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1.
Exposure of Israeli agricultural spray pilots and ground crews to parathion was studied. Measurements were made with personal samplers contianing wet midget impingers; samples were analyzed by gas chromatography. Cockpit air exposure levels during 11-21-minute sampling periods for 12 flights ranged from nearly 0 to 430 microgram/m3. During sampling periods of 30 minutes to 4 hours the threshold limit value (TLV) of 100 microgram/m3 was exceeded in 2 of 19 instances. In seven measurements of ground crew exposures, TLV was not exceeded. Air washing with parathion resulted in airborne contamination of the ground level area at more than three times the TLV. Skin exposure data suggested that this route of exposure was significant for ground crew workers but not for pilots. Calculations based on the present data and standard absorption formula suggested that total daily intake for ground crew, but not for pilots, exceeded the Accepted Daily Intake (ADI) of 5 microgram/kg body weight. Sources of exposure and contamination for ground crew and pilots were identified. Recommended environmental control measures for parathion exposure should include cockpit air filtration, modification in flight patterns, paving landing areas, installation of hosing and drainage, NaOH neutralization point, and separate loading and unloading sites. Personal control measures were suggested as a supplement.  相似文献   

2.
Perfusion of 14C-(ring)-parathion or 14C-(ring)-paraoxon with blood through isolated, intact rat livers resulted in the rapid degradation of these insecticides. Degradation was negligible in the absence of rat liver (controls), thus demonstrating the capacity of the liver per se to effectively degrade these compounds. Of the total radiocarbon recovered after liver perfusion with [14C]parathion, 33 % could be attributed to unchanged [14C]parathion (similarly distributed between the liver and the blood) while 67.9 % was degraded to water soluble compounds and 2.5% was converted to organic soluble paraoxon and traces of p-nitrophenol. Nearly all of the [14C]paraoxon, however, was degraded by the intact rat liver, resulting in water soluble products that amounted to 98.5% of the total radiocarbon recovered. Unexplained losses of radiocarbon with the perfusion apparatus used were lower in the presence of rat liver which degraded the insecticides to more water soluble compounds. The water soluble degradation products produced from [14C]parathion and [14C]paraoxon were non-toxic to mosquito larvae (Aedes aegypti L.). These ring-labelled products were found to be conjugated p-nito-phenol. Nearly all of the water soluble radiocarbon was located in the perfused blood, while only small amounts (1.8 to 3.0% of recovered) were excreted via the bile or were associated with the liver tissue (1.3 to 1.8 % of recovered).  相似文献   

3.
The earthworm, Eisenia foetida, eliminated parathion and carbofuran at first order rates when continually rinsed in water after treatment with the pesticides. This experiment was also carried out on Lumbricus rubellus for comparison. Carbofuran which is more soluble in water, was eliminated quicker than parathion. The later rate of elimination was very similar for the two species, but immediately after injection the rate was much higher in E. foetida. The metabolism of 1-ethyl14C labelled parathion and paraoxon (diethyl 4-nitrophenyl phosphate) was studied in E. foetida. The worm was able to convert parathion to paraoxon by a rather slow process although this metabolite could not be detected in the worms due to its rapid transformation to diethyl hydrogen phosphate. Indirectly, paraoxon can be postulated as a parathion metabolite because of a progressive depression of cholinesterase level observed after treatment with parathion. Small amounts of diethyl hydrogen phosphate were detected as a metabolite of parathion; this is also an indication of paraoxon formation. During the 30 h following injection of parathion, only 4.4% of the applied dose was recovered as water-soluble metabolites (2.8% in the worms and 1.6% in the sand surrounding them), while 52% was recovered as unmetabolised parathion. Because of inefficient injection, only 70-59% of the dose thought to be injected was recovered. Therefore the part of the actual applied dose that remained unmetabolised was probably even greater (88%). Five days after injection of parathion, 15 and 9.3 % of the recovered radioactivity in the surrounding sand and in the worm extracts, respectively, was identified as O,O-diethyl O-hydrogen phosphorothioate, 3.7 and 7.0% as diethyl hydrogen phosphate, 8.8 and 3.3% as O-ethyl O-4-nitrophenyl O-hydrogen phosphorothioate (desethylparathion) and/or O-4-aminophenyl O,O-diethyl phosphorothioate, while 70.3 and 80.4% was unmetabolised parathion. Paraoxon was very quickly hydrolysed to diethyl hydrogen phosphate in vivo and in vitro. The in-vitro hydrolysis was associated with a microsomal fraction and was not inhibited by ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid or 4-(chloromercuri)benzoic acid, and incompletely by aldicarb. Cholinesterase and arylesterase were therefore excluded as enzymes responsible for the activity.  相似文献   

4.
The effect of several subtoxic doses of parathion on water intake was studied in conscious rats with centrally induced thirst. A potent and long-lasting antidipsogenic effect was obtained when single doses ranging from 100 to 600 μg of parathion/100 g body wt were ip given to rats in which thirst was induced either by 24 hr water deprivation or sc injection of hypertonic NaCl solution. A significant thirst inhibition was also obtained when paraoxon or dichlorvos (DDVP) was given. The antidipsogenic effect was prevented by the previous administration of diacetylmonoxime (DAM), an acetylcholinesterase reactivator, but not prevented by pralidoxime (2-PAM), another reactivator that is unable to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Thirst inhibition induced by parathion administration was also prevented when muscarinic cholinergic blockers were previously given, such as atropine sulfate. Acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) was not inhibited on either blood or hypothalamic tissue with the different doses of parathion given. Locomotor activity and emotionality also remained unaltered. The results obtained indicate that the antidipsogenic effect of the organophosphorus pesticide is centrally produced by stimulation of muscarinic cholinergic pathways.  相似文献   

5.
The effect of a single low dose of parathion on renal water and electrolyte excretion was studied in anesthetized mongrel dogs. Sodium excretion significantly increased 20 min after iv administration of 1.5 μg parathion/kg body wt, while urine output slightly increased and potassium excretion significantly decreased. No change was observed in glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow, filtration fraction, and plasma sodium concentration. Respiratory frequency, heart rate, and arterial blood pressure remained unchanged throughout the experiments. With the doses used, no inhibition of acetylcholinesterase in red blood cells or renal tissues was found. The administration of a single dose of 1 μg atropine sulfate/kg body wt iv had no effect in all the parameters measured but was able to completely block the natriuretic effect of parathion when given ten minutes prior to parathion. Since the dose used showed no inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase, it is unlikely that the natriuretic effect of parathion could be due to changes in enzyme activity but rather to conformational changes in tubular membranes altering sodium reabsorption.  相似文献   

6.
Factors involved in insecticide resistance were evaluated by using 14C-labeled methyl parathion and aldrin to compare rates of absorption and metabolism by Heliothis virescens (F.) larvae that were resistant (R) and susceptible (S) to methyl parathion. Tests with third-stage R and S larvae suggested that the rate of insecticide absorption from the cuticular surface was not a major resistance factor. Further evidence for this assumption was demonstrated by the resistance of R larvae to injected and orally administered doses of methyl parathion. Smaller amounts of unmetabolized methyl parathion and aldrin were recovered from S larvae, an indication that differences in metabolism were probably related to the resistance.  相似文献   

7.
Phosphorothionate and phosphate degradation was investigated as a factor which could influence the tolerance of organochlorine compound-resistant and susceptible mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) to parathion and methyl parathion. The greater toxicity of methyl parathion than parathion can be attributed in part to a higher rate of degradation of methyl paraoxon than paraoxon (7-fold), but not to any difference in phosphorothionate dearylation. Resistant fish possess higher levels of microsomal mixed-function oxidases which can degrade methyl parathion (1.3-fold); these higher levels could contribute to the increased methyl parathion tolerance by this population over the susceptible population. Environmentally induced tolerance to parathion in the resistant population may be the result of increased levels of parathion degradation by induced mixed-function oxidases which can dearylate parathion. The increased tolerance of either insecticide by the resistant population is not caused by degradation of the phosphates by phosphotriesterases.  相似文献   

8.
一硫代磷酸酯类杀虫剂的微生物降解   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3  
在纯培养条件下测定了分离株 YF0 5对对硫磷等一硫代磷酸酯类杀虫剂的降解作用。在接种量 (OD4 15nm)为 0.2、pH7.0、30℃条件下 ,测得 10、25、50、100、200、500 mg/L对硫磷的降解符合一级动力学特征 ,其降解速率常数分别为 0.077、0.123、0.128、0.119、0.084、0 .013,高浓度对硫磷对 YF05菌有抑制作用 ;分离株 YF05在不同温度及 pH下对对硫磷的降解作用为 40℃ >30℃ >20℃ ,pH8.0 >pH7.0 >pH6 .0。同样条件下 ,YF05对杀螟硫磷和甲基对硫磷也有较好的降解作用 ,对甲基对硫磷的降解速率常数与对硫磷相仿 ,对杀螟硫磷的降解速率常数略高于对硫磷。  相似文献   

9.
为筛选出最佳清洗方法,提高芹菜的食用安全性,采用正交试验设计,研究了自来水、食盐、食醋、小苏打和果蔬清洗剂对田间芹菜样品 (以下简称田间样品) 及实验室模拟芹菜样品 (以下简称实验室模拟样品) 中吡虫啉残留的去除效果。结果表明:各种清洗方式对田间样品及实验室模拟样品中吡虫啉残留均有一定的去除作用。其中,田间样品去除率分别为自来水18%~46%、食盐溶液42%~75%、食醋溶液39%~68%、小苏打溶液14%~42%和果蔬清洗剂溶液29%~75%,去除能力由高到低依次为食盐溶液 = 果蔬清洗剂溶液 > 食醋溶液 > 自来水 > 小苏打溶液。实验室模拟样品去除率分别为自来水35%~63%、食盐溶液13%~31%、食醋溶液23%~42%、小苏打溶液13%~40%和果蔬清洗剂溶液25%~44%,去除能力由高到低依次为自来水 > 果蔬清洗剂溶液 > 食醋溶液 > 小苏打溶液 > 食盐溶液。以去除率为评价依据,清洗液的清洗时间、温度、质量分数和浸泡次数对去除率均有不同程度的影响。研究结果对于去除芹菜等蔬菜中吡虫啉残留,降低膳食摄入风险,具有一定指导意义。  相似文献   

10.
The ingestion and excretion of sublethal doses of phosfolan, monocrotophos, parathion, and leptophos were studied in larvae of the Egyptian cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis Boisd. Styropor (foamed polystyrene) lamellae treated with insecticide-sucrose mixtures were fed to the larvae and recovery of the undecomposed insecticides from the feces could be estimated by gas-liquid chromatography, without any cleanup of the sample. The insecticidal residues on Styropor were found to be stable for 5 days.As regards the percentage of insecticide recovered from the feces, two groups could be distinguished: (a) leptophos, practically complete; parathion, 59–67%; b) phosfolan, 10–23%; monocrotophos, 4–7%. A tentative hypothesis was advanced that both oral toxicity of the four compounds for S. littoralis larvae and their subsequent recovery in the feces were related to water solubility.  相似文献   

11.
Thirty-week-old female bobwhite quail (Colinus virgininus), maintained at 26 ± 1°C, were provided diets containing 0,25, or 100 ppm parathion ad libitum. After 10 days, birds were exposed to mild cold (6 ± 1°C) for 4, 8, 12, 24, or 48 hr. Brain acetylcholinesterase activity was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner in birds receiving 25 and 100 ppm parathion. Body weight, egg production, and plasma luteinizing hormone and progesterone concentrations were reduced in birds receiving 100 ppm parathion compared with other groups. Cold exposure did not alter plasma corticosterone levels in the 0- and 25-ppm parathion groups, but a two- to fivefold elevation of plasma corticosterone was observed in birds fed 100 ppm parathion. These findings indicate that (i) short-term ingestion of parathion can impair reproduction possibly by altering gonadotropin or steroid secretion, and (ii) tolerance to cold may be reduced following ingestion of this organophosphate.  相似文献   

12.
Parathion was applied to peach trees in three different formulations 70 days before harvest. Leaf samples were taken periodically through the 70-day period and gas-liquid chromatographic analyses were conducted for dislodgable and penetrated residues. Analyses were also conducted for paraoxon and the s-ethyl isomer of parathion. Punched samples were compared to whole-leaf samples; generally residue levels for both types corresponded closely. A new experimental formulation, encapsulated parathion, produced highest levels of total parathion throughout the 70-day study, but even this formulation resulted in low total residue levels around 1 ppm at time of harvest. Degradation of the s-ethyl isomer of parathion was generally very rapid in all formulations studied. Dislodgable residues of paraoxon may be significant in some formulations and should be included in parathion degradation studies. Much of the parathion found on peach leaves throughout the growing season was dislodgable residue, but this depended considerably on the formulation used.  相似文献   

13.
选用辛硫磷、对硫磷、敌敌畏和氧乐果4种有机磷类杀虫剂以及灭多威和甲萘威两种氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂分别以1∶1、1∶3和3∶1的比例混用,以棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera为试虫,分别测得单剂和混剂对其乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)和羧酸酯酶(CarE)的抑制中浓度(I50),以联合抑制系数作为增效作用的参考指标进行了比较。研究发现,两种药剂不同配比的混剂对同种酯酶的联合抑制作用也往往不同。对AChE和CarE同时具有抑制作用的只有其中的对硫磷＋甲萘威(1∶3)、辛硫磷+对硫磷(1∶3)和灭多威+氧乐果(1∶3),而甲萘威+敌敌畏(1∶3)、甲萘威＋氧乐果(1∶1)、辛硫磷+甲萘威(1∶1)、对硫磷+氧乐果(1∶1)、对硫磷+氧乐果(1∶3)、敌敌畏+氧乐果(1∶3)、灭多威+对硫磷(1∶1) 7种混剂对AChE和CarE都具有拮抗作用。  相似文献   

14.
Effects of ambient temperature on the acute oral toxicity of parathion were investigated in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) maintained at thermoneutral temperature (26°C) or exposed to elevated (37°C) or reduced (4°C) temperatures commonly encountered by free-ranging wild birds. Based upon estimates of the median lethal dosage, there was up to a twofold enhancement of parathion toxicity in birds chronically exposed to heat or cold. Twenty-four hours after administration of a low dosage (4 mg/kg body wt, po), there was markedly greater cholinesterase inhibition in surviving heat-exposed quail compared with those reared at 26°C (e.g., brain acetylcholinesterase depression of 42% versus 12%). There were no differences in hepatic activities of parathion oxidase, paraoxonase, or paraoxon deethylase which could account for greater toxicity to chronically heat-exposed birds. In contrast, 4 mg parathion/kg wt elicited less plasma cholinesterase inhibition in cold-exposed quail compared to thermoneutral controls (e.g., <10% versus 48% depression after 24 hr). Increased liver weight and a doubling of paraoxonase activity may have been associated with greater tolerance to sublethal doses of parathion in chronically cold-exposed quail. These findings, together with limited field observations, indicate that the hazard associated with anticholinesterase exposure of wild birds is substantially influenced by environmental temperature.  相似文献   

15.
Several glutathione S-transferases which catalyze the conjugation of reduced glutathione with organophosphorus triesters were separated from fat bodies of adult female American cockroaches, Periplaneta americana (L.). Two transferases (I, V) were active on diazinon and three transferases (II, III, IV) were active on methyl parathion. The transferase (I) active on the pyrimidinyl moiety of diazinon was distinguishable from the other transferases on the O-methyl portion of methyl parathion, as shown by chromatographic properties, and additionally it was almost inactive or less active on 3,4-dichloronitrobenzene, methyl iodide, p-nitrobenzyl chloride, trans-cinnamaldehyde, and 1,2-epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)propane. Transferase II had high activities with “aryl” and “aralkyl” compounds, transferase III with “epoxide” and “alkene,” and transferase IV with “alkyl,” “aryl,” and “aralkyl” compounds. This indicated that the transferases had overlapping substrate specificities. The molecular weight was 35,000–37,000 for both of the enzymes active on methyl parathion and diazinon. The pH optima with methyl parathion and diazinon were about 8.5 and 6.5, respectively. At a glutathione concentration of 5 mM, Michaelis constants were 0.28 and 0.13 mM for methyl parathion and diazinon, respectively.  相似文献   

16.
Samenvatting In laboratoriumproeven werd aangetoond dat een zeer groot gedeelte van de larven van de parasiet van de appelbladmineerder door een behandeling met parathion in de bladmijnen gedood wordt (Tabel 1). Met triamifos en captan werd ten opzichte van de behandelingen met water een iets hogere sterfte waargenomen; dit verschil was evenwel wiskundig niet betrouwbaar. In het najaar bleek de dodende werking van parathion met het verloop van de tijd enigszins af te nemen. De oorzaak hiervan moet gezocht worden in een invloed van de lagere temperatuur of in het in diapauze gaan van de larven.  相似文献   

17.
以被苯醚甲环唑、多菌灵及烯酰吗啉污染的铁皮石斛为研究对象,采用乙腈提取,固相分散法净化,高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪分析了3种农药在铁皮石斛鲜条及栽培基质中的残留消解动态,并检测了不同水洗时间、不同溶液浓度（氯化钠和碳酸氢钠）条件下农药残留的去除情况,通过响应面方法确定了农药最佳去除方法。结果表明:3种常用农药在不同添加水平下的回收率为78.5%~106%,相对标准偏差（RSD）为0.7%~4.5%,满足农药残留检测要求;田间试验采用推荐剂量和两倍推荐剂量处理,苯醚甲环唑在铁皮石斛鲜条和基质中的半衰期分别为3.8~3.9 d和4.1~5.6 d;多菌灵的半衰期分别为2.6 d和2.8~3.1 d;烯酰吗啉的半衰期分别为2.8~2.9 d和3.6~5.1 d。响应面法结果显示:经质量分数为5.49%的氯化钠和1.27%的碳酸氢钠混合溶液浸泡5 min后再用清水冲洗45 min,残留的苯醚甲环唑去除率最高;用5.34%的氯化钠和1.22%的碳酸氢钠混合溶液浸泡5 min后再用清水冲洗45 min,多菌灵的去除率最高;而用2.07%的氯化钠和0.80%的碳酸氢钠混合溶液浸泡5 min后再用清水冲洗59 min,烯酰吗啉的去除率最高。本研究可为铁皮石斛质量安全评价体系的建立提供基础数据。  相似文献   

18.
Adult male Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix) were exposed to DDE or chlordane in the diet and subsequently dosed with parathion or paraoxon. Pretreatment with 5 or 50 ppm DDE in the diet for 12 weeks resulted in increased cholinesterase (ChE) activity in plasma, but not in the brain. Dietary concentrations of 5 and 50 ppm DDE caused increased susceptibility of quail that were challenged with parathion or paraoxon. The increased mortality resulting from DDE pretreatment was reflected in brain ChE inhibition. The synergistic action of DDE was apparent after 3 days of exposure to 50 ppm DDE and 1 week of exposure to 5 ppm DDE. Birds exposed for 3 weeks to 5 or 50 ppm DDE retained their DDE-potentiated sensitivity to parathion after 2 weeks on clean diet. Chlordane pretreatment resulted in decreased susceptibility (antagonism) to parathion, but not to paraoxon dosage. Implications of differing responses in ChE and mortality among controls, DDE-, and chlordane-pretreated birds after parathion or paraoxon dosage are discussed.  相似文献   

19.
Changes in glucose metabolism were studied in hepatopancreas and gill of freshwater mussel, Lamellidens marginalis, exposed to a sublethal concentration (8 ppm) of methyl parathion. A slight decrease in glycogen and pyruvate and an increase in lactate levels were observed. An increase in phosphorylase and aldolase suggested increased formation of trioses during methyl parathion toxicity. The decrease in lactate dehydrogenase activity and increase in lactate content indicated reduced mobilization of pyruvate into the citric acid cycle. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was increased, suggesting enhanced oxidation of glucose by the HMP shunt pathway. Citric acid cycle enzymes such as isocitrate, succinate, and malate dehydrogenases were found to be decreased, suggesting abnormality in mitochondrial oxidative metabolism as a consequence of methyl parathion toxicity. The decreased cytochrome c oxidase and Mg2+-ATPase, apart from citric acid cycle enzymes, indicated impaired energy synthesis as a result of reduced aerobic oxidation of glycose. The increase in acid and alkaline phosphatase activities suggested enhanced breakdown of phosphate to release energy in view of inhibition of the ATPase system during methyl parathion stress. The changes were more pronounced in hepatopancreas as compared to gill of mussel exposed to methyl parathion.  相似文献   

20.
Carbaryl, chlorfenvinphos, diazinon, disulfoton, parathion, phorate, fenitrothion, thionazin and trichlorphon were tested for their effectiveness in killing wireworms by broadcast treatments. Each insecticide was tested once or more in two field trials cropped with wheat and two cropped with potatoes. Phorate and parathion were very lethal to wireworms at 4 Ib active ingredient per acre (4–48 kg/ha). Thionazin and diazinon were intermediate in effectiveness and the other insecticides ineffective.  相似文献   

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