首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 703 毫秒
1.
A new methodology based on (1) national data concerning livestock and rearing practices and (2) a mass-flow approach was developed to quantify ammonia (NH3), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions resulting from manure management in France. A literature review was performed to determine emission factors for each animal type and each management stage. A Microsoft Access® database containing these emission factors, the census data and manure compositions was then developed, allowing the calculation of gaseous emissions by the mass-flow approach. From this database, a national gas emissions inventory resulting from manure management was drawn up for the year 2003. Total NH3 emissions were estimated at 382 kt N, mainly arising from cattle (72%). Greenhouse gas emissions were estimated at 14.0 Tg CO2-eq. for N2O and 10.2 Tg CO2-eq. for CH4. Most of the N2O emissions occurred after the deposition of manure on soil during cattle grazing, while the CH4 was mainly produced during the period where cattle manure remained in livestock buildings and in outside storage facilities. Moreover, an evaluation of the uncertainty was performed considering the standard deviation obtained for the emission factors.  相似文献   

2.
DNDC模型评估苜蓿绿肥对水稻产量和温室气体排放的影响   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
DNDC(denitrifiction-decompostion)模型是以生物地球化学进程为基础模拟碳氮循环的模型,被广泛用来预测稻田温室气体的排放,但利用DNDC模型研究苜蓿绿肥对稻田生态系统的相关研究尚未见报道。因此,本研究结合两种绿肥在上海地区的使用,模拟了4个不同处理:对照(未施氮肥和绿肥)、氮肥(200 kg/hm2)、紫花苜蓿绿肥(3000 kg DM/hm2)+氮肥和蚕豆绿肥(3000 kg DM/hm2)+氮肥,研究苜蓿绿肥对水稻产量和稻田温室气体排放的影响,同时,对DNDC模型进行本地化修正,建立适宜我国长江中下游地区绿肥-水稻轮作生态系统的DNDC模型,结果表明,与对照相比,苜蓿、蚕豆和氮肥处理下的水稻产量分别提高了41.85%,29.81%和25.36%;蚕豆绿肥处理下的CH4排放量高于苜蓿绿肥处理,温室气体的排放强度在苜蓿绿肥处理下未显著提高。通过对DNDC模型多个参数的调整和模拟,DNDC模型对水稻产量和CH4排放的模拟值与实测值十分接近,其中,水稻产量实测值和模拟值的决定系数R2为0.89,相对平均误差RMD为-0.8%。大气温度、大气CO2浓度、土壤有机碳和土壤粘粒对稻田CH4和N2O排放十分敏感,其中,大气温度、CO2浓度和土壤有机碳与CH4和N2O的排放强度呈显著的正相关关系,而土壤粘粒与CH4排放呈显著的负相关关系,本研究结果说明本地化改进的DNDC模型能够准确模拟紫花苜蓿绿肥对水稻产量和稻田温室气体排放的作用效果。  相似文献   

3.
黄土高原雨养农业区不同种植模式土壤温室气体排放特征   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
研究陇中黄土高原旱作农田,设置了苜蓿-苜蓿(L-L)、苜蓿-休闲(L-F)、苜蓿-小麦(L-W)、苜蓿-玉米(L-C)、苜蓿-马铃薯(L-P)和苜蓿-谷子(L-M)6个处理,采用静态箱-气相色谱法和碳通量测量系统LI-8100对苜蓿后茬轮作不同作物土壤温室气体排放动态及其影响因素进行了测定与分析。研究结果表明,农田土壤表现为CO2源、N2O源和CH4吸收汇,且呈现夏秋高,春冬低的季节性变化特征。L-L处理的CO2累积排放量最高,L-W处理较之降低了42.43%;L-C处理的N2O累积排放量最高,L-P处理最低;CH4吸收量以L-M处理最高,较L-F和L-L分别增加了62.71%和31.87%,综合增温潜势表现为L-L>L-M>L-C>L-P>L-F>L-W。相关分析结果表明,CO2、CH4、N2O排放量与脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性及土壤温度呈极显著相关(P<0.01),与土壤水分在不同土层有显著相关性;逐步回归分析发现,土壤温度、过氧化氢酶是CO2和CH4排放的主导因素,土壤温度极显著影响气体排放,N2O排放主要受到环境因子的影响。综合来看,与长期苜蓿连作相比,黄土高原地区苜蓿种植一定年限之后轮作粮食作物能减少土壤温室气体排放量,减弱农田温室气体的增温效应,其中以小麦效果最佳。  相似文献   

4.
魏达  旭日  王迎红  姚檀栋 《草地学报》2011,19(3):412-419
青藏高原广泛分布着以高寒草甸和高寒草原为主的陆地生态系统。由于高寒草地生态系统异质性较大,对高寒草地主要温室气体通量的估算具有较大的不确定性。为研究高寒草原温室气体通量规律及其驱动因子,并为动态碳-氮耦合模式在高寒生态系统的参数化与检验提供数据支持,于2008年7-9月,使用静态箱-气相色谱法在位于青藏高原腹地的纳木错高寒草原开展了主要温室气体通量(CO2,CH4,N2O)及环境因子的同步观测。结果表明:纳木错高寒草原生态系统CH4,N2O通量和CO2排放分别为:-0.047 mg·m-2·h-1,0.49μg·m-2·h-1和208.2 mg·m-2·h-1;在季节尺度上,土壤温度与CO2排放呈显著正相关,与N2O和CH4通量线性关系不显著;土壤含水量与CH4和N2O通量呈正相关关系,但与CO2通量无显著相关。在日变化尺度上,土壤湿度稳定,土壤温度变化与N2O和CO2通量成正相关,对CH4通量影响不显著。  相似文献   

5.
为探讨草地温室气体通量对不同刈割强度的响应情况、优化草地利用方式及强度,本研究通过在晋西北赖草（Leymus secalinus）草地构建不同强度的刈割试验,采用静态箱/气相色谱法定量研究了不刈割、轻度刈割、中度刈割和重度刈割对3种温室气体（CO2,CH4和N2O）通量的影响及温室气体通量与主要环境因子的关系。2017年和2018年生长季及非生长季观测结果表明,不同刈割强度下的草地均表现为CO2和N2O的源、CH4的汇;刈割于2018年生长季显著影响CH4和N2O通量（P<0.05）;3种温室气体通量与土壤温度呈显著指数相关（P<0.05）,CO2通量与土壤体积含水量、N2O通量呈显著线性相关（P<0.05）。本研究为采用合理的草地刈割强度提供一定的参考和理论依据。  相似文献   

6.
Nutrient losses from manure management in the European Union   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
Manure management systems are conducive to nutrient and carbon losses, but the magnitude of the loss highly depends on the nutrient element, the manure management system and the environmental conditions. This paper discusses manure management systems in the 27 Member States of the European Union (EU-27) and nutrient losses from these systems, with emphasis on nitrogen (N). In general, losses decrease in the order: C, N >> S > K, Na, Cl, B > P, Ca, Mg, metals. Assessments made with the integrated modeling tool MITERRA-EUROPE indicate that the total N excretion in 2000 by livestock in EU-27 was  10,400 kton. About 65% of the total N excretion was collected in barns and stored for some time prior to application to agricultural land. Almost 30% of the N excreted in barns was lost during storage; approximately 19% via NH3 emissions, 7% via emissions of NO, N2O and N2, and 4% via leaching and run-off. Differences between Member States in mean N losses from manure storages were large (range 19.5–35%). Another 19% of the N excreted in animal housing systems was lost via NH3 emissions following the application of the manure to land. The results indicate that maximally 52% of the N excreted in barns was effectively recycled as plant nutrient. Various emission abatement measures can be implemented and have been implemented already in some Member States to reduce the emissions of NH3 and N2O, and the leaching of N and P. There is scope to reduce NH3 emissions by  30% relative to the reference year 2000, although the uncertainty in estimated emissions and in the estimated effects of emission abatement measures is relatively large.  相似文献   

7.
为探讨湖北火烧坪三种土地利用方式下土壤温室气体排放的特征及其影响因子,以研究区农田、草地和天然林地为研究对象,采用野外原位静态箱-气相色谱法对其土壤温室气体通量动态变化进行监测,并对环境因子进行分析。结果表明：三种土地利用方式下土壤CO2均表现为排放,农田土壤CH4和N2O表现为排放,草地表现为吸收,林地不一致;土壤含水量抑制土壤CO2,促进土壤CH4产生,过氧化氢酶活性与土壤CO2和CH4的排放具有显著相关性,有机肥的施用影响土壤N2O的排放;全球增温潜势（Global warming potential,GWP）由大到小表现为草地 > 林地 > 农田,但草地由于生物量高光合呼吸作用强,向大气排放CO2的总量则较低。因此,人工草地的建造有利于降低研究区土壤温室气体的排放。  相似文献   

8.
Process performance of biogas digesters incorporating pre-separated manure   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
The yield from anaerobic digestion of liquid manure is often too low to make biogas production economically viable. This study examined the potential for partly substituting the liquid manure with solids from solid–liquid separation. The proportion of manure solids was gradually increased to 60%, which resulted in a higher gas production per digester volume than could be achieved by liquid manure alone. During the period with 60% substitution, the yield in the high-solids digester was almost twice that in the digester based on liquid manure alone. The yield in the high-solids digester was slightly above 200 L CH4 kg− 1 VS for the most part, while the yield in a reference digester containing only liquid pig manure was mostly above 300 L CH4 kg− 1 VS. Thus, the high ratio of solid matter reduced gas yield as a proportion of VS under thermophilic conditions, indicating that the high-solids process was inhibited by the high amounts of solid manure. This was most likely caused by NH3 inhibition, as the NH4–N level increased to more than 5 g L− 1. However, post-digestion in a mesophilic digester almost fully compensated for the lower conversion of VS in the high-solids digester.  相似文献   

9.
青藏高原高寒草地占我国天然草地的40%,研究其温室气体源汇强度及驱动因子具有重要意义。采用静态箱-气相色谱法,在西藏纳木错地区开展高寒草原、高寒草甸和沼泽化草甸的生态系统呼吸、CH4和N2O通量观测,生长季内的观测表明：高寒草原和高寒草甸生态系统呼吸分别为（283.7±14.4） mg·m-2·h-1和（275.7±20.6） mg·m-2·h-1,低于有机质丰富的沼泽化草甸,为（591.6±53.2） mg·m-2·h-1。高寒草原和高寒草甸均是CH4的汇,其生长季均值分别为（-84.9±7.6） μg·m-2·h-1和（-39.2±4.6） μg·m-2·h-1;而沼泽化草甸是CH4的源其均值为（149.2±34.2） μg·m-2·h-1。高寒草原、高寒草甸和沼泽化草甸均为N2O的源,生长季排放量分别为（7.3±2.8）,（3.0±1.1）和（2.2±4.3） μg·m-2·h-1。土壤水分总体控制着高寒草地CH4通量的时空变化,在土壤水分含量约大于30%的沼泽化草甸表现为CH4的排放源,而在土壤水分含量低于30%的高寒草原和草甸表现为CH4的汇;生长季水分含量越高,对CH4的吸收越弱。  相似文献   

10.
黄河口滨岸潮滩湿地CO2、CH4和N2O通量特征初步研究   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  
2009年8月,运用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对夏季黄河口滨岸潮滩湿地CO2、CH4和N2O通量的日变化特征进行了原位观测。结果表明,夏季低潮滩沉积物-大气界面的CO2、CH4和N2O通量均具有明显日变化特征,日通量范围分别为-18.755～43.731,-0.070～0.224和-0.002～0.008 mg/(m2·h),均值为11.630,0.079和0.005 mg/(m2·h),全天表现为三者的排放“源”;中潮滩沉积物-大气界面CO2、CH4和N2O通量的日变化范围分别为-30.780～25.734,-0.111～0.100和-0.004～0.006 mg/(m2·h),均值为4.570,0.011和0.002 mg/(m2·h),全天亦表现为三者的排放“源”;中潮滩-大气界面CO2、CH4和N2O通量的日变化范围分别为46.253～102.637,-0.211～0.048和-0.008～0.008 mg/(m2·h),均值为76.656,-0.038和-0.002 mg/(m2·h),全天表现为CO2的“源”、CH4和N2O的“汇”。 本研究还发现,中潮滩的CO2通量与气温呈显著正相关(P＜0.05)关系,低潮滩沉积物的CH4通量与气温、地表温度和5 cm地温呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01)关系,而中潮滩的N2O通量与气温、地表温度和不同深度地温(5,10,20 cm)呈显著(P＜0.05)或极显著(P＜0.01)负相关关系;沉积物基质和翅碱蓬群落是影响CO2、CH4和N2O通量特征的重要因素,而水分、盐分对于三者通量特征的影响也不容忽视。  相似文献   

11.
Ruminant livestock systems contribute to global warming through the emission of nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2). This paper discusses a general framework for a whole-farm approach to develop cost-effective GHG mitigation strategies. A dairy farm is a complex system with different interacting components. Generally, whole-farm approaches distinguish at least an animal component and a soil–crop component. Whole-farm models should be able to give an accurate representation of the internal cycling of materials and its constituents as well as the exchange between the farming system and its environment. The paper gives an overview of current whole-farm models that are able to simulate GHG emissions for dairy farms. These models are DairySim, FarmGHG, SIMSDAIRY and FarmSim. All models are able to calculate CH4 and N2O emissions, but differences appear in the ability to calculate CO2 emissions, economics and other parameters. The effects of selected mitigation strategies are demonstrated with some of the models. It is concluded that a whole-farm approach is a powerful tool for the development of cost-effective GHG mitigation options as it reveals relevant interactions between farm components. Model calculations underlined the relationship between farm gate N surplus and GHG emissions, and thus the possibility to use N surpluses as an indicator for GHG emissions.  相似文献   

12.
赵静雯  吴慧光 《中国畜牧兽医》2015,42(11):3105-3110
随着人们生活水平的不断提高,中国奶牛养殖数量和规模的不断扩大,奶牛正常的生理活动产生的大量气体(CO2和CH4)对土壤、空气和水造成了日益严重的污染。大气中CO2和CH4等微量气体浓度的增加所导致的温室效应已越来越受到各国的重视。奶牛胃肠道发酵所产生的CH4是牧场温室气体排放的主要来源之一,控制奶牛CH4排放能有效减缓温室气体的排放。因此,在畜牧业生产中,有必要有效降低反刍动物产生的CH4。奶牛生产中CH4的排放涉及饲料营养、瘤胃发酵调控、遗传选择和牧场管理等方面,现针对如何降低奶牛生产中CH4产生的研究情况做简要综述。  相似文献   

13.
The aim of this experiment was to study the effect of the application of pig slurry on potential pathogen (total and faecal coliform bacteria) presence in a Typic Xerofluvent soil. The experiment was conducted in field conditions, in the Segura River valley in the South East of Spain. Four treatments, in a fully-randomised design with three replicates per treatment, were established in experimental plots of 16 m2 each. Fertiliser treatments were: MF, mineral fertiliser (with a complex 16N–16P2O5–16K2O) equivalent to 150 kg N ha− 1; PSF, organic fertilisation with swine manure slurry, at two different rates (supplying 150 and 210 kg N ha− 1), and C, a controlled treatment without fertilisation. A high variability of the concentrations of total and faecal coliforms was observed during the experiment, mainly depends on the time and the treatment. The pig slurry amendment induced the highest initial and also persistent presence of total and faecal coliform bacteria. The higher application rate seemed to induce a long-lasting persistence of the total, but especially the faecal coliform, population in the amended soils compared to the lower rate. In most cases, an increase in the total coliforms content was observed in the soils amended with mineral fertiliser compared to controlled soils, probably due to an increase in soil microorganisms populations. In general, the total coliform bacteria was 2–3 log10 units higher than the faecal ones. Mostly, a tendency to decrease with time was observed in both indicator microorganisms, in all the treatments.  相似文献   

14.
泛北极地区和青藏高原是陆地生态系统重要的有机碳、氮库。在气候变暖驱动下，高纬度或高海拔冻土融化加速，冻土活动层冻融格局改变，土壤有机质分解增加，成为全球重要的温室气体排放源，其对气候变化的“正反馈”效应受到越来越多关注。本文重点综述了近年泛北极和青藏高原冻土区土壤CO2,CH4和N2O三种主要温室气体通量对冻土退化及冻融作用的响应特征和影响机制，探讨了高寒地区生态系统净温室效应与气候变暖的相互关系，并简要提出了目前冻土区土壤碳排放和氮转化关键过程研究中需要加强的方面，旨在为继续深入开展气候变化背景下冻土碳氮循环研究提供参考。  相似文献   

15.
为了减少畜禽粪便引发的恶臭气体污染,本研究选用具有除臭功能的贝莱斯芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、产朊假丝酵母和干酪乳杆菌4种微生物菌种作为Box-Behnke设计的4个因素,将4种菌种经活化后接入粪便中,以对应活菌数1×104、1×105和1×106 CFU/g作为Box-Behnke设计的3个编码水平。利用响应面设计构建得到29种复合微生物菌株组合,以其对猪粪中吲哚、氨和硫化氢的去除率作为参考指标,优化得到了4株除臭菌种的最优添加比例。结果表明,当菌液浓度为1×108 CFU/mL的贝莱斯芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、产朊假丝酵母和干酪乳杆菌分别以0.47%、0.05%、0.01%和1.00%的比例加入猪粪便中,堆积发酵7 d后对猪粪便中的吲哚、氨和硫化氢的去除率分别为73.59%、63.60%和70.29%。由此可见,经响应面设计优化后的除臭微生物菌种组合具有良好的除臭效果,对控制畜禽粪便恶臭污染具有较高的应用价值。  相似文献   

16.
为揭示野牛草雌雄株对氮素形态的偏好及生理响应差异,以野牛草克隆分株为材料,采用温室砂培盆栽方法,分析了硝态氮(N1)、铵态氮(N2)、铵硝混合态氮(N3)和对照(CK)处理对野牛草雌、雄株生长性状、生物量、叶绿素含量、叶片氮含量及氮代谢相关酶活性的影响。结果表明,雌株在N2处理时其生长性状、各部位生物量及地上生物量和总生物量均显著小于N1和CK,且还小于N3处理,表明铵态氮处理可能抑制野牛草雌株生长。N1处理下的雄株间隔子长度、间隔子直径与CK无显著差异但显著大于N2和N3,同时其匍匐茎节数、匍匐茎长度、根生物量、地上生物量及总生物量显著大于其他处理。野牛草雌、雄株的叶绿素a含量和叶绿素总含量均在N1处理时显著高于对照,但雌株在3种N形态处理之间没有显著差异、而雄株在N1时与N2或N3处理差异显著。野牛草...  相似文献   

17.
本研究以内蒙古武川县燕麦(Avena sativa)人工草地为研究对象,采用静态箱法,通过无氮施肥为对照(CK),设置常规施氮(NN),控释施氮(CN)2个施肥处理,研究旱作燕麦人工草地N2O排放规律,探讨N2O排放对不同施肥种类的响应。结果表明：与无氮施肥相比,常规施氮的地上生物量显著提高37.8%,控释施氮的地上生物量显著提高64.5%(P<0.05);与常规施肥相比控释肥氮素利用率显著提升了71.0%(P<0.05);不同施肥处理下,燕麦人工草地生长季的N2O排放通量均表现为先增加后降低的趋势,并在苗期和拔节期出现峰值;与无氮施肥相比,常规施氮的N2O排放量(0.85 kg·hm-2)显著提高44.1%,控释施氮的单位产量N2O排放量(0.86×10-4 g·g-1)显著降低37.2%(P<0.05)。本研究发现相较于常规施肥,控释氮肥提高了燕麦产量且降低了N2O的排...  相似文献   

18.
为了揭示秸秆还田与化肥施用对砂姜黑土无机磷的影响,基于实施多年的秸秆还田与施肥定位试验,设置了常规施肥+秸秆全量还田(HN1)、常规施肥量50%+秸秆全量还田(HN4)、不施肥+秸秆全量还田(HN0)、常规施肥+秸秆移除(N1)、常规施肥量50%+秸秆移除(N4)、不施肥+秸秆移除(N0)处理,采用田间取样与室内化验分析相结合的方法研究了土壤不同形态无机磷的剖面分布及累积特点。结果表明,同等化肥施用水平下,秸秆还田较秸秆移除显著提高了土壤Ca2-P和Fe-P的含量,提高幅度最高达219.05%和51.35%,两种形态无机磷占无机磷总量的百分比也显著提高;Ca8-P和Al-P含量整体上有所降低,Ca10-P含量显著降低,无机磷总量有所提高。秸秆还田配施化肥对土壤无机磷的活化效果随化肥施用量的减少和土层深度的增加而降低。秸秆还田不施化肥使土壤Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P和Fe-P含量显著降低。与秸秆移除相比,秸秆还田配施化肥促进了Ca10-P等潜在磷源的转化和分解。Ca-P(Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Ca10-P)和Fe-P所占比例最高,为供试土壤无机磷的主要构成形态。常规施肥条件下秸秆还田促进了土壤速效磷(Olsen-P)含量的快速提升,常规施肥量50%条件下秸秆还田促进了表层土壤Olsen-P的提升,而无肥条件下秸秆还田对土壤Olsen-P含量的提升无明显效果。土壤Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P和Fe-P与土壤Olsen-P的相关性均达到显著或极显著水平,表明4种无机磷与土壤Olsen-P关系密切,可能为土壤有效磷的重要来源。因而,秸秆还田不施化肥会加速土壤无机磷的耗竭,秸秆还田与化肥合理配施,可通过将缓效态无机磷转化为Ca2-P和Fe-P等高活性无机磷,提高土壤供磷能力。  相似文献   

19.
[目的] 探讨空间电场对冬春季畜舍内温室气体的净化效果以及对舍内温湿度的影响。[方法] 在畜舍内安装空间电场净化设备和温湿度监测仪,舍内外均设置3个取气点,每个取气点分0 m、0.5 m、1.0 m和1.5 m 4个采集高度,系统监测冬春季畜舍温室气体浓度以及温湿度变化情况。[结果] 空间电场显著（P<0.05或P<0.000 1）降低了冬春季畜舍内CH4、NH3和CO2气体的浓度,降低幅度分别可达39.8%、26.3%和24.0%。空间电场可显著（P<0.05）降低冬季舍内20：00—8：00和12：00—15：00的环境湿度,分别降低了4.5%和15.3%。春季湿度在9：00—17：00降低了31.9%（P<0.05）。[结论] 空间电场可有效地降低冬春季畜舍内CH4、NH3和CO2气体浓度,同时显著降低畜舍内不同时间段的环境湿度。  相似文献   

20.
The study was conducted to examine the chemical composition of urea–molasses treated wheat straw (WS) fermented with cattle manure (CM) and its feeding value for growing buffalo male calves. Wheat straw treated with varying levels of urea (0%, 2% and 4%) and molasses (2% and 4%) was ensiled with 30% cattle manure (on dry matter basis) for different fermentation periods (20, 30 and 40 days). Fermented wheat straw (FWS) after each fermentation period was analyzed for pH, dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), true protein (TP), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Maximum pH, DM, CP, TP and NH3-N and minimum NDF contents were observed with 4% urea. The 4% molasses level increased the CP, TP and NH3-N contents of FWS, but pH, DM and NDF remained unchanged after 40 days of fermentation. The 4% urea × 4% molasses interaction resulted in maximum DM, CP, TP, NH3-N after 40 days of fermentation period and this combination was used for large scale production of FWS to evaluate its feeding value for calves. Four isonitrogen and isocaloric diets were formulated. The control FWS 0 diet contained no FWS while in FWS 15, FWS 25 and FWS 35 diets concentrate was replaced with 15%, 25% and 35% FWS, respectively. The diets were randomly allotted to four groups of 28 calves 9–12 months of age, seven in each group, in a randomized complete block design to examine the nutrient intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance and weight gain. An increased DM, organic matter (OM), CP and NDF intakes were observed in calves fed FWS diets compared to those fed FWS 0 diet. Nitrogen retention increased significantly with increasing the level of FWS. The DM, OM, CP and NDF apparent digestibilities were non-significant in calves fed different levels of FWS. A linear increase in weight gain was noticed in calves fed diets containing increasing level of FWS.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号