2. Four isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets were formulated; one contained no lupins and the other 3 contained 400 g/kg sweet, bitter or soaked micronised bitter lupins. The 3 lupin diets were blended appropriately to produce 16 experimental diets containing 0, 50, 100, 200, 300 and 400 g/kg sweet, bitter and soaked micronised bitter lupins, respectively, and these were fed to Ross broilers for 6 weeks.
3. The feeding of diets containing bitter lupins to broilers at 300 and 400 g/kg and soaked micronised bitter lupins at 400 g/kg resulted in significantly different body weights, food intakes, food conversion ratios, carcase moisture and carcase fat contents from those of birds fed on the control diet. No significant differences were observed with carcase protein or carcase ash contents.
4. There were significant linear adverse responses with bitter and soaked micronised bitter lupins in most of the parameters studied whereas no responses were observed with sweet lupins as the dietary inclusion rate of the lupins increased. The soaked micronised bitter lupins performed better than the bitter lupins showing that the amount of bitter lupins in broiler diets can be increased by this method. 相似文献
2. Twenty five individually caged 20 week‐old Hisex laying hens were used per treatment. The hens were housed in a convection house for the duration of the study which lasted 52 weeks. Two diets were formulated, one containing 300 g sweet lupins/kg and the other containing sunflower oil cake and fish meal as protein sources. These diets were blended to obtain seven diets with lupin inclusion rates of 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 g/k.
3. Results indicated that up to 300 g lupins/kg diet can be fed to Hisex laying hens without a significant effect on egg production, egg mass, efficiency of food utilisation, egg shell thickness, Haugh units or yolk colour. Food intake was however, significantly (P<0.05) positively correlated with lupin inclusion rates. 相似文献
2. A starter diet was given, ad libitum, from 7 to 21 and a finisher diet from 21 to 42 d of age. Body weight, weight gain, food intake and food conversion (FC) were determined at 3 and 6 weeks of age. Abdominal fat deposition (AFD), carcase yield, carcase fat and protein and nitrogen retention were determined at 6 weeks of age. During the starter period chicks were given a 231 g/kg crude protein (CP) diet and a low protein diet supplemented with synthetic amino acid, a: to National Research Council recommendations, b: to the concentration of the control diet, and c: in agreement with the pattern of body composition. Glutamic acid and glycine were added to some diets as sources of non‐essential amino acids (NEAA). All diets contained 12.62 MJ metabolisable energy (AMEn)/kg. The diets administered between 3 and 6 weeks were comparable to the starter diets, except that they contained more AMEn (12.85 MJ/kg) and less protein.
3. Performance equal to that of high protein controls was obtained with birds fed a low protein diet supplemented with synthetic essential and NEAA to the amounts in the control diet or based on the amino acid profile of body protein. This was not achieved with low protein diets supplemented with synthetic amino acids to the amounts recommended by NRC.
4. Without altering performances, the efficiency of protein utilisation of birds fed on low protein diets was superior to that of birds fed on the commercial control diet and their nitrogen excretion was reduced by 26%. The percentage carcase yield and protein was unaffected by the dietary regimen but carcase fat content and AFD increased as the protein content of the diet decreased.
5. These results show that it is possible to obtain the same performances with low protein diets supplemented with synthetic amino acids, using an ideal amino acid balance. However, low protein diets result in a higher carcase fat content. 相似文献
2. Six diets varying in protein from 160 to 300 g/kg and containing approximately 11–72 MJ/kg ME were fed for 5 weeks and analysed for dry matter, protein, fat and ash.
3. Treatments affected carcase weight, dry matter, protein, ether extract and ash
4. The water content of the carcases decreased with increasing dietary protein concentrations, while the carcase protein content increased with higher dietary protein. The carcases with the highest fat content were obtained from quail receiving the low protein diet. 相似文献
2. In Experiment 1, the apparent metabolisable energy (AME) and the apparent ileal amino acid digestibility of the three cultivars were determined. The cultivar effects were not significant for AME and apparent ileal amino acid digestibility coefficients. In general, amino acids in narrow-leafed lupin were well digested, with the notable exception of methionine. Among the indispensable amino acids, arginine had the highest digestibility coefficient (0·92–0·95), while the lowest was for methionine (0·74–0·83).
3. In Experiment 2, using the energy and digestible amino acid values determined in Experiment 1, diets containing 200?g/kg of the three lupin cultivars were formulated and the effects of feeding these diets on the performance and the digestive tract development of broiler starters were investigated.
4. Weight gain, feed intake and feed per gain of broilers fed narrow-leafed lupins diets were similar to those fed on the maize-soy basal diet. The performance of birds fed on diets containing different cultivars of lupins was also similar. Birds fed on lupin diets had similar excreta scores to those fed on the basal diet.
5. Inclusion of 200?g/kg lupins in broiler diets had no effects on the relative weight and length of the intestinal tract. Broilers fed on lupin diets, however, had higher relative weights of liver.
6. These results suggest that narrow-leafed lupins are good sources of protein, but poor sources of AME and sulphur-containing amino acids. It is concluded that, when diets are properly balanced in terms of AME and digestible amino acids, lupins can be included at 200?g/kg inclusion level in broiler starter diets with no adverse effects on performance. 相似文献
2. Replacing up to 344.3 g maize/kg with sweet potato did not significantly affect body weight, food intake, food conversion, nitrogen retention, mortality and relative weights of body parts at 10 weeks of age.
3. Whereas crude protein contents of liver, gizzard, heart, lung and breast were not significantly affected by the diets, fat contents were significantly decreased by the replacement of 344–3 g maize/kg with sweet potato. 相似文献
2. Meal feeding, associated with adequate rationing, reduced fattening but not muscular development. Hybrid R31 growth rate was faster than that of R61. In the two experiments, the birds whose growth had been slower before the beginning of the test period displayed the highest growth rate which was mainly caused by an increase in breast muscle.
3. Methionine supplementation (5.2 g/kg) improved the muscular development of the fillets. Minimal protein requirements were close to 10.3 g CP/MJ ME, but a diet with 12.7 g CP/MJ ME resulted in a slightly higher growth rate in ducklings with delayed growth. 相似文献
2. Chicks from the two genotypes were reared in wire‐floored cages and divided at random into 3 groups. Birds were fed on high protein (HP, 12.99 MJ ME, 238 g crude protein/kg and 12.94 MJ ME, 216 g crude protein/kg from 0 to 3 and 3 to 7 weeks, respectively), medium protein (MP, 12.99 MJ ME, 219 g crude protein/kg and 12.87 MJ ME, 201 g crude protein/kg from 0 to 3 and 3 to 7 weeks), and low protein (LP, 12.94 MJ ME, 205 g crude protein/kg and 12.75 MJ ME, 184 g protein/kg from 0 to 3 and 3 to 7 weeks) diets.
3. The LP diets resulted in a significantly lower daily body weight gain of males from 0 to 3 weeks. Dietary protein content had no effect on body weight gain from 3 to 7 weeks, body weight at 7 weeks, and the food intake of birds. Carcase composition of birds from both genotypes was unaffected by dietary protein.
4. Naked neck birds had significandy higher body weights at 7 weeks. Yields of carcase and breast of Na/na males were significantly higher than those of na/na males. There were no significant differences between females from the two genotypes as regards carcase yield.
5. It was concluded that the dietary protein requirements of naked neck birds were similar to those for normally feathered birds. 相似文献
2. Males grew faster between 14 and 56 d of age and contained less fat and more protein and water in the eviscerated carcase at 56 d than females.
3. For both sexes, food : gain ratio deteriorated as food intake increased from 0.49 ad libitum intake to ad libitum intake. Growth rate, carcase weight and carcase fat content increased linearly with increase in food intake. Carcase fat content at 56 d was more sensitive to change in the amount of food consumed than either growth rate or carcase weight.
4. Between 0.42 kg (14 d) and 2.50 kg live body weight, growth rate and food :gain ratio improved as food intake was increased from 0.61 ad libitum to ad libitum. Males grew faster and produced leaner carcases than females.
5. Carcase fat content at 2.50 kg live body weight (1.60 kg carcase) increased in a curvilinear fashion with increase in food intake, and the magnitude of the response was lower for females than for males. A similar interaction existed between the effects of sex and the amount of food consumed for the proportions of protein and water in the eviscerated carcase at 2.50 kg live body weight. 相似文献
2. At 8 weeks of age, birds receiving 50 and 75 g sand/kg diet were significantly heavier than those receiving the basal diet and 100 g sand/kg diet.
3. Birds receiving 0 and 100 g sand/kg diet consumed similar quantities of basal diet and yielded similar corrected food:gain ratios.
4. Dietary dilution with sand had no significant effect on mortality, apparent carcase yield, preventriculus weight, gizzard weight and intestinal length. Crop weights were significantly greater in birds given 100 g sand/kg diet to the age of 4 weeks.
5. The litter moisture content was significantly less in pens containing birds receiving 75 or 100 g sand/kg diet after 5 weeks of age. 相似文献
2. Varying mixtures of dried poultry manure, dried grass, dried potato meal, poultry offal meal and tallow were substituted for the cereal portion, so that calculated metabolisable energy values and methionine and lysine concentrations were constant within each protein series.
3. Within the 150 g protein/kg series, body weight at 20 weeks of age was similar for diets containing 800, 600 and 300 g/kg cereal whereas with the cereal‐free diet body weight was depressed by 10%; with the latter diet sexual maturity was also delayed by nearly 4 d though subsequent egg production was unimpaired.
4. Within the 100 g protein/kg series, body weight at 20 weeks of age and subsequent egg production, calculated either to a fixed age or for a given time spent laying, were depressed by diets containing 300 or 0 g cereal/kg, compared with diets containing 800 or 600 g/kg.
5. Dietary concentrations of dried poultry manure up to 250 g/kg had no effect on mortality. 相似文献
2. The enzymes were added at 0, 025, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 g/kg in diets containing (g/kg) lupins 300, sorghum 543, casein 91, celite (as marker) 20, and vitamins and minerals 46. Control diets, with and without enzyme supplementation contained sorghum and casein at 800 and 134 g/kg, respectively, and no lupins.
3. Growth rates and food conversion ratios (FCR) of birds over 7 days were not affected by lupin inclusion or enzyme supplementation. FCR of broilers fed on the sorghum diet was improved by enzyme A but not by enzyme B.
4. Heal starch digestibilities were slightly lower in birds fed on the lupin control diet (no enzyme) compared to the basal control diet.
5. Enzyme A increased the AME of the lupins from 10.01 MJ/kg DM to 11.65 MJ/kg DM when added at 0.5 g/kg. Higher rates of supplementation did not lead to further increases in AME values.
6. Enzyme A did not improve starch digestion in the diets but insoluble non‐starch polysaccharides concentration in the digesta decreased (50–41–42–71 g/g acid insoluble ash marker) with increasing enzyme supplementation, suggesting that the improvement in AME was the result of increased fermentation of fibre in the hindgut.
7. Enzyme B did not affect the AME of lupins nor the ileal digestibility of nutrients, but caused an increase in the concentrations of soluble non‐starch polysaccharides in the ileal digesta of chickens (19.21.35.77 mg/ml). This was accompanied by an increase in ileal digesta viscosity (11.4.34.2 m.Pa/s). 相似文献
2. Chicks fed on diets containing 400 g/kg of the low (1.3 g BOAA/kg seed) and medium (2.2 g BOAA/kg seed) BOAA lines did not differ (P>0.05) in weight gain (WG) or in apparent fat and protein digestibilities compared to birds fed on a wheat‐based diet.
3. Consumption of 600 g low BOAA lathyrus/kg diet caused a slight, but significant (P< 0.05), decrease in WG. Food efficiency decreased as the amount of dietary lathyrus was increased, suggesting that lathyrus may contain an antinutritive factor(s) other than BOAA.
4. Removal of the hull (70 g hull/kg seed) from the seed did not affect chick performance (P> 0.05).
5. Pre‐adapting chicks for 7 d to diets containing up to 600 g medium line lathyrus/kg diet did not reduce the detrimental effects of the lathyrus.
6. Although dehulling and pre‐adaptation of chicks to lathyrus were not beneficial, the low and medium lines of lathyrus tested show potential for use in chick diets up to at least 400 g lathyrus/kg diet. 相似文献
2. There was a significant negative relationship (P<0.001) between the dietary concentration of beans and vetchs and food intake, egg production and food to egg ratio.
3. The inclusion of peas or lupins up to 300 and 200 g/kg, respectively, did not affect productivity (P>0.05).
4. The diets with vetchs and the highest amounts of the other three legumes caused egg production to decline in the last week (P<0.01), compared to the beginning of the experiment. This effect seems to indicate an accumulation of toxicants in the organs of the birds. 相似文献
2. Food, metabolisable energy (ME) and water intakes were significantly higher for ducklings than for chickens. The ratio of water : food was 4.2 : 1 and 2.3 : 1 for ducklings and chickens, respectively. The food conversion ratio differed between diets but not species. Performance was generally better for both species on the high‐energy diet.
3. Heat production, energy, fat and protein retentions were higher for ducklings than chickens, and ducklings retained 0.44 of their energy as fat compared with 0.37 for chickens. Overall the ratio of protein (g) to fat (g) retention was 2.2 : 1 and 2.8 : 1 for ducklings and chickens respectively.
4. For ducklings, metabolisability of the high‐energy diet declined from 0.774 to 0.747, and to a lesser extent of the low‐energy diet, as they aged. There was no such decline for chickens. Net efficiency of utilisation of ME for gain was 0.64 for ducklings compared with 0.50 for chickens.
5. Fractional retention of dietary nitrogen (N) was 0.62 for ducklings and 0.55 for chickens. Gaseous ammonia‐N was 4.5 and 2.2%, respectively, of N retained.
6. In a second experiment groups of ducklings only, were offered high‐and low‐protein diets from 12 to 22 d of age. Comparisons among four diets showed that food and energy intake was lower on the low‐protein diet than on the other three. Energy retention on the high‐energy diet was greater (P<0.05) than on the other three diets.
7. It was concluded that a high‐energy diet is important for ducklings and chickens for maximum biological performance during the first 4 weeks of life. 相似文献
2. Trypsin inhibitor activity, and the contents of oxalate and phytate‐phosphorus in SPM were too low to be of any nutritional concern.
3. The apparent metabolisable energy content of SPM was determined to be similar to that of maize (14–51 v 14–45 MJ/kg).
4. The results of feeding trials showed that SPM can replace up to 400 g/kg maize in broiler diets without adverse effects in performance. The depression in weight gains observed in birds fed on a diet containing 600 g SPM/kg was related largely to lowered food intake arising from the powdery texture of SPM. 相似文献
2. We compared growth, carcase characteristics, chemical composition of breasts and plasma concentrations of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), triglycerides and phospholipids.
3. Selection induced an increase of body weight ( + 8% to 10% at slaughter age), a decrease of abdominal fat percentage (? 10%) and an improvement of breast and thigh plus shank yields (+ 3% to 7% and + 4% respectively).
4. The lipid content of breast meat decreased in the selected ducks (? 14% to ?20%), particularly phospholipids and triglycerides. Breasts appeared paler and less red which suggested modifications of muscular fibre composition.
5. We found no significant correlations between plasma VLDL, triglyceride and phospholipid concentrations and carcase fatness. It therefore seems difficult to use these variables as selection criteria for lowering carcase fatness of Muscovy ducklings. 相似文献
No significant effects due to dietary treatment were observed on live‐weight, food intake, food conversion efficiency or on percentage dressed carcass and giblets in dead‐weight. Male ducklings had significantly higher live‐weight, food conversion efficiency and giblet percentage than females. No other significant effects were observed.
Field beans may be included in diets for table ducklings provided the diets are pelleted and free of “fines” and provided adequate water is available. 相似文献
2. In experiment 1, 5 graded amounts of a DL‐methionine and L‐cysteine (1:1 by weight) mixture were added to basal diets containing 197 or 233 g crude protein/kg. The diets containing 197 g protein/kg were fed with or without the further addition of 36 g crude protein/kg from nonessential amino acids. The amino acid balance of all diets was kept constant for all essential amino acids except the SAA. In experiment 2, 5 graded amounts of SAA from either a crystalline source (DL‐methionine or a mixture of DL‐methionine and L‐cysteine) or from intact proteins were added to a diet containing 208 g protein/kg.
3. At each protein concentration there were significant responses to the SAA addition in weight gain, food conversion efficiency, and carcase quality. Non‐linear exponential regression analyses were used to describe bird responses to SAA concentration. The broiler chick's requirement for SAA increased with increasing dietary protein concentrations ranging from 197 to 259 g protein/kg.
4. The utilisation of SAA differed also with differences in origin (crystalline or peptide‐bound), and methionine:cysteine balances. Compared to DL‐methionine, a 1:1 mixture of DL‐methionine and L‐cysteine was only 81% or 86% as effective in supporting growth or food conversion, respectively. SAA from added protein was even less effectively utilised.
5. The addition of nonessential amino acids tended to decrease food intake without affecting SAA utilisation.
6. Slaughter yield and breast meat yield were clearly increased while fat deposition was clearly decreased, by SAA addition. The response in breast meat yield suggested an important economic benefit for further meat processing. Nitrogen retention was significantly enhanced by SAA supplementation from crystalline sources, and this led to reductions of up to 30% in the amount of nitrogen excreted per kg weight gain. 相似文献