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1.
Although water chemistry of precipitation and lakes in Nova Scotia is dominated by C1 from sea salt, correction for marine influence reveals that the dominant anion in acidified lakes is SO4. Atmospheric deposition of non-marine SO4 (SO4) and NO3- for the period 1977–1980 at 4 stations in southwest Nova Scotia averaged 47 meq SO4 * m?2 yr?1 and 21 meq NI3-m?2 yr?1 compared with 38 and 13 meq, respectively, for the average of 3 stations in the northeastern third of the province. Precipitation pH increased from 4.5 to 4.8 along the same axis. Almost 50% of the SO4 deposition occurred when storms came from the southwest, indicating low pressure tracks which pass south of major Canadian sources of S. SO4 * deposition in metropolitan Halifax (1982 bulk data) was 87 meq m?2 yr?1, due to local emissions of ca. 28 300 tonne S in the area, as well as LRTAP. Concurrent deposition of NO3-N was 15 meq m?2 yr?1 (2.1 kg ha?1 yr ?1). Loadings from SO4 deposition in the Halifax area amount to 42 kg ha?1 yr?1 and clearly exceed the federal guideline (M.O.I., 1983) of 20 kg ha?1 yr?1. Water chemistry of southwest, northeast, and Halifax area lakes show the same general SOI trends as observed for atmospheric deposition. In addition we find a positive relationship between SOI concentrations in the urban lakes and proximity to the center of the urban area.  相似文献   

2.
The Laflamme Lake Watershed Area is located in a sensitive region on the Canadian Shield and is subjected to wet atmospheric loading between 17 and 25 kg ha?1 yr?1. From 1981 to 1988, the level and fluctuations of the atmospheric deposition of acidifying substances has led to various responses in the water chemistry of headwater lakes in the area. The general trend in atmospheric inputs is a gradual increase of acidifying substances from 1981 to 1985 followed by a 2 yr decrease then a return to previous values. In the two lakes with almost no alkalinity acidification has occured throughout the 1983 to 1988 period. In the four lakes with slightly higher alkalinity values, a reversal in acidification is seen when atmospheric loading decreased in 1986. Along with the interannual trends, seasonal variability to acidification occurs with sensitivity of surface waters being highest during spring melt. Sensitivity to acidification can also be altered by watershed processes and in the Laflamme Lake Watershed, soil processes are effective in altering the acidity of precipitation before it reached the lake. In this watershed, wet atmospheric inputs of H+ and NO3 ? are larger than surface water outputs while the reverse occurs for Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl? and SO4 2?.  相似文献   

3.
Data defining the major ion chemistry of lakes located in eastern Canada have been compiled for the purpose of evaluating the current status of surface water quality in relation to acidic deposition. A companion paper for lakes in the eastern United States (i.e. Part II, Linthurst et al., 1986) has been prepared also. Data sources in Canada included the National Inventory Survey, the Ontario Lake Sensitivity data set, and the National Aquatic Data base which provided an overall data base of approximately 5700 lakes. Only recently collected data (largely 1980 or later) were used in the analysis. Frequency distribution statistics were obtained for pH, acid neutralizing capacity (ANC), SO4 and organic anion (A?) concentrations. Acidic and low ANC waters in eastern Canada occur in a pattern explained by a combination of biogeochemical factors and atmospheric deposition. Nova Scotia contained the highest proportion of acidic and ultralow ANC lakes of any region surveyed in eastern North America; since this region receives approximately 20 kg.ha?1.yr?1 wet SO4 deposition, the proposed target loading may be too high to protect the highly sensitive waters of Maritime Canada. Compared to the rest of eastern Canada, lakes in Ontario have relatively high ANCs due to the influence of CaCO3 contained in the glacial till of the area. Variation in the SO4 concentration of lakes approximately follows expected gradients in wet SO4 deposition. Naturally occurring organic acids do not play a dominating role in the acidification of eastern Canadian lakes.  相似文献   

4.
As a means of assessing the relative contributions of watershed (terrestrial) and in-lake processes to overall lake/watershed alkalinity budgets, alkalinity production rates for watersheds and low alkalinity lakes were compiled from the literature and compared. Based on net alkalinity production data, derived using wet or bulk deposition data, mean and median alkalinity production for 20 watersheds in North America and Europe were 89 and 69 meq m?2 yr?1 (range 20 to 235 meq m?2 yr?1). For a subset of 10 watersheds with dry deposition data, terrestrial alkalinity production neutralized an additional 35 meq m?2 yr?1 of acidic deposition. For 11 lakes, mean and median in-lake alkalinity generation were 99 and 88 meq m?2 yr?1 (range 22 to 240 meq m?2 yr?1). Analysis of data indicates that for the low alkalinity systems described here, areal alkalinity production rates for watersheds and lakes are approximately equal. This relationship suggests that watershed area to lake area ratio can be used as a convenient estimator of the relative importance of watershed and in-lake sources of alkalinity for drainage lake systems. For precipitation-dominated seepage lakes and other systems where hydrology limits soil-water contact, hydrologic flow paths and residence times can be of overriding importance in determining alkalinity sources. For regions dominated by drainage lakes with high watershed area to lake area ratios (such as the Northeastern U.S.), however, alkalinity budgets are dominated by watershed processes. Omission of in-lake alkalinity consideration for most lakes in such regions would have little impact on computed alkalinity budgets or on predicted response to changes in acidic deposition loadings.  相似文献   

5.
A simple dose-effect model expressing the relationships between lake acidity, weighted mean annual sulfate concentration in wet deposition, Ca, Mg and true color (as an index of organic anion concentration) is presented. The agreement between observed and estimated pH for more than a 1000 lakes is high according to the Pearson coefficients of correlation (0.81 to 0.90) and the standard error of estimation (0.22 to 0.27 pH unit). Results obtained with this model show that an airborne sulfate target loading of 20 kg ha?1 yr?1 would be too high to adequately protect sensitive lake ecosystems. A target loading of 15 kg ha?1 yr?1 in wet deposition would be best suited for the protection of the greater portion of sensitive lakes. However, a target loading of 10 kg ha?1 yr?1 would be required to protect the most sensitive lake ecosystems.  相似文献   

6.
SO4 2?, NO3 ? and H+ depositions are estimated in the Brazilian territory based on the existing rainfall chemical data and on annual rainfall distribution over the whole territory. Local and regional depositions are estimated. Rainfall chemical data over the Braziliian territory shows that the average pH values are usually low (between 4.0 and 5.5). These values are observed in the tropical Amazon forest as well as in urban areas. However, the rainwater acidity in the tropical forests are due to organic acids naturally produced by the vegetation while in urban areas the acidity is mainly due to acidic anion deposition (NO3 ? and SO4 2?). In some Amazonian areas, the average input values through rainfall for NO3 ? is about 0.06 keq.ha.yr?1 and for SO4 2? is between 0.23 and 0.54 keq.ha?1.yr?1. On the other hand, in some urban centers, such as São Paulo, values of .072 keq.ha?1.yr?1 for NO3 ? and 1.16 keq.ha?1.yr?1 of SO4 2? are found and in sites where sulfate sources (coal mining) are present, as for the area of Florianópolis, values as high as 5.59 keq.ha?1.yr?1 for SO4 2? are found.  相似文献   

7.
Rain and snow in Alberta are seldom acid. The S content of snow is so low that the snow pack gives a deposition of less than 1 kg S ha?1, even downwind from large SO2 emission sources. Rainfall contributes at the most 4 kg S ha?1 yearly near SO2 sources, and only about 1 kg S ha?1 in clean areas. However, rain intercepted by forest trees exposed to SO2 emission becomes acid (pH 3.5 to 4.5) and has a S content of 3 to 4 times greater than rain. Soils absorb large amounts of S from emissions (up to 50 kg S ha ?1 annually) but much of the S is found in non-sulphate form. Soils are slowly acidified by the SO2 at a rate estimated at 1 pH unit in 10 to 20 yr. Water surfaces will absorb SO2 emissions at a rate of about 4 to 15 kg S ha?1 annually. Particulates deposit 3 to 4 times as much S as is deposited by rainfall.  相似文献   

8.
Year-to-year variation in acidic deposition within a mature sugar maple-dominated forest and in leaching of ions from the associated podzolic soil were examined at the Turkey Lakes Watershed between 1981 and 1986. Below-canopy inputs to the soil of SO4 2? and NO3 ? in throughfall averaged 640 and 295 eq. ha?1 yr?1; the corresponding ranges were 493–917 and 261–443 eq. ha?1 yr?1. The contribution of atmospheric deposition to SO4 2? NO3 ? and Ca2+ leaching decreased over the six years. During the study period, the mean annual volume-weighted NO3 ? concentration decreased in throughfall and forest-floor percolate and increased in the mineral-soil solution collected below the effective rooting zone. A substantial shift in the balance between SO4 2? and NO3 ?leaching from the mineral soil was observed; leaching of SO4 2?decreased and NO3 ? leaching increased with time. Leaching of Ca2+ and Mg2+ from the soil was increased as a result of excess NO3 ? production in the soil. The calculated output of NO3 ? from the soil, which averaged 1505 eq. ha?1 yr?1, considerably exceeded the atmospheric deposition of NO3 ?, whereas SO4 2? outputs were only moderately greater than inputs.  相似文献   

9.
The Upper Midwest contains a large concentration of low alkalinity lakes located across a west to east gradient of increasing deposition acidity. We present temporal trends in the chemistry of 28 lakes (4 in Minnesota, 13 in Wisconsin, and 11 in Michigan) representative of the acid-sensitive resource of the region. Lakes were sampled three times per year between 1983 and 1989. Temporal trends in SO4 2? were all negative in direction, consistent with a regional decline in SO2 emissions and atmospheric SO4 2? deposition. However, these trends occurred predominantly in higher ANC (100 to 225 Μeq L?1), non-seepage lakes and were associated with increases in ANC and pH in only one of the 8 lakes. ANC decreased in a second group of lakes, usually in concert with decreased [Ca2++Mg2+], a response we associate with a severe drought. Disruptions in hydrologic flowpaths caused one lake to acidify rapidly after inputs of ANC-rich groundwater ceased and appeared to cause ANC and [Ca2++Mg2+] declines in a second lake by reducing stream-water inflow. Our analysis was thus complicated by hydrochemical effects of climatic variability, which confounded trends related to acidic deposition. Periods longer than 6 yr are needed to transcend climatic signals and verify subtle trends related to atmospheric pollutants.  相似文献   

10.
The contribution of atmospheric acids to cation leaching from a podzolic soil under mature maple-birch forest in central Ontario was examined during 1983. The movement of base cations was associated largely with NO3 ?, SO4 2? and organic acid anions in surface soil horizons, with SO4 2? and NO3 ? below the effective rooting zone, and SO4 2? and HCO3 ? in streamflow. Mineral soil horizons could adsorb little additional SO4 2? or associated cations at current soil solution SO4 2? concentrations. Therefore it is concluded that the soil in situ lacks a strong affinity for SO4 2?. Current annual inputs to the forest of SO4 2? and NO3 ? in bulk precipitation (26.4 and 18.2 kg ha?1, equivalent to 8.8 kg S and 4.1 kg N ha?1 , respectively) contributed significantly to cation leaching from the soil. In order to maintain exchangeable cations in soil at current levels, a rate of weathering yielding 29.6, 5.0, 4.4 and 2.2 kg ha?1 yr?1 of Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+ and K+, respectively, would be required.  相似文献   

11.
We estimated the total inorganic fluxes of nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), chloride (Cl?, sodium (Na+, calcium (Ca2+, magnesium (Mg2+, potassium (K+ and hydronium (H+. The resistance deposition algorithm that is programmed as part of the CALMET/CALPUFF modeling system was used to generate spatially-distributed deposition velocities, which were then combined with measurements of urban and rural concentrations of gas and particle species to obtain dry deposition rates. Wet deposition rates for each species were determined from rainfall concentrations and amounts available from the National Acid Deposition Program (NADP) monitoring network databases. The estimated total inorganic nitrogen deposition to the Tampa Bay watershed (excluding Tampa Bay) was 17 kg-N ha?1 yr?1 or 9,700 metric tons yr?1, and the ratio of dry to wet deposition rates was ～2.3 for inorganic nitrogen. The largest contributors to the total N flux were ammonia (NH3 and nitrogen oxides (NO x at 4.6 kg-N ha?1 yr?1 and 5.1 kg-N ha?1 yr?1, respectively. Averaged wet deposition rates were 2.3 and 2.7 kg-N ha?1 yr?1 for NH4 + and NO3 ?, respectively.  相似文献   

12.
Elevated O3 concentrations and N deposition levels co -occur in much of eastern United States. However, very little is known about their combined effects on tree growth. The effects of three O3 treatments: charcoal-filtered air, non-filtered air and O3, added at the rate of 80 ppb for 6 hr d?1 3 d per week), four N deposition levels (0, 10, 20 and 40 kg ha?1 yr?1), and their interactions on growth of two Populus tremuloides clones in open-top chambers at two sites 600 km apart in Michigan were examined. Our results revealed a highly significant fertilization effect of the N treatments, even at the 10 kg ha?1 yr?1 rate. Ozone alone induced foliar injury, but not significant growth reductions. There was an indication that O3 decreased growth at the O N level, but this decrease was reversed in all N treatments by the N fertilization effect. Further study is needed to more fully understand the combined effects of N deposition and O3.  相似文献   

13.
Forestry studies were undertaken within the Turkey Lakes Watershed to determine the impact of long-range transport of air pollutants on biogeochemical processes in old-growth sugar maple forest on shallow Precambrian-derived till soils in the Algoma District of Ontario, Canada. Distributions of organic matter and macroelements were determined in the tree- and field-layer vegetation, the forest floor and the mineral soil of the study site. Annual tree growth was largely offset by mortality, resulting in a relatively stable standing stock of ca. 245 t ha?1. Annual aboveground litter production averaged 3.7 t ha?1 yr?1, chiefly in the form of deciduous leaf fall. The average pH of the precipitation (4.3) was reduced considerably by contact with the forest canopy. Throughfall was enriched with other elements, principally K and, to a lesser extent, Ca and Mg. The cationic composition of the forest-floor percolates, on the other hand, was dominated primarily by Ca and only to a lesser extent by Mg and K. The stand receives moderate acid deposition, mainly from average inputs of 33–36 kg ha?1 yr?1 of SO4 2? and 24–29 kg ha?1 yr?1 of NO3 ? distributed throughout the year. Atmospheric inputs add to substantial natural NO3 ? production, notably within the forest floor and upper mineral soil, and contribute to leaching of bases, principally Ca and Mg, from the rooting zone. Active recycling of elements together with weathering of primary minerals should assist in preserving the base status of the site.  相似文献   

14.
Information on atmospheric inputs, water chemistry and hydrology were combined to evaluate elemental mass balances and assess temporal changes in elemental transport from 1983 through 1992 for the Arbutus Lake watershed. This watershed is located within a northern hardwood ecosystem at the Huntington Forest within the central Adirondack Mountains of New York (USA). Changes in water chemistry, including increasing NO3 ? concentrations (1.1 μmol c , L?1 yr-1), have been detected during this study period. Starting in 1991 hydrological flow has been measured from Arbutus Lake and these measurements were compared with predicted flow using the BROOK2 hydrological simulation model. The model adequately (r2=0.79) simulated flow from this catchment and was used to estimate drainage for earlier periods when direct hydrological measurements were not available. Modeled drainage water losses coupled with estimates of wet and dry atmospheric deposition were used to calculate solute budgets. Export of SO4 2? (831 mol c ha?1 yr?1) from the greater Arbutus Lake watershed exceeded estimates of atmospheric deposition in an adjacent hardwood stand suggesting an additional source of S. These large drainage losses of SO4 2? also contributed to the drainage fluxes of basic cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ and Na+). Most of the atmospheric inputs of inorganic N were retained (average of 74% of wet precipitation and 85% total deposition) in the watershed. There were differences among years (56 to 228 mol ha?1 yr?1) in drainage water losses of N with greatest losses occurring during a warm, wet period (1989–1991).  相似文献   

15.
A statistically significant decrease in sulfate was observed in high elevation Cascade lakes during 1983 through 1988. The total decrease averaged 2.2 μeq L?1 in two slow-flush lakes and 4.2 μeq L?1 in three fast-flush lakes for 1983–1985 vs 1986–1988, respectively. Coincident with these changes in sulfate concentrations were a sharp decrease of SO2 emissions from the ASARCO smelter (100 km SE of the lakes), from 87 to 70 kt yr?1 during 1983–1984 to 12 in 1985, the year of its closure, and a gradual change in SO2 emissions from Mt. St. Helens, from 39 to 27 during 1983–1984 to 5 in 1988. The sharpest decreases occurred in non-marine sulfate in fast-flush lakes from 1984 to 1985 (about 2 μeq L?1) and in slow-flush lakes from 1985 to 1986 (1 μeq L?1, which point to the ASARCO closure as the sole cause. However, some of the more gradual decline in non-marine sulfate observed during 1983 through the 1988 sampling periods may have been due to a slow washout of sulfate enriched ash from the 1980 Mt. St. Helens' eruption. Sulfate concentrations in precipitation also declined significantly by about 2 μeq L?1, but changes in volume-weighted sulfate content were not significant. Lake alkalinity did not show a consistent increase in response to decreased sulfate. This was probably due to either watershed neutralization of acidic deposition or the greater variability in alkalinity measurements caused by small changes in acidic deposition making it difficult to detect changes.  相似文献   

16.
There are over 700,000 lakes in Canada, east of the Ontario-Manitoba border and south of latitude 52. This region supports much of Canada's freshwater fishery resources, mostly in acid-sensitive habitat. Of these lakes, half have alkalinities less than 50 μeq.L?1 and 150,000 have a pH less than 6. There are 14,000 acidic lakes i.e., with a pH less than 4.7. Models of lake-watershed systems have been developed to predict the future response of fishery resources in eastern Canada. Despite considerable uncertainties in key parameters, the predicted range of losses is not great. The models predict that with current acid deposition, up to 9 % of all lakes will ultimately have a pH less than 5. Reduction of deposition rates, either by 40 % everywhere or to a maximum of 12 kg.ha?1SO4, greatly reduces the predicted losses. The models give conservative predictions of impact as inclusion of loss of watershed acid neutralizing capacity and fish mortality due to episodic pH depression would indicate greater losses. The freshwater fishery resources of eastern Canada are important economically accounting for 42 × 106 angler-days and $1.4 × 109 yr?1 per year. Up to 10 % of this sector of the Canadian economy could be at risk.  相似文献   

17.
Sulphate deposition is the primary cause of acidification in northeastern North America, and new SO2 emission control is being implemented. However, continuation of existing levels of N deposition may undermine the environmental benefits derived from SO2 control. This likelihood has been assessed for Canadian lakes. Maximum N deposition (～13 kg N ha?1 yr?1) occurs in south-central Ontario and southwestern Quebec. Regional median NO 3 ? levels are generally low (<5 μeq L?1) suggesting that on average, N-based acidification is minor compared to the S-based component. However, examination of the seasonal NO 3 ? pattern at 5 intensively monitored basins reveals that 2 of them (in Ontario and Quebec) have incipient N saturation. A regional status for nitrogen-based acidification was qualitatively assessed by classifying survey data to identify cases of NO 3 ? leaching. Many lakes throughout southeastern Canada exhibit some leaching, particularly those in south-central Ontario and southwestern Quebec. While the evidence for a deposition-acidification link appears strong, sources of N other than the atmosphere should be considered for certain anomalous cases.  相似文献   

18.
Atmospheric deposition of N and S on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems causes effects induced by eutrophication and acidification. Effects of eutrophication include forest damage, NO3 pollution of groundwater and vegetation changes in forests, heathlands and surface waters due to an excess of N. Effects of acidification include forest damage, groundwater pollution, and loss of fish populations due to Al mobilization. Critical loads (deposition levels) for N and S on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in the Netherlands related to these effects have been derived by empirical data and steady-state acidification models. Critical loads of N generally vary between 500 and 1500 mol c ha?1 yr?1 for forests, heathlands and surface waters and between 1500 and 3600 for phreatic groundwaters. Critical loads of total acid (S and N) vary between 300 to 500 mol c ha?1 yr?1 for phreatic groundwaters and surface waters and between 1100 to 1700 mol ha?1 yr?1 for forests. On the basis of the various critical loads a deposition target for total acid of 1400 mol c ha?1 yr?1 has been set in the Netherlands from which the N input should be less than 1000 mol c ha?1 yr?1. This level, to be reached in the year 2010, implies an emission reduction of 80–90% in SO2, NO x and NH3 in the Netherlands and of about 30% in neighboring countries compared to 1980 emissions.  相似文献   

19.
Runoff and atmospheric chemistry in the Krusne hory Mts. have changed significantly from 1978 to 1994. Forest die-back related deforestation resulted in decreased dry deposition of SO2 and changes in streamwater chemical composition. Atmospheric sulphur (S) deposition decreased from extremely high values of 66.6 kg S ha?1 year?1, in the early 1980s to 35.5 kg S ha?1 year?1 in 1994. Decreasing S input is reflected in decrease of streamwater sulphate (SO4 2?) concentrations, which decreased from 1560 μeq l?1 to 1164 μeq l?1. Runoff export of S was 53 kg S ha?1 year?1 in 1993, S is not retained in the catchments. Nitrogen (N) budget indicates accumulation in the catchment, which is attributed to forest regrowth.  相似文献   

20.
The maximum critical load of sulfur and its exceedance by the sulfur deposition of 1994–1997 were mapped for South Korea with a spatial resolution of 11 × 14 km using the steady-state mass balance method. The Korean soil and geological maps were used as basis for the estimations of the critical alkalinity leaching and the weathering rate of base cations. The normalized difference vegetation index data obtained from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) together with the observed primary productivity of plants were used for the estimation of the critical uptake of base cations. Wet deposition of the non-sea-salt base cations was derived from measured base cation concentrations in precipitation, precipitation rate and air concentration of total suspended particulate while dry deposition of base cations was estimated using the inferential technique using scavenging ratios. The predominant ranges of base cation weathering, uptake and deposition were estimated to be of 200 – 600 eq ha?1 yr?1, 200 – 400 eq ha?1 yr?1 and 400 – 600 eq ha?1 yr?1, respectively. Critical alkalinity leaching was mainly in the range of 1000 – 2000 eq ha?1 yr?1 due to relatively high value of precipitation runoff. Exceedance of sulfur critical load was found at 40 % of the ecosystems considered mainly in the southeastern part of Korea, and about 60 % of Korea ecosystems were sustainable against sulfur acidity loadings.  相似文献   

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