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1.
An 8-month-old Holstein heifer was evaluated for right hind limb lameness of 3 weeks' duration. Diagnoses were osteomyelitis and fracture of the distal sesamoid bone, septic arthritis of the distal interphalangeal joint, and osteomyelitis of the third phalanx. After excision of a section of tissue from the plantar aspect of the digit and partial section of the deep digital flexor tendon, the distal sesamoid bone was excised. The third phalanx was curetted, and the surgical wound was lavaged. Twenty months after surgery, the heifer was fully weightbearing on the affected digit. Surgical exploration of the digit should be considered an alternative to claw amputation in cattle that have severe digital infections.  相似文献   

2.
An arthroscopic approach to the palmaroproximal or plantaroproximal pouch of the distal interphalangeal joint was developed in six cadaver limbs and seven limbs of three clinically normal horses. The dorsal aspect of the proximal border and the proximal articular margin of the distal sesamoid (navicular) bone, the palmar aspect of the distal articular margin of the middle phalanx, the collateral sesamoidean ligaments of the distal sesamoid bone, and the joint capsule attachments were readily accessible. Distending the joints with fluid gave access to portions of the articular surface between the distal sesamoid bone and the middle phalanx in all joints, and to a small portion of the distal phalanx in two hind distal interphalangeal joints. Two horses allowed to recover from anesthesia were not lame on days 30 and 37, respectively. Problems encountered initially were difficulty entering the joint, hemarthrosis, and minimal iatrogenic cartilage damage.  相似文献   

3.
The etiology, clinical presentation, radiographic findings, diagnostic criteria, differential diagnoses, treatment, and prognosis are reviewed for several clinically important conditions of the equine foot. These include pedal osteitis, sheared heels, distal sesamoid bone (navicular) fractures, subchondral bone cyst of the distal phalanx, distal interphalangeal joint subluxation, congenital phalangeal hypoplasia, bipartite and tripartite distal sesamoid bones, keratoma, ossification of the cartilages of the distal phalanx (sidebones), necrosis of the cartilages of the distal phalanx (quittor), thrush, canker, vesicular stomatitis, and chronic selenium toxicosis.  相似文献   

4.
This study describes a radiographic survey of the anatomical development of the distal extremity of the manus in the donkey from 0 to 2 years of age. The right distal limb of 10 donkey foals, born in the spring of 2012, underwent radiographs every month for the first 6 months of age and every 3 months during the following 18 months. Latero‐medial radiographs with and without barium marker at the coronary band and dorso‐palmar radiographs with both front feet in weight bearing were obtained. The distal physis of the third metacarpal bone and the proximal physis of the proximal phalanx (phalanx proximalis) were closed at the mean age of 18.6 months. The distal physis of the proximal phalanx appeared as a clear radiolucent line at 2 weeks of age and was still subtly visible in some donkeys at 24 months. The proximal physis of the middle phalanx (phalanx media) was closed at the mean age of 16.7 months. The distal physis of this phalanx was visible at birth, but closed at 4 days. The distal phalanx (phalanx distalis) was triangular at birth. At the age of 20–21 months, the palmar processes (processus palmares) were both developed. The navicular bone (os sesamoideum distalis) was developed at the mean age of 9 months. The proximal sesamoid bones (ossa sesamoidea proximalia) were seen in continuously development during the 24 months. It seems that the physes in the distal extremity of the manus in the donkey close at an older age than the physes in the horse.  相似文献   

5.
双峰驼指关节解剖   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
运用大体解剖学方法对双峰驼三十个指关节进行解剖研究,发现如下特征:籽骨间韧带只连接同一指上的两枚籽骨,无连于籽骨与对侧近指节骨近端的指关节籽骨韧带,也无籽骨直韧带;第二指近指节骨与第四指的近指节骨之间无韧带连接;近指节间关节缺掌侧韧带;远指节无远籽骨,但有软骨板,还有一对背侧韧带。  相似文献   

6.
Ultrasonographic examinations were performed on the solar aspect of the distal phalanx of 10 feet of five normal live horses (Group 1), 22 feet of seven normal cadavers (Group 2), and nine feet of five horses with pathology of the dorsal solar aspect of the distal phalanx (Group 3). Lateromedial radiographs of the distal phalanx were made in all groups, and in Group 2, digits were sagitally sectioned after imaging. The ultrasonographic and radiographic appearance of the sagittal solar aspect of the distal phalanx was described. Measurements of the distance between the sole and the distal tip of the distal phalanx (A), the solar aspect of the apex of the frog and the distal phalanx (B), and the body of the frog's surface and flexor surface of the distal sesamoid bone (C) were made ultrasonographically, radiographically, and on the sectioned cadaver specimens. There was no statistical difference between the radiographic, ultrasonographic, and direct cadaver measurements in A and C. In B, there was a statistical difference between the radiographic, ultrasonographic, and cadaver measurements-most likely as a result of the difference in trimming of the frog apex. Ultrasonographic and radiographic examination of the nine feet of the five horses in Group 3 were performed and the abnormalities described. Color flow and power Doppler ultrasonography were performed on the normal sagittal solar distal phalanx, on the impar distal sesamoidean ligament, and at the insertion of the deep digital flexor tendon on the facies flexoria of the distal phalanx. Power Doppler in these horses showed blood flow at 0.16-0.48 kHz at the tip of the distal phalanx and at 0.16 kHz at the deep digital flexor tendon insertion and in the impar distal sesamoidean ligament. Using color flow Doppler in normal horses mean blood flows ranged from 1.8 to 5.4 cm/s at the tip of the distal phalanx and 1.8-2.0 cm/s at the deep digital flexor tendon insertion and in the impar distal sesamoidean ligament.  相似文献   

7.
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8.
Reasons for performing study: There is little scientific evidence to support the premise that poor foot conformation predisposes to foot pain and lameness. Objectives: To determine relationships between external characteristics of the hoof capsule and angles of the distal phalanx; to determine variability in shape of the distal phalanx; and to investigate association between distal phalanx angles and the injury causing lameness. Materials and methods: Feet were documented photographically and radiographically. Linear and angle measurements were obtained for the hoof capsule and distal phalanx and compared statistically. Horses were categorised according to injury group, and angles and linear ratios were compared between groups. Results: There was modest correlation between hoof wall and heel angles and angles of the distal phalanx. There was variation in shape of the distal phalanx. There was no significant association between injury type and angles of the distal phalanx, although there was a trend for the angle of the dorsal aspect of the distal phalanx with the horizontal to be smaller in horses with injuries of the podotrochlear apparatus or deep digital flexor tendon compared with other groups. Conclusions: There are variations in shape of the distal phalanx largely due to differences in orientation of the concave solar border and the solar border to the horizontal. Variations in shape of the distal phalanx were not accurately correlated with external characteristics of the hoof capsule. There were weak associations between injury groups and angles of the distal phalanx. Clinical relevance: Further work is required to elucidate risk factors for foot‐related lameness.  相似文献   

9.
OBJECTIVE: To compare the precision of computer-assisted surgery with a conventional technique (CV) using a special guiding device for screw insertion into the distal sesamoid bone in horses. STUDY DESIGN: In vitro experimental study. SAMPLE POPULATION: Cadaveric forelimb specimens. METHODS: Insertion of a 3.5 mm cortex screw in lag fashion along the longitudinal axis of intact (non-fractured) distal sesamoid bones was evaluated in 2 groups (8 limbs each): CV and computer-assisted surgery (CAS). For CV, the screw was inserted using a special guiding device and fluoroscopy, whereas for CAS, the screw was inserted using computer-assisted navigation. The accuracy of screw placement was verified by radiography, computed tomography, and specimen dissection. RESULTS: Surgical precision was better in CAS compared with CV. CONCLUSION: CAS improves the accuracy of lateromedial screw insertion, in lag fashion, into the distal sesamoid bone. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The CAS technique should be considered for improved accuracy of screw insertion in fractures of the distal sesamoid bone.  相似文献   

10.
Objective: To assess the reliability of computed tomography (CT) to identify the direction of implant insertion for cortical screws along the longitudinal axis of intact (nonfractured) distal sesamoid bones. Study Design: In vitro study. Sample Population: Cadaveric paired equine forelimbs (n=16). Methods: Insertion of a cortical screw in lag fashion along the longitudinal axis of intact (nonfractured) distal sesamoid bones was evaluated in 2 groups (3.5 and 4.5 mm) of 8 paired limbs. In each group, the direction of the distal sesamoid bone was determined by CT (Equine XTC 3000 pQCT scanner). Screw placement was verified by specimen dissection. Implant direction was considered satisfactory if the entire screw length was within the distal sesamoid bone and not damaging the articular or flexural surfaces. Results: In our sample and according to our criteria, the proportion of satisfactory direction of screws was 0.63 (5/8) for 4.5 mm implants, and 0.87 (7/8) for 3.5 mm implants. Conclusions: CT is a useful imaging modality to identify anatomic landmarks for insertion of a 3.5 mm cortical screw in the distal sesamoid bone.  相似文献   

11.
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12.
Fractures of the distal phalanx in the horse   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Fractures of the distal phalanx are an important cause of lameness referrable to the foot. Depending on the fracture configuration and articular involvement, conservative or surgical treatment may be required. Fractures of the distal phalanx have been divided into six categories based on fracture configuration. Discussion of clinical features, management, and prognosis for horses with distal phalangeal fractures is presented for each fracture type.  相似文献   

13.
There is a large spectrum of radiological variants of the distal phalanx that can be seen in both sound and lame horses. Osteitis of the distal phalanx implies active inflammation, a diagnosis that can only be made supported by nuclear scintigraphy, magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography. Osteitis of the distal phalanx as a primary cause of lameness is relatively unusual, but may be the result of acute or chronic bone trauma or be associated with adjacent laminar disruption. Bone trauma may also be seen in association with moderate to extensive uniaxial or biaxial ossification of the cartilages of the foot. Bone lesions also occur in association with osteoarthritis of the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint or at, or adjacent to, the insertion of one of the collateral ligaments of the DIP joint.  相似文献   

14.
The extent of fat suppression using short tau inversion recovery (STIR) imaging is variable between horses. Our aim was to determine if patient's age and/or hoof temperature have an influence on the T(1) relaxation time of bone marrow in the equine distal limb, thereby affecting the suppression of fat signal. Magnetic resonance imaging was conducted on standing horses and cadaver samples using a low-field magnet (0.27 T). The hoof temperature was measured at the lateral side of the coronary band. A modified inversion recovery fast spin-echo (IR-FSE) sequence was used to measure the signal intensity for a range of inversion times (TIs) at six different regions of interest (ROI): (1) distal aspect of the proximal phalanx, (2) proximal aspect of the middle phalanx, (3) distal aspect of the middle phalanx, (4) navicular bone, (5) proximal aspect of the distal phalanx, and (6) distal aspect of the distal phalanx. The T(1) of the bone marrow in the equine distal limb was calculated from the results and was found to increase by 3.13 ± 0.08 (SE) ms/°C. There was no significant effect of age (2-16 years) but the T(1) values measured from the limbs of young (< 1 year) animals were considerably longer (32.6 ± 1.7 (SE) ms). Similar effects of temperature and age were found for all measured ROIs but there were significant differences in the mean values of T(1) , ranging from +7.7 (distal aspect of the distal phalanx) to -13.2 ms (distal aspect of the proximal phalanx).  相似文献   

15.
The risk of fatal distal limb fractures in thoroughbreds racing in the UK was calculated and shown to vary considerably between the different types of race. Flat turf racing was associated with the lowest risk (0.4 per 1000 starts) and national hunt flat racing was associated with the highest risk (2.2 per 1000 starts). The types of fracture were classified by detailed radiographic and postmortem examinations of all the cases recorded over two years, and the distribution of the different types of fracture in the five main types of racing was examined. Overall, lateral condylar fractures of the third metacarpus were the most common, and they were also the most common in national hunt-type races (hurdle, steeplechase and national hunt flat races). In all-weather flat racing biaxial proximal sesamoid fractures were most common, and in turf flat racing fractures of the first phalanx were most common. The risk of fractures of more than one bone was greater in national hunt-type races.  相似文献   

16.
Osteolytic defects were detected radiographically in the distal sesamoid bone of a 16-month-old Bralers heifer, in the middle phalanx of a 14-month-old American Gray Brahman bull, and in the distal phalanx of a 3-year-old American Gray Brahman bull. The articular cartilage was damaged in each animal because of osteolysis or pathologic fracture. After each animal was anesthetized and positioned in lateral recumbency, the lesions were curetted and packed with cancellous bone harvested from the same animal's tuber coxae. Basic postoperative management involved stall rest and immobilization of the graft site with a fiberglass cast (42 to 79 days), after which a support bandage was used for approximately 2 weeks. Recurrence of lameness has not been observed in these animals for 60 months, 58 months, and 21 months, respectively. These cases exemplify the benefit of using an autogenous cancellous bone graft for treatment of severe osteolysis of a digit in cattle.  相似文献   

17.
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18.
Reasons for performing study: Distal border synovial invaginations of the distal sesamoid bone are radiographically assessed during the selection process of horses admitted as breeding stallions or in purchase examinations. Nowadays, many moderately or some deeply penetrating proximally enlarged synovial invaginations are considered as moderate or severe radiographic findings. Objective: To measure the difference between and agreement of the morphology of distal border synovial invaginations on radiography vs. computed tomography (CT). It was hypothesised that the morphology of distal border synovial invaginations would be better evaluable on CT compared with radiography. Methods: Computed tomography scans and 3 dorsoproximal–palmarodistal oblique (DPr‐PaDiO) radiographs were obtained on 50 cadaver forefeet from 25 Warmblood horses. Computed tomography was assumed to be the gold standard. The number, shape and depth of penetration of distal border synovial invaginations into the distal sesamoid bone were evaluated with both methods, and the comparison of their measurements was statistically described. Results: A statistically significant mean difference for number of distal synovial invaginations between CT and all 3 DPr‐PaDiO projections was found and was approximately equal to 2, meaning that CT permits visualisation of an average of 2 more invaginations than radiography. In none of the cases did radiography have a higher number observed than CT. A large variation in the difference of measurements for depth of penetration against their mean difference between CT and the 3 radiographic projections was seen. Radiography underestimated the depth of invaginations, and more so when these were deeper. There was no statistically significant mean difference found between the techniques for depth. A moderate to good agreement between measurements on CT and the three DPr‐PaDiO projections for shape was seen, in which the D55°Pr‐PaDiO projection showed the best agreement. A high specificity (90–99%) and low sensitivity (65%) for all projections for shape were found. Conclusions and potential relevance: Radiography differs considerably from CT concerning the morphology of distal navicular border synovial invaginations. For the evaluation of the number, depth and shape of distal synovial invaginations in the distal sesamoid bone, radiography shows only partially the morphology seen on CT.  相似文献   

19.
双峰驼跖趾关节解剖结构   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
采用大体解剖学方法，研究了成年双峰驼的８个跖趾关节，并与马、牛、羊、猪、犬等动物的对等器官进行了比较。结果发现，双峰驼跖趾关节的形态结构有以下显著特征：（１）跖骨远端关节面后部有矢状嵴，近趾节骨近端关节面后部有与之相对应的矢状沟，这种结构与跖行动物和趾行动物相类似；（２）籽骨上没有对应近趾节骨近端的关节面；（３）籽骨间韧带只连接同一趾上的２个籽骨，与牛的将２趾的４个近籽骨连在一起的结构不同；（４）轴侧侧副韧带不像牛的那样与对侧的同名韧带共同起始于跖骨远端滑车间切迹，而是分别起始于此切迹的轴侧韧带窝及韧带结节；（５）轴侧侧副韧带仅为１层，而远轴侧侧副韧带分为２层；（６）籽骨直韧带、趾间趾节骨籽骨韧带及趾间近韧带均缺如。  相似文献   

20.
The purpose of this study was to describe the pattern of radiopharmaceutical uptake in the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and metatarsophalangeal (MTP) (fetlock) joints in clinically sound horses. Scintigraphic images from 29 clinically normal horses were evaluated. All the images were assessed subjectively. The lateral views were assessed quantitatively using vertical line profiles through the center of the joint, and mean ratios of radiopharmaceutical uptake were calculated from regions of interest around the third metacarpal or metatarsal bones, and the proximal phalanx and proximal sesamoid bones. From the vertical line profiles, in the majority of forelimbs (65%) the peak activity of radiopharmaceutical distribution was at the proximal region of the proximal phalanx, with a significantly lower activity within the condyles of the third metacarpal bone. However, in 84% of hindlimbs there was a broader profile peak incorporating the condyles of the third metatarsal bone and the proximal aspect of the proximal phalanx, indicating a more generalized even uptake of radiopharmaceutical across the MTP joint. When the regions of interest were compared between front and hindlimbs, there was no significant difference between proximal phalanx and proximal sesamoid bones, but the distal condyles of the third metacarpal bone of the forelimb had significantly lower radiopharmaceutical activity than hindlimbs (P < 0.04). In lateral images, the mean forelimb ratios tended to be higher in the left MCP joint compared with the right (P = 0.069). In hindlimbs, the mean ratios tended to be higher in the right MTP joint than the left (P = 0.052). There was no significant effect of age.  相似文献   

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