菌数量越大,该土层对NO3-N的去除率就越高.当水温在15~32℃范围内变化时,定水头淹水和交替淹水落干补水方式下,系统对NO3-N的去除率与温度分别呈指数和幂函数关系.该研究表明土地渗滤系统可实现再生水的进一步净化处理,可为再生水安全回补河湖提供参考. 相似文献