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1.
A O McKinnon E L Squires L A Harrison E L Blach R K Shideler 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1988,192(3):350-353
During breeding of mares, ultrasonographic detection of uterine fluid accumulations in the first postpartum ovulatory period was associated with significantly decreased pregnancy rates, when compared with rates in control mares (P less than 0.005). The previously gravid uterine horn was recognized as the larger horn, when assessed for size by ultrasonography, for a mean of 21 days (range, 15 to 25 days) after parturition. On the basis of similar measurements obtained during 3 ultrasonographic scans (5-day period), uterine involution was determined to be completed in a mean of 23 days (range, 13 to 29 days). Progestin treatment did not affect uterine size, fluid accumulation, or rate of involution after parturition. However, delaying the first postpartum ovulation with 8 days of progestin treatment significantly improved pregnancy rates (P less than 0.05). More (P less than 0.05) mares became pregnant (23 of 28, 82%) when ovulation occurred after day 15 in the first postpartum ovulatory period, compared with those mares that ovulated before day 15 (6 of 12, 50%). We concluded that ultrasonographic detection of uterine fluid and postpartum progestin treatment can be used to manipulate breeding strategies and to improve pregnancy rates in mares bred during the first postpartum ovulatory period. 相似文献
2.
Toshiaki SUMIYOSHI Tomomi TANAKA Hideo KAMOMAE 《The Journal of reproduction and development》2014,60(2):106-114
Lactating Holstein-Friesian cows kept in tie-stall barn were used as subjects in this
study. Rectal examination, ultrasonography and blood sampling were conducted every other
day and then daily after the day on which diameter of the corpus luteum decreased. After
the luteal diameter decreased for 2 consecutive days, rectal and ultrasound examinations,
blood sampling, and observation of estrous signs were conducted at 6-h intervals. Most of
the estrous signs became obvious with the increase in estradiol-17β (E2) and
became most remarkable 24 to 30 hours before ovulation, at which point the E2
peak and luteinizing hormone (LH) surge were achieved, and then weakened which progression
to ovulation. The correlation between the intensity of four estrous signs (hyperemia and
swelling of the intravaginal part of the uterus, opening of the external uterine orifice
and viscosity of the cervical mucus) and the plasma E2 concentration was higher
than that of three estrous signs (swelling of the vulva, contraction of the uterus,
diameter of uterine horn) and the plasma E2 concentration. The relaxation of
the intravaginal part of the uterus showed a unique change compared with the other estrous
signs, and it became most obvious 6, 12 and 18 h before ovulation; this obviously relaxed
period was consistent with the generally accepted theoretical optimal time for artificial
insemination (AI), i.e., 6 to 24 h after initiation of estrus. These results suggest that
observation of estrous signs by vaginoscopic examination gave useful information for
detection of the optimal timing of AI in the periovulatory period in lactating dairy cows
kept in a tie-stall barn. 相似文献
3.
In horses, limited data is found regarding the vascular events during uterine involution at the puerperal period. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the morphological aspects (size of uterus and intrauterine fluid content) and the hemodynamics (endometrial and mesometrial vascular perfusion) of the uterus during its postpartum involution process. Ten mares were daily scanned by transrectal color Doppler ultrasonography from the first day postpartum (d1) to the 16th day after first postpartum ovulation (D0 = ovulation). The formerly gravid horn (GH) and formerly nongravid horn (NH) were individually evaluated. A reduction (P < .05) in the uterine diameter was observed during the first 7 days postpartum, and the rate of uterine involution decreased after this period. The involution was completed on d21 and d24 for the NH and GH, respectively. Presence of intrauterine fluid was present in large amounts between d1 and d2 postpartum, followed by a decrease (P < .05) between d4 and d7. No fluid was observed after d16 postpartum or after the third day postovulation (D3). During the early postpartum period, an increase (P < .05) in the endometrial and mesometrial vascularization was detected, respectively, between d1 and d4, and between d1 and d2. The vascular perfusion did not differ after d4 for endometrial tissue, whereas was reduced (P < .05) between d2 and d10 for mesometrium. After the first postpartum ovulation, an increase (P < .05) in vascular perfusion was observed from D0 to D5, followed by a decrease (P < .05) between D5 and D11 and an increase (P < .05) between D11 and D14. The novel vascular perfusion profile here described in the endometrium and mesometrium after ovulation is similar to the uterine vascular profile observed during estrous cycles and early pregnancy, indicating a fast return of the mare's uterus to cycling postpartum conditions. 相似文献
4.
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of intrauterine infusion with liquid paraffin (LP) on phagocytic migration into the uterus of cows. Smears of swab samples of the external os of the cervix and discharges collected inside the vagina were obtained in multiparous dairy cows (n = 10) that had been infused with 50 ml of LP (LP group: n = 5) or physiological saline (PS group: n = 5) on day 10 or 11 after ovulation (day 0: ovulation). The samples were collected for cytological examination 0 (just before), 0.25, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 h after LP or PS infusion and then at daily intervals until subsequent ovulation. The number of neutrophils increased significantly (p < 0.05) for 8 days compared with the pre-infusion level in the LP group and for 2 days in the PS group. The average numbers of neutrophils in the LP group were significantly (p < 0.05) greater than those in the PS group on 3, 4, 5 and 8 days after infusion. The number of monocytes from 6 h to 8 days after LP infusion was significantly higher than that before infusion (p < 0.05). The average numbers of monocytes at 4 and 6 h and 1 day after infusion in the LP group were significantly higher than those in the PS group. These findings indicate that LP stimulates phagocytic migration into the uterine lumen in cows and that LP infusion into the uterus might enhance uterine defence mechanisms during uterine infection. 相似文献
5.
Ultrasonically detectable characteristics of the uterus and embryo and palpable uterine tone were assessed in 10 postpartum mares. A bright fern-like pattern of ultrasonic uterine echogenicity, outlining the endometrial folds, was observed for an average of 2.1 ±0.2 days following parturition (range, 1 to 3 days). Unexpectedly, the uterus was quiescent throughout the postpartum interval, based on daily one-minute contractility scans. Contractility was maximal on Days 12 to 15 of pregnancy in both postpartum (n=7) and nonparturient (n=7) mares. The mean diameter of ultrasonically detectable intrauterine fluid collections increased (P<0.05) abruptly between days 1 and 2 postpartum and gradually decreased (P<0.05) between days 4 and 7; no collections were detected after day 16. There was no effect of day on echogenicity of the intrauterine fluid collections; on all days, fluid was relatively black or nonechogenic, suggesting that puerperal endometritis was not a problem in this group. Because the increase in intraluminal fluid occurred after parturition and in temporal association with a decrease in diameter and tone of the uterus, the fluid collections apparently represented a physiologic influx from the involuting uterus rather than residual placental fluid. Involution of the horns was completed by day 27 (formerly nongravid horn) and day 31 postpartum (formerly gravid horn), based on failure to detect further significant decreases in diameter. However, the formerly gravid horn was larger (P<0.05) in diameter than the formerly nongravid horn on each of Days 1 to 35 postpartum (end of experiment), indicating residual effects on uterine size. When averaged over both horns, uterine diameters were larger on Days 0 to 24 (Day 0=day of ovulation) of pregnancy in postpartum mares than in nonparturient mares; by Day 25, diameters were similar between statuses. By approximately Day 6 of pregnancy, uterine contractility and ultrasonic endometrial exhotexture were similar between postpartum mares and nonparturient mares. Uterine tone was greater (P<0.05) in postpartum mares than in nonparturient mares on all days between Day 0 and 25. An unexpected, transient increase in uterine tone was detected on Day 5 of pregnancy in both postpartum mares and nonparturient mares. No differences were found between reproductive statuses in patterns of embryo mobility, the day of fixation of the embryonic vesicle (postpartum, Day 15.3 ±0.4; nonparturient, Day 15.0 ±0.3), and diameter of the embryonic vesicle on the day of fixation (postpartum, 22.1 ±1.4 mm; nonparturient, 19.4 ±l.6mm). However, mean uterine tone and mean horn diameters on the side of fixation were greater (cranial and middle cornual segments; P<0.05) or tended to be greater (caudal segment; P<0.1 ) on the day of fixation in postpartum mares than in nonparturient mares. In all postpartum mares, fixation occurred in the formerly nongravid horn. Enhanced uterine tone in postpartum mares may account for the occurrence of fixation on the same day for the two reproductive statuses, despite the larger uterus in postpartum mares. 相似文献
6.
Twelve horse mares were used to investigate the effect of phenylbutazone or progesterone administration on uterine tubal motility, as reflected by embryo recovery from the uterus on day 5 after ovulation. Four treatment groups were used: group A (controls), in which uterine flush was performed 7 to 11 days after ovulation; group B (5-day controls), in which uterine flush was performed 5 days after ovulation; group C, in which uterine flush was performed 5 days after ovulation following administration of phenylbutazone (2 g, IV) on day 3; and group D, in which uterine flush was performed 5 days after ovulation following administration of progesterone in oil (250 mg, IM) on days 0, 1, and 2. Each mare was randomly assigned to each group once. Embryo recovery for each group was: group A, 13 embryos from 12 mares; group B, 3 embryos from 12 mares; group C, 4 embryos from 11 mares; and group D, 1 embryo from 11 mares. Recovery of embryos on day 5 in 3 of 12 nontreated mares indicated that equine embryos may enter the uterus before day 6. Neither treatment increased embryo recovery from the uterus on day 5 over that from the uterus of the 5-day controls. 相似文献
7.
Updates on Reproductive Physiology, Genital Diseases and Artificial Insemination in the Domestic Cat
E Axnér 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2008,43(S2):144-149
Reproduction in the domestic cat is characterized by large individual variations in the female oestrous cycle and in male semen quality. The female cat reproduction is strongly influenced by season, and new data suggest that it is possible that season also affects male fertility. Repeated periods of oestrus and spontaneous ovulation may lead to degenerative endometrial changes causing infertility. For artificial insemination (AI), induction of ovulation is necessary in the absence of the mating stimuli. The large variation in the relationship between follicular growth and timing of expression of oestrus complicates, however, timing of ovulation induction. Stress may lead to progesterone secretion by the adrenal glands and possibly have a negative impact on early pregnancy. The large individual variation in semen quality makes fertility evaluation and feline semen conservation a challenge. For AI, the semen can be deposited in the cranial vagina, the uterus or in the uterine tubes. Intrauterine insemination results in higher pregnancy rates than intravaginal but is more complicated. Surgical intrauterine or intratubal insemination has resulted in the birth of kittens, but is an invasive procedure that is not allowed in all countries. Transcervical intrauterine insemination with frozen-thawed semen has, however, recently resulted in the birth of kittens. 相似文献
8.
Chemotactic properties and protein of equine uterine fluid 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
H B Blue M G Blue R M Kenney T L Merritt 《American journal of veterinary research》1984,45(6):1205-1208
Forty uterine fluid samples were obtained from 4 mares classified as resistant to uterine bacterial infection. The uterus of each mare was flushed with 50 ml of saline solution during estrus and diestrus of successive estrous cycles. Bacteria or fungi were isolated from 4 samples, and 7 additional samples were obtained from a mare with active intrauterine infection. Fluid volumes obtained during estrus (means = 40.3 +/- 11 ml) tended to be greater than those recovered during diestrus (means = 36.8 +/- 7.9 ml), but the difference was not significant. Concentrations and yields of protein in recovered fluid did not vary significantly with the day of the estrous cycle. Protein concentration was significantly increased in samples from the infected uterus (P = less than 0.001). The ability of uterine fluid samples to attract neutrophils was measured using chemotactic chambers. There was no significant difference between distances migrated by neutrophils toward fluids obtained during estrus or diestrus. Chemotaxis scores tended to be higher with samples from the infected uterus, and the difference was significant for samples from 2 mares. Chemotaxis was neither significantly correlated with protein concentration of uterine fluid, nor with serum estrogens or progesterone. 相似文献
9.
Undiluted uterine secretion was used to determine the concentration of total protein and the accumulated volume of uterine secretion after a bacterial inoculation in mares susceptible and resistant to chronic uterine infection (CUI). The uterus of 6 susceptible and 5 resistant mares was inoculated with 5 x 10(6) Streptococcus zooepidemicus on the third day of estrus. Using a tampon inserted in the uterus, secretions were sampled at 5, 12, 24, and 36 hours after inoculation, followed by intrauterine lavage with phosphate buffered saline solution. The concentration of protein was determined in the undiluted secretion as well as in the uterine washing and the total amount of accumulated uterine secretion was calculated. Protein concentrations in plasma were compared before and after absorption by the tampon. Protein concentration of plasma before and after absorption by the tampon did not differ. Mares susceptible to CUI accumulated significantly (P less than 0.001) more fluid in the uterus than mares resistant to CUI, and uterine washings from the resistant mares were significantly (P less than 0.05) more dilute than those from the susceptible mares. Significant differences in protein concentrations between susceptible and resistant mares were not found. It was concluded from this study that the described method to sample undiluted uterine secretion was practical and reliable for the analysis of protein concentration. Various concentrations of uterine secretions in washings from susceptible and resistant mares emphasizes the importance in using undiluted uterine secretions or dilution markers in washings when intrauterine products are analyzed. 相似文献
10.
L. Neuwirth DVM MS M.M. Leblanc DVM D. Mauragis CVMT E. Klapstein MS T. Tran PhD 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》1995,36(1):64-68
Uterine clearance of technetium 99m-albumin colloid (99m Tc-μAA) was qualitatively and quantitatively measured in 5 reproductively normal mares and 5 mares susceptible to endometritis (infertile). The percentage of 370 MBq 99m Tc-μAA cleared from the uterine lumen within 2 hr of intrauterine infusion was measured in 10 mares on day 3 of estrus and 48 hr after ovulation. The procedure was repeated 3 times on day 3 of estrus in 6 mares to determine repeatability. Six mares were infused with 1110 MBq 99m Tc-μAA on day 3 of estrus to evaluate the effect of increasing the dose to reduce the imaging time. There was no statistically significant difference in the mean percentage of radiocolloid cleared from the uterus during day 3 of estrus or 48 hr after ovulation or in the percent cleared when the studies were repeated in individual mares. There was no statistically significant difference in uterine clearance between the 370 and 1110 MBq dose studies in each mare from 15 to 120 min. Reproductively normal mares cleared approximately 50% of the radiocolloid from the uterus by 120 min while susceptible mares cleared less than 15%. 相似文献
11.
Hauser B Bostedt H 《Journal of veterinary medicine. A, Physiology, pathology, clinical medicine》2002,49(10):511-516
Involution of the ovine uterus after parturition was studied using real-time B-mode ultrasonography. The diameter of the uterus, the uterine lumen and the caruncles were investigated during the first 30 days post-parturition (p.p.) by transrectal and transabdominal application of the ultrasound probe. Ewes that spontaneously delivered showed a physiological regression of the uterus with a transversal diameter of 4.9 (+/- 0.86) cm on day 1 p.p. which decreased to 1.84 (+/- 0.14) cm until day 30. The course of uterine regression was established on these data and was described by the exponential equation: y = E + A * e(-b*t). 'E' means the final value on day 30 p.p. and 'A' the difference between the initial transversal diameter on day 1 p.p. minus the final value on day 30 p.p. The exponents 'b' and 't' indicate the downward gradient of the regression curve and also the factor time in days. Furthermore, we found that the uterine regression in ewes finishes approximately on day 17 p.p. The uterine involution was delayed in ewes after manual obstetrics and caesarean section, in addition the incidence for retention of foetal membranes was increased. The present study demonstrates that the ultrasonographic technique is a suitable method for the control of the uterine involution and for the diagnosis of pathological aberrations in sheep. 相似文献
12.
Uterine response to inoculation with Streptococcus zooepidemicus organisms, 51Cr-labeled 15-microns microspheres, and charcoal was evaluated in 9 mares (4 resistant and 5 susceptible to endometritis) to determine mechanical and cellular clearance rates during the early postovulatory period. Mares were inoculated at estrus prior to ovulation during estrous cycles 1, 3, and 5. Uterine swab specimens for aerobic and anaerobic bacteriologic culture and serum for progesterone determination were obtained on postovulation day 3 during estrous cycle 1, on the day of ovulation during estrous cycle 3, and on postovulation day 5 during estrous cycle 5. Immediately thereafter, the uterus was irrigated with 50 ml of sterile physiologic saline solution containing tracer amounts of 125I-labeled human serum albumin. Streptococcus zooepidemicus was isolated from 10 of 15 (67%) uterine specimens collected from susceptible mares and incubated aerobically. Escherichia coli also was isolated from 2 of the 10 specimens incubated aerobically. Anaerobic bacteriologic culture of specimens from all mares yielded no growth. Chromium-labeled microspheres were recovered twice from 2 susceptible mares, on day 0 and day 5. Charcoal was retained in 5 specimens collected from 3 susceptible mares. Bacteriologic culture of specimens from resistant mares did not yield growth. On day 0, chromium-labeled microspheres and charcoal were recovered once from 1 resistant mare. Mares susceptible to endometritis accumulated more fluid within the uterine lumen after ovulation than did resistant mares (mean +/- SEM, 52.73 +/- 15.22 ml and 7.41 +/- 1.96 ml, respectively; P less than 0.01). From this study, it appeared that uterine cellular and bactericidal mechanisms are dysfunctional during the early postovulatory period. However, there appeared to be no disruption of the mechanisms responsible for mechanical clearance of materials inoculated in the uterus. 相似文献
13.
Oestrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha), the main subtype in the uterus, is involved in the regulation of uterine growth/proliferation. A relationship between ERalpha and proliferative activity has been shown in the cyclic sow uterus, but to our knowledge, no study has been carried out on early pregnant sows. Therefore, by means of immunohistochemistry and use of mouse monoclonal antibodies to ERalpha and a proliferative marker, Ki-67, the localization of these proteins was investigated in the sow uterus during early pregnancy. Eighteen crossbred multiparous sows were artificially inseminated once at 20-15 h before expected ovulation. After artificial insemination (AI), they were slaughtered at five different times: at oestrus, 5-6 h after AI (n = 4), 20-25 h after ovulation (n =4), 70 h after ovulation (n = 4), on day 11 (the first day of standing oestrus = day 1, n = 3) and on day 19 (n = 3). Immediately after slaughter, uterine samples were collected at the mesometrial side of the uteri, fixed in 10% formaldehyde and embedded in paraffin. Immunohistochemistry was performed by using mouse monoclonal antibodies to ERalpha (C-311) and Ki-67 (MM1). All sows slaughtered after ovulation were pregnant. In general, positive immunostaining for ERalpha and Ki-67 was found in the nuclei. Variations in staining intensity and proportion of positive nuclei were observed in different uterine compartments and stages of early pregnancy. The highest level of ERalpha presence in the surface epithelium and myometrium was found at oestrus (5-6 h after AI), and low levels of ERalpha in these compartments were observed as early as 20-25 h after ovulation. In the glandular epithelia, presence of ERalpha was highest at 70 h after ovulation. The largest number of ERalpha-positive cells in the stroma was observed at oestrus and early after ovulation. Low proliferation was observed, and with no significant difference in tissue compartments except in the glandular epithelium. High proliferative activity in the glandular epithelium at 70 h after ovulation indicated involvement in preparation for secretory activity and growth during pregnancy establishment. Significant positive correlation was found between the number of ERalpha-positive cells in the stroma and Ki-67-positive cells in the surface epithelium. In conclusion, the present study showed differences in immunolocalization of ERalpha and the proliferative marker Ki-67 in different tissue compartments of the sow uterus at oestrus and early pregnancy. In some uterine compartments, the patterns of ERalpha and Ki-67 immunostaining seemed to be influenced by insemination and the presence of embryos, in addition to the effects of steroid hormones. 相似文献
14.
Spermatozoa incubated in uterine fluid collected 7 or 18 h after ovulation showed no significant differences either in motility or in fecundity, despite wide variations of composition of the uterine fluid itself. The absence of uterine fluid in the oviduct 1 h before oviposition may be partially responsible for spermatozoa being unable to migrate easily to the storage sites after insemination of this time. Females inseminated intravaginally at the presumed time of oviposition showed consistently low fertility, irrespective of whether an egg was present in the uterus or not. Normal fertility rates could be achieved with inseminations intravaginally at or near the time of oviposition if the uterine contractions associated with oviposition were inhibited by treatment with indomethacin. Hens inseminated intravaginally 1 h after oviposition retained lower proportions (0.4 to 0.7%) of the initial dose of spermatozoa (measured 2 h after insemination) in their oviduct that hens inseminated 5 to 6 h after oviposition (4.5 to 23.3%). 相似文献
15.
Lisa M. Ferretti DVM Susan M. Newell DVM MS John P. Graham MVB MSc Gregory D. Roberts DVM MS 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》2000,41(3):287-291
The radiographic and ultrasonographic appearance of the normal involution process of the feline postpartum uterus has not been previously described. Six queens were examined to determine the normal radiographic and ultrasonographic appearance of the involuting postpartum uterus. Radiographic and ultrasonographic examinations were performed daily from days one through ten, then on days 12, 14, 18, 24, and 28 postpartum. Radiographically the mean total uterine thickness was 16.5 mm at day one postpartum. By day 14 the mean total uterine thickness was 10.5 mm and by day 24 postpartum the uterus was not radiographically visible. Ultrasonographically at day one postpartum the mean total uterine thickness was 16.6 mm and the mean uterine wall thickness was 2.7 mm. At day 14 postpartum the mean total uterine thickness was 6.2 mm and the mean wall thickness was 2.1 mm. At day 28 postpartum the uterus could still be identified ultrasonographically however individual wall layers were not discernable. 相似文献
16.
Causey RC 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2006,172(3):405-421
Equine uterine infections inflict major losses on the equine industry. Persistent inflammation of the oviduct and uterus leads to loss of the conceptus and mares susceptible to infection have weakened uterine defences partly due to retention of inflammatory exudate. Bacteria may trigger inflammation, resist phagocytosis, or adhere to the endometrium and types of infection range from genital commensals in susceptible mares to reproductive pathogens in normal mares. Uterine infections are diagnosed by history, detection of uterine inflammation, and isolation of typical organisms and susceptible mares may be identified by detection of intrauterine fluid during oestrus, or at 6-48 h post-breeding. Therapy includes oxytocin, uterine lavage, antibiotics, and prostaglandin analogues and clinical studies indicate additive benefits of oxytocin and antibiotics. Improved conception rates have been associated with autologous, intrauterine plasma, despite controversy about its bactericidal efficacy. Because of the potential for endometrial damage, intrauterine antiseptics require caution. 相似文献
17.
The objective of this study was to find difference in vascular perfusion of uterine horns or uterine body throughout the estrous cycle and their relation to circulating nitric oxide and leptin concentrations. Five cyclic mares were subjected to transrectal Doppler ultrasonography and blood sampling for 18 days. Area of color and power Doppler modes was measured in pixels. Day (P = .0001) of the estrous cycle and ovulation (P = .0001) influenced uterine blood flow. Uterine body blood flow directed away from the transducer (blue, P = .0001) increased from day −5 until day 0 (day of ovulation), and its power (P = .0001) blood flow increased from day −6 until day 0; then, both decreased until days 12 and 10, respectively. Conversely to the contralateral uterine horn, ipsilateral uterine horn blood flow directed away from the transducer (blue, P = .0001) increased from day −5 until day −1, and its power (P = .0001) blood flow increased from day −6 until day 0; then, both decreased until day 10. Nitric oxide concentrations (P = .0001) attained two major peaks; the first on day −3 and the other persisted from day 2 until day 5. Leptin concentrations increased (P > .001) with a maximum value on day 0 and then decreased until a minimum value on day 9. In conclusion, during the estrous cycle, ipsilateral uterine horn and uterine body blood vessels had similar blood flow. Both leptin and nitric oxide played a role during follicle growth, ovulation, and corpus luteum development and modulated uterine blood flow before and after ovulation. 相似文献
18.
The release of opsonins into the uterine lumen of mares susceptible or resistant to endometritis was examined after intrauterine inoculation of a filtrate of Streptococcus culture fluid or vehicle. Uterine flushings were collected at 0.5 hour before and 2, 4, 6, 8, and 24 hours after inoculation on day 2 or 3 of estrus and on day 7 or 8 after ovulation. Amounts of opsonins in flushings were quantified as the H2O2 produced by leukocytes incubated with flushings-opsonized bacteria, compared with H2O2 produced by leukocytes incubated with nonopsonized bacteria. Opsonin values in flushings increased (P less than 0.025) in all mares after inoculation of filtrate or vehicle. For mares resistant to endometritis, opsonin values were greater at diestrus than at estrus. The opposite was true for mares susceptible to endometritis, resulting in a status (susceptible vs resistant) X stage of cycle interaction (P less than 0.025). Overall, opsonins were higher (P less than 0.05) in flushings of mares susceptible to endometritis than in flushings of mares resistant to endometritis, but this difference was only apparent at estrus. Preliminary characterization of opsonins in uterine secretions by ammonium sulfate fractionation and gel filtration indicated that opsonins were mainly associated with an ammonium sulfate-soluble fraction of high molecular weight (greater than 4 X 10(6] and an ammonium sulfate-precipitable fraction that was associated with immunoglobulin G. 相似文献
19.
20.
Sinnemaa L Järvimaa T Lehmonen N Mäkelä O Reilas T Sankari S Katila T 《Journal of veterinary medicine. A, Physiology, pathology, clinical medicine》2005,52(9):466-471
The effect of artificial insemination (AI) volume on uterine contractility and inflammation and on elimination of semen in the reproductive tract of mares was examined for 4 h after AI using two methods, scintigraphy and ultrasonography. The same doses were used in both methods: 2 and 100 ml of skim milk-extended frozen semen. In the scintigraphic study, the number of reproductively normal mares was four per group and in the ultrasonographic study five per group. For scintigraphy, the semen was radiolabelled with technetium-99m. The static scintigrams were acquired immediately before and 30, 60, 120, 180 and 240 min after AI. The activities in the vagina and uterus were calculated and the values for sperm that had been discharged from the mare were obtained by subtracting the counts for the uterus and vagina from the total radioactivity. The dynamic scintigrams were taken continuously for the first 30 min after AI and in 5-min periods immediately after having acquired the static scintigrams. The uterine contractions were counted. In the ultrasonographic study, the mares were scanned before AI and at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 60, 120, 150, 180, and 240 min after AI, for at least 1 min each time. The examinations were videotaped and contractions counted per minute. More contractions were observed with the ultrasonographic method than with the scintigraphic method. No difference was present in the number of contractions between the groups, except in the ultrasonographic study at 4 h, when the mares inseminated with 100 ml showed more contractions than did the mares inseminated with 2 ml. The intraluminal fluid was sampled with a tampon and by uterine lavage 4 h after AI in the ultrasonographic study. The numbers of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and spermatozoa were counted, but the differences between the groups were not significant. Under our experimental conditions and with the number of mares examined, the volume of the AI dose had an insignificant effect on contractility - with the exception at 4 h - and inflammatory reaction and on semen elimination in the uterus. 相似文献