2. Soaking or germination decreased the soluble and total β‐glucan content (P<0.05) and, except for soaking at 0°C, the acid extract viscosity of the grain also decreased (P< 0.05). Germination and soaking in the presence of enzymes produced the lowest β‐glucan content and viscosity.

3. Except for soaking in cold water, the soaking, germination and enzyme treatments increased weight gain and decreased food: gain ratio (P< 0.05). Correspondingly, the digestibility of protein, fat, and ash, and the digestible energy content, increased (P< 0.05) after enzyme treatment or germination.

4. Chickens fed on enzyme‐treated or germinated barley diets had intestinal contents with a greater proportion of dry matter and lower viscosity than chickens fed on untreated barley (P< 0.05). Consequently, the cages and chickens were cleaner (P< 0.05) and the weight of digestive organs as proportion of live weight was lower.

5. Particle size analysis of excreta revealed that whole barley was efficiently ground by the gizzards of 16‐d‐old chickens, and very few whole kernels were found.  相似文献   

2. Substituting triticale for maize, weight for weight, but not on a iso‐nitrogenous basis, in a groundnut oil cake (GNC) starter diet improved weight gain (P < 0.05) when the substitution exceeded 75% without affecting the protein efficiency ratio (PER).

3. A similar substitution in a soybean oil meal diet, improved weight gain (P < 0.05) at 50% or more but PER declined (P < 0.05).

4. The net protein utilisation and protein retention efficiency values of the diets in which maize protein was replaced by triticale protein were significantly reduced.

5. The maize‐GNC diet was equally limiting in methionine and lysine while the triticale‐GNC diet was not.

6. The growth and food efficiency obtained with a triticale‐GNC diet was higher (P < 0.01) than with the maize‐GNC diet but not with a maize‐GNC supplemented with fish meal and methionine.

7. It is concluded that triticale could quantitatively substitute maize in the starter diets.  相似文献   

2. The growth of chickens on all diets were significantly (P<0.05) reduced.

3. Examining the weights of broiler organs as a proportion of body weight showed a significant (P<0.05) decrease in the weight of the liver and an increase in the weights of the kidney, brain and pancreas.

4. Serum urea concentrations were elevated (P<0.05) in all groups receiving base‐soluble protein (BSP), acid‐soluble protein (ASP), defatted jackbean (DJB) and raw jackbean (RJB) diets. Enzyme activities were similarly elevated (P<0.01), but serum protein and albumin concentrations were depressed while uric acid was not influenced by dietary treatment.

5. Histopathological examination revealed several pathological lesions in organs of chicks fed on the BSP, ASP, DJB and RJB diets. The presence of lesions was less marked in the organs of chickens fed on diets containing base‐insoluble residue (BIR), acid‐insoluble residue (AIR) and ethanol‐extracted meal (EEM), while those given the aqueous heated jackbean diet did not show any pathological effects.  相似文献   

2. Bodyweight gain and food intake decreased (P<0.01) with increasing dietary RSM both in the starter and finisher phases.

3. The relative weights of thyroid glands, liver, heart and the ratio of water to food intake increased (P<0.01) while the dressing percentage, abdominal fat‐pad weight and the feather condition score decreased (P<0.01) with increasing dietary RSM.

4. The mortality rate was increased (P<0.05) on diets containing 149 g/kg or more of RSM. The main causes of deaths and culling on the high RSM diets were enlarged livers and hearts, liver haemorrhage and leg disorders.

5. The inclusion of 15 g/kg PEG in the starter diets increased (P<0.01) bodyweight gains and food intake. It also increased (P<0.05) water consumption between 37–39 d, faecal moisture content at 40 d and the haemoglobin content in blood.

6. There were no interactions between the dietary concentrations of RSM and PEG on growth and other variables measured.  相似文献   

2. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of enzyme supplementation on FA composition and gastrointestinal morphology in hens fed flaxseed. A total of seventy-two, 51-week old brown layer hens were randomly assigned to one of the four dietary treatments (six replicates with three hens per replicate): corn-soybean based diet containing 0% flax (Control), 10% flax (Flax), Flax+0.05% enzyme (Flax+E1), or Flax+0.1% enzyme (Flax+E2) in a 120-day feeding trial.

3. Egg weight was highest in hens fed Flax+E1 (P < 0.05). Yolk weight was higher in Flax+E1 compared with the control and Flax+E2 and was not different from Flax treatment. ALA and total n–3 FA was highest in eggs from Flax+E2 hens (P < 0.05). Addition of enzyme has no effect of on docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), total long chain (>20-C FA), or n–6:n–3 FA ratio in eggs from hens fed flaxseed-based diets (P > 0.05). Over nine-fold increase in hepatic ALA was observed in the liver of hens fed flaxseed-based diets when compared with the control diet (P < 0.0001). No effect of enzyme supplementation was observed on liver ALA, DHA or long chain n–3 FA (P > 0.05). Enzyme supplementation reduced arachidonic acid, total n–6 and LC n–6 FA in liver tissue from hens fed flaxseed-based diets (P > 0.05).

4. Villi height and width was higher in the duodenum and jejunum of hens fed flax-based diets compared to the control (P < 0.05). Enzyme supplementation led to an increase in villi width in jejunum (P < 0.05) in hens fed Flax+E2 (P < 0.05). No effect of diet was observed in the crypt depth and villi height:crypt depth ratio in the jejunum (P > 0.05).

5. It was concluded that enzyme supplementation enhanced total n–3 FA deposition in eggs and liver and influence gastrointestinal morphology in layer hens fed flaxseed.  相似文献   

2. A total of 120 male Ross 308 chicks (4 birds/cage, 30 cages) were fed a common corn-based starter diet from 1 to 20 d of age. At 21 d, 15 cages were randomly assigned to the feed preference trial or a feeding behaviour trial. Three wheat-based experimental diets (0.14, 2.27 and 5.84 mg/kg DON) were prepared with a clean wheat and a naturally contaminated wheat. Broilers were ad libitum fed the experimental diets during 21–27 d.

3. In the preference trial, each cage’s feeder was split into two equal-sized compartments so birds were provided a choice of two diets (control vs. low, control vs. high and low vs. high DON). In the feeding behaviour trial, diets were randomly assigned to 15 cages (5 cages/diet). Feeding and drinking behaviour was recorded for 1 h before and after the dark period and 1-h period at 9 h after the light was turned on (middle of day). Growth performance was assessed at 27 d.

4. In the preference trial, broilers preferred the control diet over low (93.0 vs. 66.1 g/d, P < 0.01) and high (104.4 vs. 50.4 g/d, P < 0.01) DON diets. At all three timepoints, where behaviour was recorded, birds offered the DON diets spent more time at the feeder compared to birds provided control diets (P < 0.05). Control birds had lower feed to gain ratio (1.65) than birds fed low (1.82) and high (1.94) DON diets (P < 0.01).

5. It is clear that broilers are sensitive to the presence of fusarium mycotoxins and that moderate levels of DON negatively affect feed preference and growth performance when fed during the grower period.  相似文献   

By adding 5% herring fish meal to the diets of poults from 4 to 8 weeks, body weight gain was increased by 2.0% (0.05<P<0.1), but food consumption was decreased by 2.3% and efficiency of food utilisation was increased by 4.2% indicating that fish meal contains a larger quantity of metabolisable energy than crab meal.

The addition of erythromycin at a rate of 13.5 or 20.4 mg/kg increased body weight gain by 4.5% and efficiency of food utilisation by 4.4% during the period between 4 and 8 weeks of age. No significant interactions among the dietary factors on the measurements studied in these experiments were observed.  相似文献   

2. A total of 540 one-d-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were allotted to 9 experimental diets, including three ME levels (control, or 0.42 or 0.84 MJ/kg higher ME) and three types of supplemental lipotropic factors (control, 1000 mg/kg of choline or 100 mg/kg of carnitine) as a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were recorded during the starter (1–14 d of age), grower (15–28 d of age) and finisher (29–42 d of age) periods.

3. Results showed that the increase in dietary ME level had no impact on ADFI during the starter and grower periods. In the finisher period, increasing dietary ME decreased (P < 0.001) ADFI. Raising dietary ME level by 0.84 MJ/kg resulted in the greater ADG during the grower (P < 0.05) and finisher (P < 0.001) periods. Moreover, an improvement in FCR was observed with feeding the +0.84 MJ/kg diet. Dietary supplementation of lipotropic factors improved FCR values in birds fed the control and +0.84 MJ/kg diets during the grower and finisher periods (P < 0.01).

4. Dietary supplementation of both choline and carnitine increased (P < 0.05) moisture content of leg muscle, although malondialdehyde content of leg muscle was decreased (P < 0.01) in the presence of both lipotropic factors. Dietary supplementation of carnitine decreased (P < 0.01) leg fat content, and this effect was more obvious with higher ME levels, giving a significant ME × lipotrope interaction (P < 0.05). Higher dietary ME level (+0.84 MJ/kg) reduced (P < 0.05) protein content of breast muscle, but this factor was increased (P < 0.05) by dietary supplementation of choline.

5. Although dietary ME level had no marked effect on carcass yield and internal organ weight, supplemental choline increased (P < 0.01) carcass yield.

6. The results from this trial indicated that dietary supplementation with lipotropic factors can improve feed efficiency in high energy diets. In addition, oxidative stability of leg/breast muscles was improved as a result of dietary supplementation with choline or carnitine.  相似文献   

2. Dietary BV quadratically improved (P < 0.05) feed conversion ratio and increased body weight gain at 1–21 d as level in diet increased. Higher BV levels lowered relative weight of spleen (linear and quadratic, P < 0.05), bursa of Fabricius (quadratic, P < 0.05), and liver (linear and quadratic, P < 0.05) at 21 d of age. Relative breast meat yields were increased quadratically at 21 d and linearly at 35 d with supplementation levels. Dietary BV increased (linear and quadratic, P < 0.05) lightness (L*) value for meat at 21 d, decreased (linear, P < 0.05) ileal villus height and narrowed (quadratic, P < 0.05) width.

3. Dietary BV inclusion linearly increased the concentration of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) on ileal mucosa at 21 d and decreased (quadratic, P < 0.05) nitric oxide contents in serum samples at 21 d and 35 d. Total short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in caecal digesta were reduced with increasing venom in diets at 21 d of age. None of the serum parameters except for creatinine was affected by dietary BV.

4. It was concluded that dietary BV exhibited wide range of in vivo biological properties in broiler chickens and could be incorporated into feed to promote growth and animal health.  相似文献   

2. Crambe meals were prepared to differ in E‐PG (19, 36 and 40 g/kg) and CHB contents (0.1, 0.7 and 1.9 g/kg), and with either active or inactive thioglucosidase.

3. Meals were fed to 7‐d‐old broiler chicks at 50 or 100 g/kg of the diet for 12 or 13 d. In separate studies, isolated E‐PG or CHB were mixed into the diet or administered by gavage to 7‐d‐old broiler chicks in amounts equivalent to 50 or 100 g/kg crambe meal diets for 10 and 12 d, respectively.

4. Weight gain decreased (P<0.05) in chicks fed on the high glucosinolate crambe diets or isolated E‐PG. Food consumption decreased (P<0.05) in chicks fed on the diet containing the high E‐PG meal with active enzyme.

5. Mild liver lesions and increased serum aspartate aminotransferase were found in chicks fed on the diet containing the high glucosinolate meal with active enzyme. Other organs, including thyroids, were normal.

6. Commercially‐processed crambe meal appeared safe at an inclusion rate of 50 or 100 g/kg diet, but could not be recommended at this point for long term feeding.  相似文献   

2. Weight gain, rate of lay, mean egg weight, egg output, shell thickness and total food intake were unaffected by the treatments in either stock.

3. The mean intake of the complete diet was 825 and 845 g/kg of total intake with standard deviations between individuals of 73 and 61 g/kg respectively in the two stocks.

4. In birds given a choice of diet the one selected was related to output (P < 0.01).  相似文献   

2. LLM appears to be a good source of protein and calcium.

3. Food intake was not significantly affected (P>0.05) with dietary LLM inclusion up to 200 g/kg.

4. Inclusion of LLM up to 150 g/kg diet did not influence significantly (P>0.05) the performance of broilers in terms of body weight gain and food efficiency. However, inclusion of LLM at 200 g/kg diet had an adverse effect on weight gain and food efficiency, when compared to other dietary treatments. The profitability over food costs was low with the 200 g LLM/kg diet compared to those of other diets.

5. It may be inferred from these experiments that LLM can safely be included in broiler diets up to 150 g/kg.

6. Studies using force‐feeding and restricted feeding techniques indicated that reduced food intake was not responsible for the growth depression in diets containing higher amounts of LLM.  相似文献   

2. Dietary penicillin at 20 and 100 mg/kg decreased anaerobic bacteria counts, urease activity and ammonia concentration in caecal contents (P< 0.05, except for ammonia in the case of the 100 mg/kg penicillin diet).

3. The 20 mg/kg penicillin diets significantly increased the excretion of urea and total nitrogen (P < 0.05) and decreased ammonia excretion, and significantly reduced nitrogen retention (P < 0.05). The 100 mg/kg penicillin diet also resulted in similar but not significant changes, which tended to be less than those by the 20 mg/kg penicillin diet.

4. Ammonia, urea, glutamine and uric acid concentrations in blood, liver and kidney were unchanged by dietary penicillin.

5. It is concluded that caecal ammonia production from urea was closely correlated with nitrogen utilisation in chickens fed a low protein diet plus urea.  相似文献   

2. In only one experiment was weight gain significantly improved when the barley was heated.

3. Autoclaving barley at 120 °C for 30 min reduced dietary dry matter digestibility and treating the barley with dilute acid before heating had no effect on its nutritive value.

4. Supplementing diets containing commercial barley with a‐amylase produced slightly conflicting results in that there was an improved weight gain, food conversion efficiency and digestibility value in two of three experiments.

5. The digestibility and metabolisable energy values of a North American six‐row spring barley (Glacier) were significantly improved by enzyme supplementation.

6. The effect of the enzyme on diets containing a high amylose barley (Glacier Pentlandfield) was positive but not significant.  相似文献   

The two different energetic evaluation systems had considerable effect on dietary composition, the penalty cost of rejected ingredients, the marginal profit of some limiting constraints and the position of the least‐cost nutrient concentration. The starter and finisher rations, based on NE values, were on average 4.77 and 2.43 BF²/100 kg cheaper, respectively than those based on ME values. For equal NE contents, they contained 50 to 70 kcal less ME/kg and 1% less crude protein.

The broiler performances were on average better on the NE‐diets. The mean difference of 20 to 30 g in body weight was significant at 4 and 6 weeks (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05).

Regression analysis indicated no significant effect of rising energy concentration on food intake with the ME‐diets, but a significant (P < 0.05) linear decrease with the NE‐diets of 1.16 ± 0.34 and 1.72 ± 0.37 g/chick d at 6 and 8 weeks respectively for every 100 kcal/kg rise in the NE content of the ration. As a result body weight at 6 weeks improved linearly per increment of 100 kcal NE/kg with 37.2 ± 3.2 g (P < 0.05) on the ME‐diets and with 18.8 ± 6.8 g (P = 0.08) on the NE‐diets.

The efficiency of food utilisation, although slightly better on the NE‐diets, was not significantly affected by the energy systems. As expected, linear improvements (P < 0.001) of respectively 58 ± 6 and 62 ± 11 g food/kg weight gain at 6 and 8 weeks were noted for every increment of 100 kcal NE/kg diet.

Returns over food costs were for the whole energy range higher on the NE‐diets (average 0.66 BF/chick, variation 1.01 to 0.23 BF/chick). Gross profit increased with rising nutrient density from 16.33 to 17.97 BF/chick on the ME‐diets and from 17.34 to 18.23 BF/chick on the NE‐diets. The data illustrate that the economical efficiency of broiler production can be considerably improved by taking into account the effect of both energy content and energy system.  相似文献   

2. Wheat reduced food intake by 8%, increased efficiency of food conversion and live‐weight gain while barley increased litter moisture content, and, during the first half of the laying year decreased egg production by 3.3% and yolk colour by 4%.

3. Hens offered whole grains ate 11% less food, converted food into eggs more efficiently, were heavier and laid larger eggs than those given the mash diets.

4. With whole grains yolk colour was less than with mash diets during the first 24 weeks of lay but this was reversed during the last 24 weeks of lay.

5. Either canthaxanthin or citranaxanthin or β‐apo‐8'‐carotenoic acid ethyl ester plus canthaxanthin in diets containing lucerne meal produced eggs with acceptable yolk colours.  相似文献   

A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate house fly pupae and catabolised poultry residue as alternative protein sources to soybean meal for growing chickens.

No significant difference (P>0.05) in weight gain was observed between the control and chicks fed pupae in their diet from 1 d to 4 weeks of age. Food conversion of the chicks fed digested poultry manure was significantly (P<0.05) inferior to that of the controls.  相似文献   

2. Chicks fed on diets containing 400 g/kg of the low (1.3 g BOAA/kg seed) and medium (2.2 g BOAA/kg seed) BOAA lines did not differ (P>0.05) in weight gain (WG) or in apparent fat and protein digestibilities compared to birds fed on a wheat‐based diet.

3. Consumption of 600 g low BOAA lathyrus/kg diet caused a slight, but significant (P< 0.05), decrease in WG. Food efficiency decreased as the amount of dietary lathyrus was increased, suggesting that lathyrus may contain an antinutritive factor(s) other than BOAA.

4. Removal of the hull (70 g hull/kg seed) from the seed did not affect chick performance (P> 0.05).

5. Pre‐adapting chicks for 7 d to diets containing up to 600 g medium line lathyrus/kg diet did not reduce the detrimental effects of the lathyrus.

6. Although dehulling and pre‐adaptation of chicks to lathyrus were not beneficial, the low and medium lines of lathyrus tested show potential for use in chick diets up to at least 400 g lathyrus/kg diet.  相似文献   

2. A total of 108 laying hens, aged 36 weeks, were divided into three treatment groups with 12 replicates and each replicate contained three laying hens. The treatments were as follows: (1) Control (no hempseed), (2) 15% raw hempseed (RHS) in diet and (3) 15% HHS in the diet. Experiments lasted for 12 weeks.

3. Feed intake of the RHS group was lower than those of the control and HHS groups. Egg weight, egg mass, shell weight, shell surface area and shell thickness of the HHS group were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of the RHS group. Roche (DSM) colour fan values of the RHS group were higher than that of the HHS group (P < 0.01).

4. Palmitic, palmitoleic and oleic acids of egg yolk were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in the RHS and HHS groups; however, linoleic, α-linolenic and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA) of egg yolk increased (P < 0.05) for both treatment diets compared to the control group.

5. Both RHS and HHS supplementation to layer diets did not influence malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and blood lipid profile.

6. It was concluded that HHS was superior in improving the egg quality of laying hens as compared to the RHS.  相似文献   

2. Chicks fed on the tannin‐containing diets exhibited a high mortality and significant decreases in body‐weight as well as lower food intakes and higher food intake:weight gain ratios (P<0.01). In rats there was no mortality but the growth and food intake were adversely affected (P< 0.05).

3. Histological changes occurred in the ileal mucosa of chicks. Atrophy and shortening of villi with distortion of their architecture were observed. Similar histological disorders but less pronounced were also found in rats.

4. Histopathology of the liver of both chicks and rats showed an hydropic degeneration of hepatocytes, clearly more severe in the former than in the latter.  相似文献