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1.
There is limited information on the effects of tillage practices on soil hydraulic properties, especially changes with time. The objective of this study was to evaluate on a long-term field experiment the influence of conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT) and no-tillage (NT) on the dynamics of soil hydraulic properties over 3 consecutive 16–18 month fallow periods. Surface measurements of soil dry bulk density ( ρb), soil hydraulic conductivity ( K( ψ)) at −14, −4, −1 and 0 cm pressure heads using a tension disc infiltrometer, and derived hydraulic parameters (pore size, number of pores per unit of area and water-transmission porosity) calculated using the Poiseuille's Law were taken on four different dates over the fallow period, namely, before and immediately after primary tillage, after post-tillage rains and at the end of fallow. Under consolidated structured soil conditions, NT plots presented the most compacted topsoil layer when compared with CT and RT. Soil hydraulic conductivity under NT was, for the entire range of pressure head applied, significantly lower ( P < 0.05) than that measured for CT and RT. However, NT showed the largest mean macropore size (0.99, 0.95 and 2.08 mm for CT, RT and NT, respectively; P < 0.05) but the significantly lowest number of water-conducting pores per unit area (74.1, 118.5 and 1.4 macropores per m 2 for CT, RT and NT, respectively; P < 0.05). Overall, water flow was mainly regulated by macropores even though they represented a small fraction of total soil porosity. No significant differences in hydraulic properties were found between CT and RT. In the short term, tillage operations significantly increased K ( P < 0.05) for the entire range of pressure head applied, which was likely a result of an increase in water-conducting mesopores despite a decrease in estimated mesopore diameter. Soil reconsolidation following post-tillage rains reduced K at a rate that increased with the intensity of the rainfall events. 相似文献
2.
Tillage management can affect crop growth by altering the pore size distribution, pore geometry and hydraulic properties of soil. In the present communication, the effect of different tillage management viz., conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT) and zero-tillage (ZT) and different crop rotations viz. [(soybean–wheat (S–W), soybean–lentil (S–L) and soybean–pea (S–P)] on pore size distribution and soil hydraulic conductivities [saturated hydraulic conductivity ( Ksat) and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity { k( h)}] of a sandy clay loam soil was studied after 4 years prior to the experiment. Soil cores were collected after 4 year of the experiment at an interval of 75 mm up to 300 mm soil depth for measuring soil bulk density, soil water retention constant ( b), pore size distribution, Ksat and k( h). Nine pressure levels (from 2 to 1500 kPa) were used to calculate pore size distribution and k( h). It was observed that b values at all the studied soil depths were higher under ZT than those observed under CT irrespective of the crop rotations. The values of soil bulk density observed under ZT were higher in 0–75 mm soil depth in all the crop rotations. But, among the crop rotations, soils under S–P and S–L rotations showed relatively lower bulk density values than S–W rotation. Average values of the volume fraction of total porosity with pores <7.5 μm in diameter (effective pores for retaining plant available water) were 0.557, 0.636 and 0.628 m 3 m −3 under CT, MT and ZT; and 0.592, 0.610 and 0.626 m 3 m −3 under S–W, S–L and S–P, respectively. In contrast, the average values of the volume fraction of total porosity with pores >150 μm in diameter (pores draining freely with gravity) were 0.124, 0.096 and 0.095 m 3 m −3 under CT, MT and ZT; and 0.110, 0.104 and 0.101 m 3 m −3 under S–W, S–L and S–P, respectively. Saturated hydraulic conductivity values in all the studied soil depths were significantly greater under ZT than those under CT (range from 300 to 344 mm day −1). The observed k( h) values at 0–75 mm soil depth under ZT were significantly higher than those computed under CT at all the suction levels, except at −10, −100 and −400 kPa suction. Among the crop rotations, S–P rotation recorded significantly higher k( h) values than those under S–W and S–L rotations up to −40 kPa suction. The interaction effects of tillage and crop rotations affecting the k( h) values were found significant at all the soil water suctions. Both S–L and S–P rotations resulted in better soil water retention and transmission properties under ZT. 相似文献
3.
Tillage management and manure application are among the important factors affecting soil physical properties and crop yield. A 2-year field experiment was conducted on a silty clay loam soil (fine-loamy, mixed, thermic Typic Haplargids). Effects of two tillage systems (moldboard plowing as conventional tillage ( T1) and disk harrowing as reduced tillage ( T2)) at three farmyard manure rates (zero ( M1), 30 ( M2), 60 ( M3) Mg ha −1) were studied on the soil physical properties and corn ( Zea mays L.) yield. The experiment was carried out in split block design with three replications. Organic matter (OM) content, bulk density (BD), saturated hydraulic conductivity ( KS), aggregate mean weight diameter (MWD) and dry biomass yield (DBY) were measured after harvesting in the second year. Manure application increased OM on both the row and inter-row tracks significantly. Manure application rate of 60 Mg ha −1 increased MWD (0.33, 0.40 and 0.75 mm for M1, M2 and M3, respectively) at the 0–5 cm soil layer, but the effect was not significant below 5 cm depth. Adding manure significantly decreased soil BD on the row tracks (1.39, 1.22 and 1.17 Mg m −3 for M1, M2 and M3 treatments, respectively), but did not have any significant effect on the inter-row tracks. Hydraulic conductivity was improved by manure applications both on the row and inter-row positions. Manure treatments M2 and M3 increased DBY compared to the M1 treatment. Although moldboard plowing increased the depth of root penetration significantly (43 cm for T1 and 30 cm for T2), the effect of tillage systems on yield and soil physical properties was not significant. 相似文献
4.
Soil erodibilty during concentrated flow ( Kc) and critical flow shear stress ( τcr), both reflecting the soil's resistance to erosion by concentrated runoff, are important input parameters in many physically-based soil erosion models. Field data on the spatial and temporal variability of these parameters is limited but crucial for accurate prediction of soil loss by rill or gully erosion. In this study, the temporal variations in Kc and τcr for a winter wheat field on a silt loam soil under three different tillage practices (conventional ploughing, CP; shallow non-inversion tillage, ST; deep non-inversion tillage, DT) in the Belgian Loess Belt were monitored during one growing season. Undisturbed topsoil samples (0.003 m 3) were taken every three weeks and subjected to five different flow shear stresses ( τ = 4–45 Pa) in a laboratory flume to simulate soil detachment by concentrated flow. To explain the observed variation, relevant soil and environmental parameters were measured at the time of sampling. Results indicated that after two years of conservation tillage, Kc(CP) > Kc(DT) > Kc(ST). Kc values can be up to 10 times smaller for ST compared to CP but differences strongly vary over time, with an increasing difference with decreasing soil moisture content. The beneficial effects of no-tillage are not reflected in τcr. Kc values vary from 0.006 to 0.05 sm −1 for CP and from 0.0008 to 0.01 sm −1 for ST over time. Temporal variations in Kc can be mainly explained by variations in soil moisture content but consolidation effects, root growth, residue decomposition and the presence of microbiotic soil crusts as well play a role. τcr values increase with increasing soil shear strength but Kc seems more appropriate to represent the temporal variability in soil erosion resistance during concentrated flow. The large intra-seasonal variations in Kc, which are shown to be at least equally important as differences between different soil types reported in literature, demonstrate the importance of incorporating temporal variability in soil erosion resistance when modelling soil erosion by concentrated flow. 相似文献
5.
The effects of conservation tillage (CT) systems on crop production and erosion control have been well documented, but limited information is available concerning the effects of different CT systems on the hydraulic properties of layered soils. The effects of three CT treatments: chisel (CH), no-tillage (NT) and till-plant (TP) as compared with conventional modlboard plowing (CN) were investigated on a Griswold silt loam soil (Typic Argiudoll), formed in loess overlaying glacial till. Hydraulic properties were determined in situ. In addition, hydraulic conductivity was determined in the laboratory where more detailed hydraulic conductivity changes were monitored for the lower soil moisture tension range near soil saturation. At or near saturation, there was no difference in hydraulic properties for all four tillage treatments. For example, mean saturated hydraulic conductivities (from laboratory determination) were 25.5, 25.1, 24.2 and 22.8 cm day−1 for CN, CH, TP and NT, respectively. However under unsaturated conditions, tillage treatments and soil layering (discontinuity between surface loess and glacial till beneath) affected hydraulic properties. In situ hydraulic conductivity (K) ranked CH>CN = NT = TP for the 0.32–0.33 m3 m−3 moisture content range. There were no differences in K for all treatments at other moisture ranges considered and at moisture contents 0.31 m3 m−3, in situ specific moisture capacity was, however, significantly lower in NT than in the other three treatments. Throughout the 20-day free drainage period for in situ K determination, the effect of layering is exhibited by the mean K values at the 50-cm depth being higher than those at 25 cm. There were negligible treatment-block interaction effects on the hydraulic properties as the soil became drier. Spatial variability in hydraulic properties was also noted for all treatments and soil depths considered. 相似文献
6.
The accurate determination of the wetting soil hydraulic properties for a wide range of water contents is essential for studying and predicting infiltration processes. We present a laboratory infiltration method for determining hydraulic conductivity function, K( θ), in the low-to-medium water content range. An initially air-dry soil core is subjected to infiltration from the bottom where the pressure head, ψbot, is controlled through a membrane. As soon as the wetting front arrives at the soil surface, the top 0.5-cm layer is sliced for measurement of the water content. The ψbot is stepwise increased as the hydraulic equilibrium is nearly attained at each step. The wetting water retention function, ψ( θ), is determined by curve-fitting the equilibrium inflow data and from the independently measured data obtained from vapor equilibrium. The parameter in the K( θ) is estimated inversely using the cumulative inflow and water content of the sliced layer. This method is verified through comparisons with K( θ) obtained by the Boltzmann transform method. Although requiring an additional operation, the slicing procedure is found to be valuable in enhancing the reliability of the optimized parameter. A sensitivity analysis shows that water vapor movement would be negligible under our experimental conditions. 相似文献
7.
Determining temporal changes in field-saturated hydraulic conductivity ( Kfs) is important for understanding and modeling hydrological phenomena at the field scale. Little is known about temporal variability of Kfs values measured at permanent sampling points. In this investigation, the simplified falling head (SFH) technique was used for an approximately 2-year period to determine temporal changes in Kfs at 11 permanent sampling points established at the surface of a sandy loam soil. Additional Kfs measurements were obtained by the single-ring pressure infiltrometer (PI) technique to also compare the SFH and PI techniques. The lowest mean values of Kfs, M( Kfs), were detected in December and January (20.5 ≤ M( Kfs) ≤ 146.2 mm h −1), whereas higher results (190.5 ≤ M( Kfs) ≤ 951.9 mm h −1) were obtained in the other months of the year. The Kfs values were higher and less variable in the dry soil ( θi ≤ 0.21 m 3 m −3, M( Kfs) = 340.6 mm h −1, CV( Kfs) = 106%) than in the wet one ( θi > 0.21 m 3 m −3, M( Kfs) = 78.4 mm h −1, CV( Kfs) = 185%). Both wet and dry soil were less conductive at the end of the study period than at the beginning one but a more appreciable change was detected for the dry soil ( Kfs decreasing by 83.4%) than for the wet one ( Kfs decreasing by 63.0%). The simple SFH technique yielded Kfs results similar to the more laborious and time-consuming PI technique (i.e., mean values differing at the most by a factor of two). It was concluded that (i) the soil water content was an important factor affecting the Kfs results obtained in a relatively coarse-textured soil, (ii) the impact of time from the beginning of the experiment on the saturated hydraulic conductivity was larger for a repeated sampling of dry soil than of wet soil and (iii) the SFH technique yielded reliable Kfs results in a relatively short period of time without the need for extensive instrumentation or analytical methodology. 相似文献
8.
A no-tillage system was imposed on a structurally degraded fine-textured soil (Humic Gleysol) that had been under continuous corn with moldboard tillage for more than 20 years. After 3 years of no-tillage, several soil structural properties were compared with the conventional tillage treatment to assess whether the soil structure had improved. No significant difference (P<0.05) was found between tillage treatments for the saturated hydraulic conductivity, porosity and penetration resistance in the surface 5 cm. Measurements of soil penetration resistance and in situ saturated hydraulic conductivity (Kwp) using the well permeameter method were sensitive to structural changes that had occurred at 5–20 cm depth. The Kwp at this depth was significantly greater in the moldboard treatment than in the no-tillage treatment. Resistance measurements indicated significantly greater soil strengths at 10–20 cm under no-tillage. Aggregate stabilities were assessed by wet sieving twice during the growing season. No-tillage resulted in larger soil aggregates, especially at the surface, compared with the moldboard tillage. These data suggest that degraded soils with low structural stability may initially suffer further deterioration with the elimination of tillage, owing to the loss or reduction of mechanically formed pores. 相似文献
9.
To evaluate the impact of management practices on the soil environment, it is necessary to quantify the modifications to the soil structure. Soil structure conditions were evaluated by characterizing porosity using a combination of mercury intrusion porosimetry, image analysis and micromorphological observations. Saturated hydraulic conductivity and aggregate stability were also analysed. In soils tilled by alternative tillage systems, like ripper subsoiling, the macroporosity was generally higher and homogeneously distributed through the profile while the conventional tillage systems, like the mouldboard ploughing, showed a significant reduction of porosity both in the surface layer (0–100 mm) and at the lower cultivation depth (400–500 mm). The higher macroporosity in soils under alternative tillage systems was due to a larger number of elongated transmission pores. Also, the microporosity within the aggregates, measured by mercury intrusion porosimetry, increased in the soil tilled by ripper subsoiling and disc harrow (minimum tillage). The resulting soil structure was more open and more homogeneous, thus allowing better water movement, as confirmed by the higher hydraulic conductivity in the soil tilled by ripper subsoiling. Aggregates were less stable in ploughed soils and this resulted in a more pronounced tendency to form surface crust compared with soils under minimum tillage and ripper subsoiling. The application of compost and manure improved the soil porosity and the soil aggregation. A better aggregation indicated that the addition of organic materials plays an important role in preventing soil crust formation. These results confirm that it is possible to adopt alternative tillage systems to prevent soil physical degradation and that the application of organic materials is essential to improve the soil structure quality. 相似文献
10.
The spatial variability of the saturated hydraulic conductivity ( Ks) of a greenhouse banana plantation volcanic soil was investigated with three different permeameters: (a) the Philip-Dunne field permeameter, an easy to implement and low cost device; (b) the Guelph field permeameter; (c) the constant head laboratory permeameter. Ks was measured on a 14×5 array of 2.5 m×5 m rectangles at 0.15 m depth using the above three methods. K s differences obtained with the different permeameters are explained in terms of flow dimensionality and elementary volume explored by the three methods. A sinusoidal spatial variation of Ks was coincident with the underlying alignment of banana plants on the field. This was explained in terms of soil disturbances, such as soil compaction, originated by management practices and tillage. Soil salinity showed some coincidence in space with the hydraulic conductivity, because of the irrigation system distribution, but a causal relationship between the two is however difficult to support. To discard the possibility of an artefact, the original 70 point mesh was doubled by intercalation of a second 14×5 grid, such that the laboratory Ks was finally determined on a 140 points 2.5 m×2.5 m square grid. Far from diluting such anisotropy this was further strengthened after inclusion of the new 70 points. The porosity ( φ) determined on the same laboratory cores shows a similar sigmoid trend, thus pointing towards a plausible explanation for such variability. A power-law relationship was found between saturated hydraulic conductivity and porosity, Ksφn ( r2=0.38), as stated by the Kozeny–Carman relation. A statistical reformulation of the Kozeny–Carman relation is proposed that both improved its predictability potential and allows comparisons between different representative volumes, or Ks data sets with different origin. Although the two-field methods: Guelph and Philip-Dunne, also follow a similar alignment trend, this is not so evident, suggesting that additional factors affect Ks measured in the field. Finally, geostatistical techniques such as cross correlograms estimation are used to further investigate this spatial dependence. 相似文献
11.
Over the last two decades, soil cultivation practices in the southern Argentinean Pampas have been changing from a 7 year cash-crop production system alternated with 2–3 years under pasture, to a continuous cropping system. A better understanding of the impact of the period of time a field has been under continuous cropping on a broad spectrum of soil properties related to soil quality is needed to target for sustainable cropping systems. The objectives of this study were to: (i) assess the relationship between physical and chemical soil parameters related to soil quality and (ii) identify soil quality indicators sensitive to soil changes under continuous cropping systems in the Argentinean Pampas. Correlation analysis of the 29 soil attributes representing soil physical and chemical properties (independent variables) and years of continuous cropping (dependent variable) resulted in a significant correlation (p < 0.05) in 78 of the 420 soil attribute pairs. We detected a clear relationship between hydraulic conductivity at tension h (Kh) and structural porosity (ρe); ρe being a simple tool for monitoring soil hydraulic conditions. Soil tillage practice (till or no-till) affected most of the soil parameters measured in our study. It was not possible to find only one indicator related to the years under continuous cropping regardless of the cultivation practice. We observed a significant relationship between years under continuous cropping and Kh under no-till (NT) and wheat fallow (p < 0.001, R2 = 0.70). Under these conditions, K−40 diminished as the number of years under continuous cropping increased. The change in mean weight diameter (CMWD) was the only physical parameter related to the number of years under continuous cropping, explaining 36% of the variability in the number of years under continuous cropping (p < 0.001) The combination of three soil quality indicators (CMWD, partial R2 = 0.38; slope of the soil water retention curve at its inflexion point (S), partial R2 = 0.14 and cation exchange capacity (CEC), partial R2 = 0.13) was able to explain, in part, the years under continuous cropping (R2 = 0.65; p value > 0.001), a measure related to soil quality. 相似文献
12.
Under semiarid Mediterranean climatic conditions, soils typically have low organic matter content and weak structure resulting in low infiltration rates. Aggregate stability is a quality indicator directly related to soil organic matter, which can be redistributed within soil by tillage. Long-term effects (1983–1996) of tillage systems on water stability of pre-wetted and air dried aggregates, soil organic carbon (SOC) stratification and crop production were studied in a Vertic Luvisol with a loam texture. Tillage treatments included conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT) and zero tillage (ZT) under winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and vetch ( Vicia sativa L.) rotation (W–V), and under continuous monoculture of winter wheat or winter barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) (CM). Aggregate stability of soil at a depth of 0–5 cm was much greater when 1–2 mm aggregates were vacuum wetted prior to sieving (83%) than when slaked (6%). However, slaking resulted in tillage effects that were consistent with changes in SOC. Aggregate stability of slaked aggregates was greater under ZT than under CT or MT in both crop rotations (i.e., 11% vs. 3%, respectively). SOC under ZT tended to accumulate in the surface soil layer (0–5 and 5–10 cm) at the expense of deeper ones. At depths of 10–20 and 20–30 cm no differences in SOC were encountered among tillage systems, but CT exhibited the highest concentration at 30–40 cm depth. Nevertheless, when comparisons were made on mass basis (Mg ha−1), significant differences in stocked SOC were observed at depths of 0–10 and 0–20 cm, where ZT had the highest SOC content in both rotations. The stock of SOC to a depth of 40 cm, averaged across crop rotations, was greater under ZT (43 Mg ha−1) than under CT (41 Mg ha−1) and MT (40 Mg ha−1) although these figures were not significantly different. Likewise, no significant differences were encountered in the stock of SOC to a depth of 40 cm among crop rotations (i.e., 42 Mg ha−1 for W–V vs. 40 Mg ha−1 for CM). Crop production with wheat–vetch and continuous cereal showed no differences among tillage systems. Yields were strongly limited by the environmental conditions, particularly the amount of rainfall received in the crop growth season and its distribution. Similar yield and improved soil properties under ZT suggests that it is a more sustainable system for the semiarid Mediterranean region of Spain. 相似文献
13.
Experiments were conducted in a soil bin to study the effect of amplitude and frequency of an oscillating tillage tool on fragmentation of Kharagpur sandy clay loam soil. It was observed that the maximum utilization of energy occurs at an oscillation frequency close to the natural frequency of the soil. Therefore, optimum values of frequency and amplitude of oscillation were determined on the basis of maximum clod surface produced per unit of energy input. The oscillating tillage tool produced smaller soil aggregates than a non-oscillating one. At a given amplitude of oscillations, increase in frequency above the natural frequency of soil did not increase soil break-up further. At any frequency, soil break-up increased with increase in amplitude. At a tool oscillation frequency equal to the natural frequency of soil the equation MWD = A0exp(− K0r), where MWD is the mean weight diameter of soil aggregates, r is the amplitude of the oscillations, A0 is MWD of soil aggregates produced by an identical rigid tool and K0 is a constant, described the data on soil break up adequately. 相似文献
14.
Long-term tillage and nitrogen (N) management practices can have a profound impact on soil properties and nutrient availability. A great deal of research evaluating tillage and N applications on soil chemical properties has been conducted with continuous corn ( Zea Mays L.) throughout the Midwest, but not on continuous grain sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). The objective of this experiment was to examine the long-term effects of tillage and nitrogen applications on soil physical and chemical properties at different depths after 23 years of continuous sorghum under no-till (NT) and conventional till (CT) (fall chisel-field cultivation prior to planting) systems. Ammonium nitrate (AN), urea, and a slow release form of urea were surface broadcast at rates of 34, 67, and 135 kg N ha −1. Soil samples were taken to a depth of 15 cm and separated into 2.5 cm increments. As a result of lime applied to the soil surface, soil pH in the NT and CT plots decreased with depth, ranging from 6.9 to 5.7 in the NT plots and from 6.5 to 5.9 in the CT plots. Bray-1 extractable P and NH 4OAc extractable K was 20 and 49 mg kg −1 higher, respectively, in the surface 2.5 cm of NT compared to CT. Extractable Ca was not greatly influenced by tillage but extractable Mg was higher for CT compared to NT below 2.5 cm. Organic carbon (OC) under NT was significantly higher in the surface 7.5 cm of soil compared to CT. Averaged across N rates, NT had 2.7 Mg ha −1 more C than CT in the surface 7.5 cm of soil. Bulk density ( Δb) of the CT was lower at 1.07 g cm −3 while Δb of NT plots was 1.13 g cm −3. This study demonstrated the effect tillage has on the distribution and concentration of certain chemical soil properties. 相似文献
15.
A better understanding of tillage effects on soil organic matter is vital for development of effective soil conservation practices. The objective of this research is to determine the effect of tillage and crop sequence on soil organic carbon (OC) and total nitrogen (TN) content in an irrigated southern Alberta soil. A field experiment was conducted using a split–split plot design from 1994 to 1998 in Alberta, Canada. There were two crop sequences (Sequence 1: spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)–sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris L.)–spring wheat–annual legume; and Sequence 2: spring wheat–spring wheat–annual legume–sugar beet) and two tillage practices (CT: conventional tillage and MT: minimum tillage). Surface soil under MT had significantly higher OC (30.1 Mg ha −1) content than under CT (28.3 Mg ha −1) after 4 years of treatment. The MT treatment retains crop residue at the soil surface, reduces soil erosion and slows organic matter decomposition, which are key factors in enhancing the soil fertility status of southern Alberta irrigated soils. 相似文献
16.
【目的】 良好的土壤物理和水力学性质是土壤肥力可持续的基础。研究黄土高原旱作农业区长期不同耕作、覆盖措施对土壤水气传输性质的影响,为黄土塬区可持续的农田管理提供参考。 【方法】 基于设在渭北旱塬始于2002年的田间定位试验,选取传统耕作 (CT)、传统耕作+秸秆覆盖 (TS)、传统耕作+地膜覆盖 (TP)、传统耕作+全膜覆盖 (TWP)、免耕 (NT)、免耕+秸秆覆盖 (NS)、免耕+地膜覆盖 (NP)、免耕+生草覆盖 (NG) 共8个处理。于2019年春玉米收获期采集剖面土样,对0—10、10—20、20—30和30—40 cm土层土壤质量含水量、容重、导气率、相对气体扩散率和饱和导水率进行测定与分析。 【结果】 与CT处理相比,TS处理显著增加了0—40 cm土壤平均质量含水量,降低了0—40 cm各层土壤导气率,增加了各层土壤相对气体扩散率,表层 (0—10 cm) 土壤饱和导水率显著降低了75.9%;TP处理收获期耕层 (0—20 cm) 土壤容重增加,土壤总孔隙度显著降低,在0—10 cm土层,土壤导气率显著提高了54.1%;TWP处理耕层土壤容重显著增加,土壤总孔隙度显著降低,剖面0—40 cm土壤导气率和饱和导水率分别平均增加了64.8%和111.2%,尤其是表层土壤导气率显著提高了99.5%。与NT处理相比,NS处理耕层土壤容重降低,总孔隙度增加,表层土壤质量含水量、相对气体扩散率和饱和导水率分别显著提高了14.8%、25.3%和446.4%;NP处理耕层土壤容重增加,总孔隙度降低,表层土壤质量含水量和饱和导水率分别显著增加3.5%和145.2%,土壤导气率显著降低33.7%;NG处理耕层土壤容重降低,总孔隙度增加,表层土壤质量含水量显著提高了11.3%,土壤相对气体扩散率显著降低了42.1%。相同覆盖条件下与传统耕作比较,免耕处理能够降低下层20—40 cm土壤容重,增加土壤总孔隙度,提高土壤持水性,虽然降低了表层0—10 cm土壤导气率,但提高了土壤相对气体扩散率和饱和导水率。 【结论】 免耕秸秆覆盖可降低耕层土壤容重,增加总孔隙度,并且显著提高耕层土壤相对气体扩散率和饱和导水率,增加下层土壤导气率,是免耕处理组中最佳处理。传统耕作全膜覆盖可提高耕层土壤导气率、相对气体扩散率和饱和导水率,是传统耕作组中最佳处理,可有效保持渭北旱塬良好的土壤水气传输能力。 相似文献
17.
A seven-year tillage trial was conducted in central New South Wales, Australia to measure the effect and extent of conservation tillage practices on soil physical and chemical properties. Three tillage treatments, traditional tillage (TT), reduced tillage (RT) and direct drilling (DD) were imposed on hardsetting red-brown earths at Cowra and Grenfell. A fourth treatment, direct drilling without grazing (NT) was imposed at Cowra only. At Cowra there was a significant trend of reduced total runoff in the DD and NT treatments but not in the RT treatment. Runoff significantly increased in the TT treatment. At Grenfell, runoff decreased in all treatments but only significantly in the DD and RT treatments. Similar trends in total sediment loss were measured at both sites. Associated physical measurements of saturated hydraulic conductivity, sorptivity and bulk density confirmed that the changes in runoff were due to the creation of macroporosity greater than 0.75 mm diameter. The relationship between macroporosity, organic carbon and aggregate stability is discussed. Conclusions were that in these soil types runoff and sediment loss were affected more by destruction of macroporosity due to cultivation than changes in organic carbon from residue retention. To achieve these soil improvements using conservation tillage a continuous cropping period of four years was necessary to obtain significant and consistent trends. Soil chemical data showed that total nitrogen increased with conservation tillage practices. Available phosphorus changes due to tillage were not observed because of more than adequate fertiliser applied. Soil pH decreased significantly in the DD and NT treatments at Cowra only. The implications of these chemical changes are discussed. 相似文献
18.
【目的】 生物炭被认为是一种能够提高土壤固碳能力、改善土壤结构和减缓全球气候变化的土壤改良剂。土壤孔隙结构直接影响土壤中水、气、热的运动,因此,研究长期施用生物炭对土壤孔隙结构特征的影响,以期为秸秆炭化还田提供理论依据。 【方法】 研究基于2013年建立的水稻秸秆炭化还田长期定位试验,选取在等氮磷钾条件下不施用生物炭 (C0)、施用低量生物炭 (1.5 t/hm2,C1.5)、高量生物炭 (3.0 t/hm2,C3.0)的 3个处理。利用X射线CT扫描和图像处理技术,分析了土壤孔隙结构参数,包括土壤孔隙度、土壤孔隙大小分布、孔隙连通性指数 (欧拉特征值)、各向异性、分形维数、最紧实层孔隙度和最紧实层平均孔隙直径等参数。 【结果】 C1.5和C3.0处理均能显著增加土壤有机碳含量和土壤总孔隙度,降低土壤容重,平均增加或降低比例分别为15.5%、10.5%和7.4%。C1.5与C3.0处理之间的总孔隙度没有显著差异,但孔隙大小分布存在差异。C1.5处理显著增加了大孔隙中当量孔径为100～500 μm和 > 500 μm的孔隙度,增幅分别为81.6%和275.3%,而C3.0处理显著降低了大孔隙中当量孔径100～500 μm的孔隙度,降幅为32.9%。C3.0处理当量孔径 < 25 μm的孔隙度显著大于C0处理和C1.5处理,增幅分别为13.8%和16.3%。C1.5处理的欧拉特征值最低,分形维数、最紧实层孔隙度和平均孔隙直径最大。各处理土壤孔隙的各向异性没有显著差异。 【结论】 长期施用水稻秸秆生物炭能够显著增加稻田土壤有机碳含量和总孔隙度,降低土壤容重。施用适量生物炭会增加土壤大孔隙度和土壤孔隙的连通性,但是过量施用生物炭可能会降低土壤大孔隙度和土壤孔隙的通气导水能力。炭化秸秆还田量与孔隙结构之间的定量关系还需深入研究。 相似文献
19.
A long-term experiment was conducted with the objective of selecting the appropriate land management treatments and to identify the key indicators of soil quality for dryland semi-arid tropical Alfisols. The experiment was conducted using a strip split–split plot design on an Alfisol (Typic Haplustalf) in southern India under sorghum ( Sorghum vulgare (L))-castor ( Ricinus communis (L)) bean rotation. The strip constituted two tillage treatments: conventional tillage (CT) and minimum tillage (MT); main plots were three residues treatments: sorghum stover (SS), gliricidia loppings (GL), ‘no’ residue (NR) and sub plots were four nitrogen levels: 0 (N 0), 30 (N 30), 60 (N 60), and 90 kg ha −1 (N 90). Soil samples were collected after the sixth and seventh year of experimentation and were analyzed for physical, chemical and biological parameters. Sustainable yield index (SYI) based on long-term yield data and soil quality index (SQI) using principal component analysis (PCA) and linear scoring functions were calculated. Application of gliricidia loppings proved superior to sorghum stover and no residue treatments in maintaining higher SQI values. Further, increasing N levels also helped in maintaining higher SQI. Among the 24 treatments, the SQI ranged from 0.90 to 1.27. The highest SQI was obtained in CTGLN 90 (1.27) followed by CTGLN 60 (1.19) and MTSSN 90 (1.18), while the lowest was under MTNRN 30 (0.90) followed by MTNRN 0 (0.94), indicating relatively less aggradative effects. The application of 90 kg N ha −1 under minimum tillage even without applying any residue (MTNRN 90) proved quite effective in maintaining soil quality index as high as 1.10. The key indicators, which contributed considerably towards SQI, were available N, K, S, microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and hydraulic conductivity (HC). On average, the order of relative contribution of these indicators towards SQI was: available N (32%), MBC (31%), available K (17%), HC (16%), and S (4%). Among the various treatments, CTGLN 90 not only had the highest SQI, but also the most promising from the viewpoint of sustainability, maintaining higher average yield levels under sorghum–castor rotation. From the view point of SYI, CT approach remained superior to MT. To maintain the yield as well as soil quality in Alfisols, primary tillage along with organic residue and nitrogen application are needed. 相似文献
20.
Long-term field experiments are among the best means to predict soil management impacts on soil carbon storage. Soil organic carbon (SOC) and natural abundance 13C ( δ13C) were sensitive to tillage, stover harvest, and nitrogen (N) management during 13 years of continuous corn ( Zea mays L.), grown on a Haplic Chernozem soil in Minnesota. Contents of SOC in the 0–15 cm layer in the annually-tilled [moldboard (MB) and chisel (CH)] plots decreased slightly with years of corn after a low input mixture of alfalfa ( Medicago sativum L.) and oat ( Avena sativa L.) for pasture; stover harvest had no effect. Storage of SOC in no-till (NT) plots with stover harvested remained nearly unchanged at 55 Mg ha −1 with time, while that with stover returned increased about 14%. The measured δ13C increased steadily with years of corn cropping in all treatments; the NT with stover return had the highest increase. The N fertilization effects on SOC and δ13C were most evident when stover was returned to NT plots. In the 15–30 cm depth, SOC storage decreased and δ13C values increased with years of corn cropping under NT, especially when stover was harvested. There was no consistent temporal trend in SOC storage and δ13C values in the 15–30 cm depth when plots received annual MB or CH tillage. The amount of available corn residue that was retained in SOC storage was influenced by all three management factors. Corn-derived SOC in the 0–15 cm and the 15–30 cm layers of the NT system combined was largest with 200 kg N ha −1 and no stover harvest. The MB and CH tillage systems did not influence soil storage of corn-derived SOC in either the 0–15 or 15–30 cm layers. The corn-derived SOC as a fraction of SOC after 13 years fell into three ranges: 0.05 for the NT with stover harvested, 0.15 for the NT with no stover harvest, and 0.09–0.10 for treatments with annual tillage; N rate had no effect on this fraction. Corn-derived SOC expressed as a fraction of C returned was positively biased when C returned in the roots was estimated from recovery of root biomass. The half-life for decomposition of the original or relic SOC was longer when stover was returned, shortened when stover was harvested and N applied, and sharply lengthened when stover was not harvested and N was partially mixed with the stover. Separating SOC storage into relic and current crop sources has significantly improved our understanding of the main and interacting effects of tillage, crop residue, and N fertilization for managing SOC accumulation in soil. 相似文献
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