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1.
玉米丝黑穗病菌侵染条件与栽培防病措施的研究   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  
玉米丝黑穗病菌侵染寄主的适宜土壤温度范围为20～30℃,最高限点为35℃,最低为10℃左右。播种期与发病关系决定于种子发芽、幼苗生长速度与病菌侵染机会的多少。在吉林省的气象条件下,适期播种发病率高,早播和晚播的病株率较低。催芽播种和育苗移栽能减轻为害。种子带菌虽可传病,但侵染率不高。土壤带菌是主要传病途径。厚垣孢子在土壤中可存活三年。土壤微生物的拮抗作用是病菌丧失致病力的原因之一。此外,植物幼芽与幼根的渗出物促进厚垣孢子萌发,如遇不到寄主则丧失生命力。实行三年以上轮作及连续拔除病株是有效的栽培防病措施。  相似文献   

2.
百合疫病病原菌的鉴定及培养基的筛选   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文
从具典型症状的新鲜百合疫病植株茎基部病组织中分离到百合疫霉菌,根据其病原菌菌丝的形态、菌落特征,厚垣孢子、游动孢子囊和卵孢子的形态和大小,以及病原菌致病性测定,该病原菌鉴定为烟草疫霉Phytophthora nicotianae van Brede de Haan.供试的16种培养基中,病原菌在胡萝卜琼脂培养基(CaA)和辣椒琼脂培养基(PeA)上生长最好,生长速率分别为1.771和1.770mm/h.在常规培养条件下,病原菌不易产生厚垣孢子、游动孢子囊和卵孢子,在低温、皮氏溶液和土壤浸出液中分别诱导产生出大量厚垣孢子、游动孢子囊和卵孢子.  相似文献   

3.
稻粒黑粉病(病原菌 Neovossia horrida(TaR.)Padw.et A.)是真菌性以担孢子在水稻花期侵染为害谷粒的一种病害。以厚垣孢子在土壤或种子内外越冬。在多雨的气候条件下,先由厚垣孢子萌发菌丝,再从这些菌丝上生成担孢子而扩散传播为害。厚垣孢子为橄榄色,受害的稻谷为暗褐色。一、发生与危害征状据我县双季晚稻田间和室内调查,主要发病品种有籼稻杂交双晚协优64;粳稻徽粳804和当选晚2号等。平均发病粒率0.57%,最高1.45%,最低0.006%。稻粒受害的征状表  相似文献   

4.
三七黑斑病的综合防治研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
 "三七黑斑病"在云南省文山州各县,广西省靖西等县三七产区,普遍发生,一般发病率为20~35%,严重达90%以上,是造成三七产量和种子大幅度减产的主要原因。经鉴定该病系Alternaria panax Whetz侵染所致,是我国三七生产上的一种新病害。
本病原菌能在病残体中越冬,成为第二年主要初次侵染源。孢子发芽适温为18~24℃,在温度18℃和相对湿度80%接种,潜育期为5~7天,在温度20℃和相对湿度90%以上,潜育期相应缩短。
该病于3月三七出苗发生。高温多湿雨季蔓延快,为害重。
采取综合防治:加强田间管理,及时清除发病中心病株,喷退菌特、代森铵、代森锌、百菌清、炭疽福镁等农药,有显著防效。  相似文献   

5.
稻叶黑粉病是由担子菌Entyloma oryzae侵染水稻叶片或叶鞘引起的真菌病害，但对病原菌与寄主互作的细胞学机制一直缺少了解。本文对采自田间自然发病叶片上的病斑进行了初步的细胞学分析，结果发现，病原菌侵染后，寄主病斑部位的表皮细胞外部形态基本保持完整；病原菌主要在寄主叶肉细胞部位产生大量的厚垣孢子并逐渐取代叶肉细胞；病原菌菌丝在寄主胞外扩展，未见其穿透寄主细胞壁进入细胞内，也没有产生典型的真菌吸器。靠近病原菌菌丝的寄主各种细胞内的细胞器均发生降解，降解产生的脂类物质凝聚成了体积较大的脂质球。寄主维管束组织的细胞壁一直保持完整，未发现病原菌菌丝进入维管束，病原菌菌丝和孢子被限制在寄主相邻两个维管束之间。在发病后期，由于寄主叶片表皮结构整体性破坏导致大量细菌进入，加速了叶片的衰老死亡。本研究结果表明，稻叶黑粉病菌的侵染模式为胞外侵染，类似于活体营养真菌；但病原菌的侵染导致附近寄主细胞降解死亡，类似于腐生营养真菌。  相似文献   

6.
玉蜀黍赤霉对小麦品种致病力的测定方法和致病力的分化   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  
 玉蜀黍赤霉[Gibberella zeae(Schw) Petch]的子囊孢子、分生孢子和菌丝体对麦穗的致病力相同。以1-2个子囊孢子或分生孢子接种麦穗即能引起穗腐,将孢子的接种量增加到10个以上,侵染效率也能达100%。菌丝体接种的侵染速度要比孢子快。小麦扬花期离体接种小穗,记载病原菌侵入小穗轴和主穗轴的程度,是鉴定小麦品种抗扩展的可靠方法。
根据对在小麦感病品种矮秆早或抗病品种苏麦三号小穗接种测定的结果,全国各地具有代表性的56个菌株的致病力强弱不同。从强菌株F69分离到的37个单子囊孢子菌株其致病力有显著差异,但致病力的强弱不稳定。从同一个子囊分离到的单子囊孢子菌株,它们的致病力也有分化。菌株的致病力虽然有不稳定性,但不同品种的抗性还是明显的。试验证明玉蜀黍赤霉是同宗配合的,因此关于它的变异问题有待从各个方面进行深入研究。  相似文献   

7.
 在土壤中存活的病原菌,能凭借土壤水分的扩散作用而被动地移动,在试验室的条件下,最远可横向移动15厘米,在田间的自然条件下,可移动20厘米,但是在土壤下层的病原菌,不能向土面移动。
在土壤中的病原菌,有可能被中耕除草,特别是培土起垄等栽培措施,将土壤中的病原菌,翻到土壤表面,直接接触或被雨水溅泼到寄主植株的下部叶片,在有水滴的情况下,侵入并形成数量较多的中心病株。
据理推测:这种初侵染途径的可能性,是不容忽视的。  相似文献   

8.
 把豇豆单孢锈菌(Uromyces phaseoli var.vignae)侵染豇豆(Vigna sesquipdalis)的整个夏孢子世代区分为孢子、芽管、附着胞、气孔下泡囊、菌丝、定殖和孢子堆等七个阶段。在自然条件下,利用豇豆单孢锈菌侵染豇豆幼苗叶片世代发育过程的试验结果,编制了其生命表和繁殖表,计算结果表明:其最大相对增长率rmax=0.68(天-1),平均世代时间Tg=1.31(天),净殖率Ro=7097(个)。
本文还根据真菌生活史有别于昆虫这一事实,通过修改Morris-Watt模型,初步描述了一种计算真菌种群趋势指数的方法。  相似文献   

9.
稻曲病菌越冬厚垣孢子萌发力及其侵染力的研究   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  
通过3年系统测定试验,稻曲病菌越冬厚垣孢子在室内和水泥池的土中可以存活5—6月。在种植油菜、苕子、蚕豆、小麦的露天水泥池中,越冬的厚垣孢子均有萌发力。在油菜、苕子、小麦3种越冬作物大田土中越冬的厚垣孢子的萌发率以油菜田最高,为2.04‰。越冬后种子上的厚垣孢子数量大,萌发率可达0.4％—2.97％。稻茬中越冬的厚垣孢子和在3cm浅土中的厚垣孢子,其萌发率分别较冬闲田或冬作田土中和15cm深土中高。越冬厚垣孢子可以侵染早稻的种子、芽鞘、苗叶和苗根,并引起穗期发病。用水泥池内和种子上越冬的厚垣孢子液注射稻穗和涂抹穗苞均可致病。在上年发病的水泥池栽种水稻亦能引起发病。  相似文献   

10.
玉米丝黑穗病防治研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
玉米丝黑穗病是白城地区的重要病害,一般发病率为3—5%,重者高达30%以上,是生产上急待解决的问题。其症状以正常型为主,有时出现矮化型、矮化丛生型和多分蘖型等特异症状。病株以雌穗为黑穗、雄穗为健穗及雌雄穗皆为黑穗者居多。病穗上自然脱落的厚垣孢子萌发率高,病穗内的萌发率明显降低。此病为系统侵染病害,种子及土壤均可带菌传病,以土壤带菌为主,属土传病害。厚垣孢子在土壤里能存活三年,土壤带菌量越多,菌土覆盖种子越厚,发病率越高。丝黑穗病菌侵染玉米幼苗时间较长,从种子萌芽到四叶期最易侵染,五叶期后,侵染明显下降,八叶期后不再侵染。在幼苗叶片上接菌不能侵染致病。玉米丝黑穗病菌不能侵染高梁。高梁丝黑穗病菌能侵染玉米,但侵染率甚低。侵染玉米后的病菌,不再侵染高梁,只侵染玉米,且致病力明显增强。两菌是同一菌种的不同生理型。用来自九个省、市的丝黑穗病菌接种于不同抗性的自交系鉴定寄主,其致病力不同,陕西和新疆的致病力弱,辽宁和吉林的致病力强。在田间人工接种条件下,鉴定了二百余份自交系和杂交种的抗病性,品种间有明显差异,高抗的近于免疫,高感的发病率在90%以上。抗病性遗传规律表现为双亲高抗的,其后代亦抗,以母本的抗病性起主导作用。选百余种农药处理种子,筛选结果:个别药剂防效有高达70%以上者,但年度间效果不稳定,多数药效稳定在50%左右。  相似文献   

11.
The effectiveness of various methods for detecting three fungal potato pathogens was compared with artificially infested soil, naturally infested tuber-borne soil and field soil. In the spring of 1985 and 1986 field soils from 30 farms in north-east Scotland were sampled just before planting a seed potato crop and 6 months after harvesting such a crop. The minimum statutory gap between crops is 5 years. Polyscytalum pustulans was recovered from 32 out of 60 field soil samples taken 6 months after harvest while from fields sampled in the spring before a potato crop was planted the fungus was isolated from 10 out of 30 soils in 1985 and five out of 30 in 1986. Phoma foveata was isolated from only one out of 60 pre-planting soil samples but Fusarium solani var. coeruleum was recovered from eight of these soils.
Microplant bait plants were grown over 3 years at an experimental farm near Edinburgh in various fields at different intervals after a previous potato crop. Contamination by P . pustulans was not related to interval after potatoes between 1 - 7 years. No contamination was recorded in fields where potatoes had not been grown for more than 30 years.  相似文献   

12.
The sensitivity of a bioassay in detecting soil inoculum of Colletotrichum coccodes and Helminthosporium solani was examined using potato minitubers and microplants. Tests were conducted on soils which were collected from fields in which the interval after a previous potato crop differed, and which were also artificially infested with conidia or microsclerotia. For C. coccodes , determining plant infection based on the occurrence of infected roots after 9–12 weeks was a sensitive method for detecting and quantifying the amount of inoculum in soil. Infestations of less than 0·4 microsclerotia per g soil were detected in artificially infested soils. A semiselective medium, developed for isolating C. gloeosporioides from pepper, detected soil infestations by C. coccodes as low as nine conidia or one microsclerotium per g soil in artificially infested soil. For H. solani , infection on minitubers was a sensitive measure, with soil inoculum of fewer than 10 conidia per g soil being detected. Soil infestation could be quantified by assessing the percentage surface area of minitubers covered by sporulating lesions, which was strongly related to the amount of soil infestation. The results of these bioassay tests were compared with published results for real-time quantitative PCR assays on the same soils. The two methods were in good agreement in artificially infested soils, but the bioassay appeared to be more sensitive with naturally infested soils.  相似文献   

13.
In two experiments in the Wageningen Rhizolab with potato cv. Mentor planted in soils with or without potato cyst nematodes (Globodera pallida, W) the number of roots per cm2 was observed two weekly by video camera, in horizontally placed minirhizotrons at depths varying from 5 to 100 cm. In both experiments initial root growth was more rapid in the top soil of the uninfected soil. In the first experiment under optimal water supply, root formation continued longer in the top 30 cm of infested soil leading to twice as many roots at the end of the growing season as in uninfested soil. In the subsoil from 30 to 100 cm, however, root formation was strongly reduced by cyst nematodes leading to an uneven distribution of roots throughout the profile. In the second experiment potato cyst nematodes only increased rooting in the top soil with reduced irrigation. Potato cyst nematodes did not affect the water use efficiency of the crop whereas reduced irrigation increased water use efficiency by about 22%. Without potato cyst nematodes the soil profile was depleted of mineral nitrogen until a depth of 1 m whereas with high initial population densities no nitrogen was taken up in the subsoil between 30 and 100 cm. The spational heterogenity of roots and nitrogen in the soil is an important mechanism of damage. This finding may lead to improved cultural practices and breeding for tolerance.  相似文献   

14.
Production, survival and infectivity of oospores of Phytophthora infestans   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
The formation of oospores of Phytophthora infestans was studied in tomato and potato crops and volunteer plants under field conditions, and in laboratory tests with leaf discs of potato cultivars differing in their level of race-nonspecific resistance. Oospores were readily detected in blight-affected tomato leaflets and fruits, and in leaflets of field crops and volunteer potato plants. Oospores extracted from blighted potato leaflets yielded 13 oospore-derived progeny. Oospores were also produced following inoculation of leaf discs of eight potato cultivars expressing different levels of race-nonspecific resistance with a mixture of sporangia of A1 and A2 isolates. The highest numbers of oospores were produced in cvs Bintje (susceptible) and Pimpernel (resistant), and the lowest in Nicola (intermediate resistance). The relationship between lesions per leaflet and oospore incidence, affected by varying A1 : A2 ratios, was explored using a simple mathematical model, and validated by comparing actual oospore production in leaflets with multiple lesions of the race-nonspecific-resistant potato clone Lan 22-21 with the predictions generated by the model. Survival of oospores was investigated after their incorporation in either a sandy or a light clay soil in buried clay pots exposed to the local weather conditions. Over 6 years these soils were regularly assessed for their infection potential using floating leaflets in a spore-baiting bioassay. Sandy and clay soils contaminated with oospores remained infectious for 48 and 34 months, respectively, when flooded. Infections of floating potato leaflets occurred within 84–92 h and ceased after 11 days. Soil samples remained infective if dried and re-flooded on two, but not more, occasions.  相似文献   

15.
Late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is a threat to potato‐cropping systems worldwide. In the Ecuadorian Andes, despite a high late blight incidence in foliage, tuber blight is rare. In this work, the hypothesis that Ecuadorian Andean soils are naturally suppressive to P. infestans tuber infection was evaluated. Soils from four potato‐growing regions were assessed for disease suppressiveness by determining the effects of soil heat treatment on P. infestans sporangia and their ability to infect potato slices after 1, 8, 15 and 30 days of exposure to soils. Tuber infection after inoculation with P. infestans‐infested soils was consistently lower during the evaluation period compared with heat‐treated soils. Fresh, untreated soils affected germination and viability of P. infestans sporangia in a site‐dependent manner. In addition, the effect of heat treatment on soil bacterial communities was assessed through terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the 16S rDNA gene region. Heat treatment disrupted bacterial community composition, and a subset of terminal restriction fragments (TRF) was either positively or negatively correlated with tuber infection. Bacterial TRF negatively correlated with tuber infection corresponded in fragment size to taxa with known ability to inhibit pathogens and promote plant growth. Finally, bacterial isolates obtained from untreated soils, which inhibited P. infestans growth in vitro, represented 22–47% of isolates recovered, and matched classes predicted by the TRFs. This work represents a first step in understanding the mechanisms behind the low incidence of tuber blight in Andean potato‐cropping systems.  相似文献   

16.
ABSTRACT The relative contribution of migration of Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group 3 (AG-3) on infested potato seed tubers originating from production areas in Canada, Maine, and Wisconsin (source population) to the genetic diversity and structure of populations of R. solani AG-3 in North Carolina (NC) soil (recipient population) was examined. The frequency of alleles detected by multilocus polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphisms, heterozygosity at individual loci, and gametic phase disequilibrium between all pairs of loci were determined for subpopulations of R. solani AG-3 from eight sources of potato seed tubers and from five soils in NC. Analysis of molecular variation revealed little variation between seed source and NC recipient soil populations or between subpopulations within each region. Analysis of population data with a Bayesian-based statistical method previously developed for detecting migration in human populations suggested that six multilocus genotypes from the NC soil population had a statistically significant probability of being migrants from the northern source population. The one-way (unidirectional) migration of genotypes of R. solani AG-3 into NC on infested potato seed tubers from Canada, Maine, and Wisconsin provides a plausible explanation for the lack of genetic subdivision (differentiation) between populations of the pathogen in NC soils or between the northern source and the NC recipient soil populations.  相似文献   

17.
During the last decade, new control possibilities for the potato root eelworm have come to the fore, namely resistant potato varieties and soil disinfection. These have led to an integrated approach to the control of the potato root eelworm in the Netherlands. For this purpose, a number of potato rotations, aiming at the prevention or elimination of non-detectable populations of the potato root eelworm, are prescribed for non-infested fields. These regulations allow the farmer to grow potatoes more frequently on non-infested soils if he uses control measures (i.e. resistant potato varieties, soil disinfection). More stringent restrictions are in force for infested fields on which the growing of susceptible crops and propagation material is, of course, prohibited.  相似文献   

18.
In field trials during three years respectively 18, 22 and 57 potato genotypes were grown on soils moderately or heavily infested with potato cyst nematodes (Globodera pallida) after soils were fumigated or not. Nematode infection increased leaf calcium contents but genotypes that were relatively tolerant of potato cyst nematodes (Globodera pallida) had lower leaf calcium concentrations on a particular sampling date. Tolerance of potato cyst nematodes was closely linked to genotype lateness and may be related to tolerance of drought. When using the method in plant breeding and screening for genotypes with tolerance, plants may be planted in infected or in uninfected soils, without influencing the outcome. The relationship between tolerance and calcium contents was clearest when sampling took place towards the end of the growing season when the variability was at it highest with a good distinction between newly formed leaves in late maturing genotypes and aged leaves in early maturing cultivars.  相似文献   

19.
A reliable, sensitive, low-cost and easy-to-use technique is described for the detection of Ralstonia solanacearum (the causal organism of bacterial wilt, BW) in soil. A total of 273 potato isolates belonging to five different biovars (Bv), originating from 33 countries worldwide, were tested and successfully detected by antibodies produced at the International Potato Center (CIP). Isolates of R. solanacearum belonging to Bv1 and Bv2A were successfully detected by double antibody sandwich–enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS–ELISA) at low population levels after incubation of soil suspensions for 48 h at 30°C in a new semiselective broth containing a potato tuber infusion. Detection thresholds of 20 and 200 CFU g−1 inoculated soil were obtained for Bv1 and Bv2A, respectively. Sensitivity of detection of Bv2A was similar or even higher in five different inoculated soil types. No cross-reactions were obtained in DAS–ELISA after enrichment of soil suspensions (i) prepared from 23 different soils sampled in BW-free areas in six departments of Peru; and (ii) inoculated with 10 identified bacteria and 136 unknown isolates of soil microbiota isolated from eight different locations. Only the blood disease bacterium gave a low-level reaction after enrichment. In naturally infested soils, average sensitivities of 97·6 (SE 14·8) and 100·9 (SE 22·6) CFU g−1 were obtained for biovars 1 and 2A, respectively. By making serial dilutions of the soil suspension before enrichment, densities of R. solanacearum could be determined in a semiquantitative way. Results also showed that composite samples of five soils could be analysed to assess field soil populations without reducing detection sensitivity.  相似文献   

20.
A rapid method for direct detection of Polymyxa DNA in soil   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Polymyxa spp. are vectors for a number of economically important soilborne plant viruses. The development of a technique to detect virus and vectors directly in soil would be useful for epidemiological studies and assessment of disease risk prior to planting. A rapid method was developed to extract and quantify Polymyxa spp. DNA from soils. DNA was extracted from three soils infested with Polymyxa betae and three infested with P. graminis using an EDTA lysis buffer in combination with a MagneSil™ DNA extraction kit and Kingfisher™ magnetic particle processor. Primers and probes designed to correspond to sequences within the internal transcribed spacer region 2 (ITS2) of ribosomal DNA enabled recovery and amplification of P. betae and P. graminis DNA using real-time PCR and TaqMan chemistry. For the P. graminis- infested soils, the purity of DNA obtained was sufficient to allow Polymyxa DNA to be amplified without dilution to remove inhibitors, but with P. betae- infested soils, amplification was only achieved if the DNA was diluted 1:10. Using TaqMan PCR, a standard curve was constructed from uninfested soil spiked with known numbers of P. betae cystosori; the quantity of P. betae inoculum from naturally infested soil was then extrapolated from the curve. This technique offers a sensitive method of extracting, detecting and quantifying Polymyxa spp. DNA in soil.  相似文献   

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