共查询到18条相似文献，搜索用时 546 毫秒
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采用耗竭法,研究了婆婆纳、离子草与小花糖芥三种麦田常见杂草吸收NO3-、H2PO4-、K+的动力学差异。试验结果表明:在吸收NO3-、H2PO4-、K+时,婆婆纳的Vm ax值要显著高于其它两种杂草;在吸收H2PO4-时,离子草的Km值要显著低于其它两种杂草;而在吸收K+时,却是小花糖芥的Km值最低。从而说明:三种杂草中,婆婆纳最能适应高N、P、K养分条件,离子草最能适应低P养分条件,而小花糖芥则最能适应低K养分条件。 相似文献
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通过盆栽试验,研究了不同的光照强度与P肥施用水平对两种重要麦田杂草婆婆纳与离子草的生长及其竞争关系的影响.结果表明,在弱光照下,婆婆纳和离子草的生长都相应减弱,但婆婆纳植株能萌发更多的叶片以适应弱光照条件:增施P肥,无论是在弱或强光照条件下都有利于婆婆纳的生长,但在弱光照强度下并不能显著促进离子草的生长.相比之下,离子草比婆婆纳更能忍受低P土壤养分条件,而后者却比前者更能忍受弱光照条件.因此,在土壤P素养分低,且光照强度较高时,离子草的相对竞争能力大于婆婆纳:而在土壤P素养分高时,无论是在弱或强光照条件下婆婆纳的相对竞争能力都要大于离子草. 相似文献
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CO2浓度升高、氮和水分对春小麦养分吸收和土壤养分的效应 总被引：11，自引：2，他引：11
研究了 2种CO2浓度水平 ,2种土壤水分处理和 5种N肥施用水平对春小麦 (TriticumaestivumL cv DingxiNo. 8654)养分吸收和土壤速效养分的影响。结果表明 ,高CO2浓度 (700 molmol-1)明显降低春小麦对氮(N)的吸收 ,低N时降低更为明显 ,但对磷 (P)、钾 (K)吸收的影响不明显。小麦对N、P、K吸收 ,干旱处理明显比湿润处理低。CO2浓度增高对土壤速效N的影响与土壤水分状况有关。湿润处理 ,CO2浓度增加的处理速效N量比当前CO2浓度的处理低 ;而干旱处理 ,施N 50、100、150mgkg-1时 ,速效N则较高。高CO2 浓度对土壤速效P、K量的影响不明显 ,而低N和水分不足 ,土壤速效P、K量较高 相似文献
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在长期定位施肥的基础上,采用盆栽试验,研究了不同施肥处理对冬小麦根际土壤与非根际土壤中pH、有机质含量及速效养分含量差异的影响。结果表明,(1)CK和PK处理在不同生育期其根际pH值均低于根外,土壤有机质含量逐渐下降。氮肥及和P、K配施的处理中,根际和非根际的pH值均低于PK和CK。N、NP、NPK处理的根际土壤有机质从拔节到成熟期有先下降后上升的趋势,而NK处理根际和非根际土壤有机质含量均逐渐下降。有机肥和化肥配施的处理中,在拔节期根际pH值均小于根外,在抽穗期和成熟期却相反,有机质含量从拔节期到成熟期均高于化肥处理。(2)CK和PK处理,土壤速效氮在各个时期均较其它处理低。长期施用氮肥和其它肥料配施(N、NP、NK、NPK)处理,在拔节期时,根际与非根际土壤的速效氮含量差异不明显,而根际的速效磷含量最高;到成熟期时,以N、NK处理的速效氮含量最高;偏施钾肥(NK和PK)处理的根际与非根际土壤速效钾含量变化不明显,但高于NPK处理;长期施用有机肥和NPK处理根际土速效氮含量较化肥处理高,以MNPK和1.5MNPK处理表现最明显。除SNPK外,各处理根际和非根际土速效磷含量均明显高于化肥处理,以1.5MNPK处理含量最高。 相似文献
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氨基酸有机肥对棉花根际和非根际土壤酶活性和养分有效性的影响 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
在新疆石河子进行了2年不同氨基酸有机肥施用量的大田试验,测定棉花根际和非根际土壤酶活性和有效养分含量。结果表明,棉花根际土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶、脲酶、纤维素酶活性高于非根际,且脲酶、纤维素酶活性达到显著差异。新陆早8号根际过氧化氢酶活性高于新陆早12号,但蔗糖酶、磷酸酶、脲酶、纤维素酶活性低于新陆早12号。根际碱解N呈显著降低,速效P呈增加趋势。膜下滴灌根际和非根际土壤过氧化氢酶、磷酸酶、脲酶、土壤pH及非根际的碱解N、速效P、根际的速效K较淹灌高,而土壤蔗糖酶、纤维素酶、根际碱解N、速效P、非根际的速效K较淹灌低。氨基酸有机肥对棉花根际和非根际土壤酶活性都有增加作用。土壤pH随着有机肥施用量的增加呈下降趋势,根际低于非根际。氨基酸有机肥增加了土壤碱解N、速效P、速效K含量。 相似文献
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长期施用有机-无机肥对太湖流域土壤肥力的影响 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
通过长期田间定位试验研究了不同处理的有机无机肥施用对稻-麦轮作体系生产力和土壤肥力的影响.5年试验结果表明:施用有机肥和施用化肥体系均能达到较高的产量水平.单施N肥和NPK配合施用在试验前2年系统生产力(水稻+小麦) 没有显著差异.不同施肥处理对土壤养分有显著影响.施肥尤其是有机无机肥混施能显著增加土壤中碱解N、速效P和速效K含量.土壤中N以NO3--N形式存在,有机肥的施入显著降低了土壤中NH4+-N的含量.土壤速效K与速效P含量呈极显著相关,说明这些速效养分的同源性,可能是由有机肥施用带入土壤中的.土壤中碱解N与NO3--N含量呈显著的相关,而与NH4+-N含量没有关系,土壤速效P与有效态Fe含量呈显著相关. 相似文献
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黄土高原旱地长期施肥对小麦养分吸收和土壤肥力的影响 总被引：21，自引：7，他引：21
通过定位试验研究了长期施肥对小麦子粒、秸杆养分吸收和土壤肥力变化的影响。结果表明,合理施用化肥不但增产幅度大,还在一定程度上增加了小麦N、P、K养分浓度。单施氮、单施磷肥能增加小麦子粒和秸杆的N、P、K吸收量,氮磷肥配施增加效果显著,其子粒吸收N、P、K增加了153.2%、157.1%和162.4%。施有机肥能补充土壤中的N、P、K含量,增加小麦子粒中的养分含量,使品质有大幅度的提高。单施磷肥的土壤有机质、全P、速效P含量增加,土壤全N、速效N含量减少,N素亏缺。氮磷肥配施加剧了土壤K的亏缺。有机肥培肥作用显著,有机肥和氮、磷肥配施的土壤有机质、全N、全P、速效N、速效P和速效K分别增加了69.0%5、7.5%、54.8%、73.1%、830.5%和119.1%。 相似文献
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不同生育时期根际土壤渍水逆境对冬小麦N、P、K素营养的影响 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
运用盆栽模拟土壤渍水逆境试验，研究不同生育时期根际土壤渍水逆境对不同小麦品种N、P、K素吸收、运转和分配的影响。结果表明，根际土壤渍水逆境对不同小麦品种N、P、K素吸收的影响有异;不同生育时期根际土壤渍水逆境显著影响根系对N、P素的吸收、运转与分配，以孕穗期渍水逆境影响最大，其次为灌浆期和拔节期，而不同生育时期根际土壤渍水逆境对K素的吸收影响较小。孕穗期以前浈水逆境主要影响小麦根系对N，P，K案的吸收．对N、P、K素在小麦体内的运输和分配影响较小；灌浆期渍水逆境不仅影响根系对N、P、K素的吸收．同时也影响N、P素在地上部各器官中的运转和分配，但对K素在小麦体内的运转和分配影响较小。因此，基肥中施足P肥和K肥，拔节孕穗期重施速效N肥，灌浆期叶面喷施KH2PO4对于培育壮秆大穗，减轻小麦溃害，提高受渍小麦籽粒产量具有非常重要的实际意义。 相似文献
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长期施肥对南方黄泥田冬春季杂草群落及其C、N、P 化学计量的影响 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
在福建黄泥田长期定位施肥试验的第27年,研究了不同施肥处理对冬春季稻田杂草群落及其C、N、P化学计量的影响。结果表明,与不施肥(CK)相比,化肥+牛粪(NPKM)、化肥+秸秆还田(NPKS)及单施化肥(NPK)处理的杂草Shannon均匀度指数(E)降低0.03~0.07个单位,NPKM与NPKS处理还同时降低了Margalef物种丰富度指数(DMG),而表征综合量度的Shannon多样性指数(H′)则降低0.02~0.16个单位。各施肥处理的杂草生物量较CK增加89.6%~214.7%。不同施肥处理还提高了杂草N、P、K养分含量,尤其是NPKM处理,各施肥处理养分积累顺序表现为:NPKM>NPKS>NPK。此外,各施肥处理降低了杂草C/N与C/P计量比值。植株C/N、C/P、N/P与土壤C/N、C/P、N/P及生物量间呈一定的显著相关。不同施肥处理影响杂草多样性及其养分吸收,施肥处理的杂草养分储量可观,培肥潜力大。杂草的C、N、P计量比一定程度上可反映土壤C、N、P计量特征。 相似文献
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A field study conducted for two crop cycles of five cropping systems supplied with six nutrient combinations at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi indicated that the cropping systems having a legume increased organic C content over initial level by 0.02?–?0.05%, available N by 3.5?–?14.1?kg ha???1, whereas the rice-wheat cropping system resulted in a reduction in organic C and available N over initial level by 0.05% and 1.5?kg ha???1, respectively after 2 years of study. Rice-potato-mungbean cropping system resulted in a negative balance of available P and rice-clover cropping system had a negative balance of both available P and available K content in soil and thus call for adequate P and K fertilization. Application of P and K helped in building up their content in soil; NPK?+?FYM showed the highest increase in organic C, available N, available P and available K content in soil. These results suggest the inclusion of a legume in a cropping system for maintaining organic C and available N in soil and adequate P and K fertilization for arresting the depletion of available P and K content in soil. Integrated nutrient management is one of the best methods for resilience of soil fertility under rice-wheat cropping system. 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(9):775-792
Abstract This research was undertaken on a paleudult soil in southern Brazil, 30° south latitude, to quantify lime and P effect upon soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill). A lime x P factorial experience with lime treatments of 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 times SMP interpretation to pH 6.5, and 0, 44, 88, 132, and 176 kg P/ha with 3 replications were installed. The experiment was conducted for 2 years (1973–74, 1974–75), with leaf‐N, P, and K; yield; seed‐N, P, and K; Bray P2 (0.03N NH4F + 0.1N HC1) avail‐able‐P and soil pH measurements completed each year. Data was evaluated with linear, quadratic, logarithmic, polynomial, segmented line, and multiple regression using the coefficient of determination as goodness of fit. The best model fit between P treatment and Bray P2 available‐P was a quadratic equation; the model between relative yield and Bray P2‐P with 54% of the relative yield attributed to Bray P2 available‐P, a sigmented line. This model indicated point of maximum yield (91% relative yield) was obtained at 7.4 ppm‐P, with no increase in relative yield with increasing levels of soil available‐P. To calculate the P fertilizer necessary to increase available soil‐P to the level of maximum yield of equation Yp = [1639(7.4 ‐ xs)]1/2, where Yp = kg P/ha fertilizer needed; and xs = initial Bray P2 soil available‐P in ppm's. The lime effect upon soil pH was best described as a linear relationship. Yield increase with lime at this site was not significant at the 5% level. The leaf‐N, P, and K increased significantly with soil available‐P levels. A second degree polynomial with logarithmic function best defined these relationships. The calculated DRIS indices and sum proved useful to evaluate the plant‐N, P, and K balance of each treatment. Only seed‐P level was directly related to soil available‐P. Both seed‐N and seed‐K were highly correlated with indirect effects of soil available‐P levels. Results from this study suggest the segmented line model would best interpret soybean yield response to Bray P2 available‐P for this soil. To obtain maximum yield using this model rather than the second degree polynomial would require less fertilizer P. Foliar analyses interpretation confirmed adequate plant‐P level would be supplied for maximum yield at this level of fertilization. 相似文献
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施肥模式对晚稻田杂草群落的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
【目的】长期不合理施化肥对生态环境的影响已经引起学者和公众的关注,有机肥的施用越来越受到重视。揭示有机肥对农田杂草群落影响的机制、预测有机农业环境下杂草群落的演替趋势十分困难。本文对比研究不同施肥模式下农田杂草的群落特征,探索晚稻田杂草群落结构演变趋势,以期为现代农业中有机肥的合理施用和农田生物多样性保护提供科学依据。【方法】通过田间长期定位施肥试验,运用群落生态学方法研究了晚稻种植季五种施肥处理区杂草群落的结构特征及其生物多样性。在每个小区随机设置5个面积为0.25 m2的样方,记录各样方内杂草物种种类、每个种类杂草的数量,调查杂草的盖度与频度;测定稻谷理论产量;使用照度计测量地表与水稻冠层顶部的光照强度,计算光照透过率;测定耕作层土壤的有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量。计算杂草的重要值,采用物种丰富度(S)和Shannon-Wiener指数(H)测定杂草群落的生物多样性;以15个处理小区中的11种常见杂草的重要值构成原始数据矩阵,应用SPSS16.0软件进行主成分分析和典范对应分析。【结果】晚稻田不同施肥处理土壤养分以及光照透过率差异显著,施有机肥的处理晚稻稻谷产量高于CK与NPK纯化肥处理。CK处理区优势种为野荸荠-节节菜-异型莎草-鸭舌草,NPK处理区优势种为双穗雀稗,NPK5/5和NPK3/7处理区优势种为双穗雀稗-鸭舌草,NPK7/3处理区优势种为双穗雀稗-鸭舌草-稗。主成分分析结果表明15个施肥处理小区的杂草群落可以分为三大类:第一类是CK处理;第二类是NPK3/7处理;第三类是NPK、NPK5/5、NPK7/3三个处理。主成分Factor 1与有机质、碱解氮以及有效磷呈极显著负相关(P0.01),与光照透过率呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。典范对应分析结果显示,节节菜、野荸荠与牛毛毡比较适宜生长在CK处理区,双穗雀稗适宜在NPK7/3处理区生长,鸭舌草、陌上菜以及四叶萍适宜生长在NPK3/7处理区。有机肥处理区的物种丰富度与物种多样性指数处于NPK与CK之间,且随着有机肥比例的增加物种数增加。物种丰富度以及物种多样性指数与有机质、碱解氮以及有效磷呈极显著正的"U型"相关(P0.01),与速效钾呈显著负相关(P0.05),与群落光照条件呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。【结论】晚稻田杂草群落特征与土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷含量以及地表光照透过率关系密切。均衡施用有机和无机肥可以显著降低杂草群落的优势种数量,将杂草群落的优势种数量以及生物多样性维持在不施肥与纯施化肥处理区之间。因此,可以通过调整有机肥的施用量来调控农田杂草生长及群落特性,实现农田杂草的科学综合管理。综合考虑晚稻稻谷产量和杂草群落生物多样性状况,NPK3/7(化肥30%+有机肥70%)施肥模式既可以保证作物的优质高产,也可以较好地维持杂草群落的生物多样性。 相似文献
15.
长期定位施肥对潮土磷素形态和有效性的影响 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
研究长期定位施肥对潮土各形态磷含量变化及磷有效性的影响,为潮土合理施用磷肥提供理论依据。长期定位施肥试验开始于1990年,设CK（不施肥）、N2（单施尿素）、N2P（不施钾肥）、N2K（不施磷肥）、N1PK（低量氮肥和磷钾肥）、N2PK（平衡施肥）、N3PK（中高量施肥）、N4PK（高量氮肥和磷钾肥）、N2PKM（化肥和有机肥）、N2PKS（化肥和玉米秸秆还田）10个处理;采用Tiessen-Moir磷素分级法测定各施肥处理土壤不同形态磷含量,用常规方法测定有效磷、全磷含量,分析不同形态磷含量间的相关性。结果表明:经过28年定位施肥处理,N2PKM处理土壤各形态磷含量为盐酸态磷（HCl-P）> 残留态磷（Residual-P）> 氢氧化钠无机磷（NaOH-Pi）> 氢氧化钠有机磷（NaOH-Po）> 碳酸氢钠无机磷（NaHCO3-Pi）> 水溶性磷（Resin-Pi）> 碳酸氢钠有机磷（NaHCO3-Po）。在各施肥处理间,N2P、N1PK、N2PK、N3PK、N4PK、N2PKM、N2PKS处理土壤Resin-Pi、NaHCO3-Pi和NaOH-Pi含量显著高于CK、N2、N2K处理,而处理间NaHCO3-Po、NaOH-Po、HCl-P和Residual-P含量差异不显著。除NaOH-Po外,其它形态磷含量与供试土壤有效磷、全磷含量呈极显著相关,其中Resin-Pi对有效磷贡献最大,说明Resin-Pi是最有效的磷源。供试土壤条件下,合理配施化肥有机肥,可以激发磷素后效,使积累磷素向有效态转化,施用有机肥料能显著提高土壤中各磷组分含量,其中有机无机配施处理（N2PKM）提高程度高于单施化肥（N2PK),施用秸秆处理的各磷组分含量同样显著高于不施肥和化肥处理,且施用有机肥和秸秆处理(N2PKS）的中活性和中等活性磷均与土壤速效磷、全磷呈显著正相关,可在潮土上施用有机肥或秸秆处理,从而保持高比例的土壤有效磷库。 相似文献
16.
长期不同施肥对棕壤AM真菌群落结构的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
17.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(17-18):3083-3085
Abstract Interest is increasing in alternative, reduced input cropping systems. Potential interactive effects of input additions or eliminations on crop yield must be delineated to develop the most resource‐efficient cropping systems. Information of this type is especially lacking in the southern United States. The principal objective of this field study was to determine the main and interactive effects of nitrogen (N) fertilization, herbicide, and insecticide on grain yields in a corn (Zea mays L.)‐soybean [(Glycine max (L.) Merr.)] rotation. Dryland studies were conducted for four years (1990–1993) on a Weswood silt loam soil (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept). Variables included none or “optimal”; applications of N fertilizer, herbicide, and insecticide. Mean corn grain yield was increased 156% by N fertilization compared to the no N control. Herbicide significantly increased corn grain yield two of four years, while soil‐applied insecticide had no effect. Johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.] was identified as the primary competitive weed species in corn. No interactions of inputs were observed for corn grain yield. Nitrogen fertilization and herbicide did not affect soybean yield, but insecticide increased average soybean yield by 29%. Interactions of N fertilization and insecticide and herbicide and insecticide were significant for soybean yield. 相似文献
18.
Sheng‐Mao Yang Sukhdev S. Malhi Feng‐Min Li Dong‐Rang Suo Ming‐Gang Xu Ping Wang Guo‐Ju Xiao Yu Jia Tian‐Wen Guo Jian‐Guo Wang 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2007,170(2):234-243
Long‐term applications of inorganic fertilizers and farmyard manure influence organic matter as well as other soil‐quality parameters, but the magnitude of change depends on soil‐climatic conditions. Effects of 22 annual applications (1982–2003) of N, P, and K inorganic fertilizers and farmyard manure (M) on total organic carbon (TOC) and nitrogen (TON), light‐fraction organic C (LFOC) and N (LFON), microbial‐biomass C (MB‐C) and N (MB‐N), total and extractable P, total and exchangeable K, and pH in 0–20 cm soil, nitrate‐N (NO ‐N) in 0–210 cm soil, and N, P, and K balance sheets were determined using a field experiment established in 1982 on a calcareous desert soil (Orthic Anthrosol) at Zhangye, Gansu, China. A rotation of irrigated wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)‐wheat‐corn (Zea mays L.) was used to compare the control, N, NP, NPK, M, MN, MNP, and MNPK treatments. Annual additions of inorganic fertilizers for 22 y increased mass of LFON, MB‐N, total P, extractable P, and exchangeable K in topsoil. This effect was generally enhanced with manure application. Application of manure also increased mass of TOC and MB‐C in soil, and tended to increase LFOC, TON, and MB‐N. There was no noticeable effect of fertilizer and manure application on soil pH. There was a close relationship between some soil‐quality parameters and the amount of C or N in straw that was returned to the soil. The N fertilizer alone resulted in accumulation of large amounts of NO ‐N at the 0–210 cm soil depth, accounting for 6% of the total applied N, but had the lowest recovery of applied N in the crop (34%). Manure alone resulted in higher NO ‐N in the soil profile compared with the control, and the MN treatment had the highest amount of NO ‐N in the soil profile. Application of N in combination with P and/or K fertilizers in both manured and unmanured treatments usually reduced NO ‐N accumulation in the soil profile compared with N alone and increased the N recovery in the crop as much as 66%. The N that was unaccounted for, as a percentage of applied N, was highest in the N‐alone treatment (60%) and lowest in the NPK treatment (30%). In the manure + chemical fertilizer treatments, the unaccounted N ranged from 35% to 43%. Long‐term P fertilization resulted in accumulation of extractable P in the surface soil. Compared to the control, the amount of P in soil‐plant system was surplus in plots that received P as fertilizer and/or manure, and the unaccounted P as percentage of applied P ranged from 64% to 80%. In the no‐manure plots, the unaccounted P decreased from 72% in NP to 64% in NPK treatment from increased P uptake due to balanced fertilization. Compared to the control, the amount of K in soil‐plant system was deficit in NPK treatment, i.e., the recovery of K in soil + plant was more than the amount of applied K. In manure treatments, the recovery of applied K in crop increased from 26% in M to 61% in MNPK treatment, but the unaccounted K decreased from 72% in M to 37% in MNPK treatment. The findings indicated that integrated application of N, P, and K fertilizers and manure is an important strategy to maintain or increase soil organic C and N, improve soil fertility, maintain nutrients balance, and minimize damage to the environment, while also improving crop yield. 相似文献