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1.
干旱胁迫对赤霞珠葡萄叶片水分及叶绿素荧光参数的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
试验以3a生赤霞珠为材料,根据黎明前叶片的基础水势(Ψb),设置轻度干旱胁迫(T3)、中度干旱胁迫(T2)和重度干旱胁迫(T1)三个处理,以无胁迫为CK。研究了赤霞珠葡萄叶片水分及叶绿素荧光参数的变化规律。结果表明:干旱胁迫能导致赤霞珠葡萄叶片水分饱和亏缺、束缚水呈现依次上升趋势,而叶片相对含水量、总含水量、自由水及自由水/束缚水呈现不同程度下降趋势,且随胁迫程度的增大而显著增加。随着胁迫的进行,赤霞珠葡萄基础荧光(F_0)呈现先上升后下降趋势,最大荧光(Fm)、可变荧光(Fv)、原初光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、潜在活性(Fv/F_0)、最大量子产额(Yield)、电子传递速率(ETR)及光化学淬灭系数(qP)显著降低,而非光化学淬灭系数(qN)显著增加。表明干旱胁迫能引起赤霞珠葡萄叶片水分降低,光合电子传递链受阻,PSII反应中心耗散过剩光能的能力增强,吸收的光能更多地用于保护性的热耗散途径,导致光化学量子产额下降,光合效率下降。  相似文献   

2.
以侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)和祁连圆柏(Juniperus przewalskii)2年生幼苗为材料,用盆栽实验比较持续干旱对两者叶片水分及光合生理特性的影响。研究发现:侧柏水势(ψ)、叶片相对含水量(RWC)、净光合速率(Pn)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学效率(Φ_(PSII))、电子传递速率(ETR)和叶绿素含量(Chl a,Chl b,Chl a+b)的下降幅度均大于祁连圆柏,且游离脯氨酸含量(Pro)和叶绿素原初荧光值(Fo)上升幅度大于后者,但两者胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)和气孔限制值(Is)变化相反。这些结果表明,侧柏对干旱胁迫敏感度明显高于祁连圆柏,祁连圆柏对干旱胁迫的抵抗力更高;侧柏净光合速率的下降主要是叶绿素组分和光合器官功能的破坏等非气孔因素引起的,而祁连圆柏净光合速率的下降主要是气孔因素引起的。另外,持续干旱处理后祁连圆柏仍保持较高的瞬时水分利用效率(WUEi)和电子传递速率(ETR),表明它能够通过提高水分利用效率和光呼吸速率来减小干旱胁迫产生的伤害。这将为黄土高原区生态恢复中造林绿化树种的选择提供理论依据和实践指导。  相似文献   

3.
以一年生沙芥幼苗的叶片为实验材料,采用盆栽实验的方法,将土壤含水量设置为正常浇水为对照(70%~75%WHC,CK),轻度干旱胁迫(55%~60%WHC,LD),中度(40%~45%WHC,MD),重度(25%~30%WHC,VD)四个处理,用Li-6400光合仪和叶绿素荧光仪FMS2(Hansatech,UK),研究干旱胁迫下沙芥光合参数、荧光参数的变化规律,探讨干旱胁迫对沙芥叶片光合生理指标的影响,旨在揭示沙芥对干旱胁迫的响应机制,为阐明沙芥的耐旱性提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,沙芥叶片叶绿素a,b含量在各干旱胁迫处理下,比对照下降了1.30%~7.04%和19.47%~42.37%,类胡萝卜素含量下降了2.06%~9.88%。叶绿素a/b上升了33.49%~74.27%,Car/Chl上升了1.33%~15.73%。(2)随着干旱胁迫的加剧,沙芥叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、水分利用率呈现下降的趋势,胞间CO2浓度先下降后上升,气孔限制值不断下降。这表明轻度干旱胁迫下气孔限制是影响沙芥幼苗叶片Pn下降的主要因素;中度和重度干旱胁迫下,非气孔限制是沙芥幼苗叶片Pn下降的主要因素。(3)干旱胁迫下,沙芥叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、ΦPSⅡ,q P和ETR均呈下降趋势,q N在干旱胁迫下不断上升。  相似文献   

4.
水分胁迫对彩椒幼苗生长及光合特性的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
以黄色彩椒花仙子幼苗为试材,研究了桶栽称重控水条件下水分胁迫对彩椒幼苗生长及光合特性的影响。结果表明:1随着水分胁迫时间的延长,彩椒幼苗株高、茎粗、叶片数和叶面积呈上升趋势,但随水分胁迫程度的增强,彩椒幼苗株高、茎粗、叶片数、叶面积、根长、根体积、地上部干鲜重和地下部干鲜重明显降低,而根冠比增大。2随着水分胁迫时间的延长,彩椒幼苗叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、最小荧光(Fo)、暗适应下叶片PSⅡ的最大量子产额(Fv/Fm)和叶片PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)均呈下降趋势,而叶片PSⅡ光合性能指数(PI)和叶绿素含量升高,但随水分胁迫程度的增强,幼苗叶片叶绿素含量、Pn、Gs、Ci、Tr、Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo和PI均明显下降,而Fo明显升高。3隶属函数分析结果显示,与彩椒幼苗受水分胁迫密切相关的生长指标为叶面积、根长、株高、根冠比和根体积;与光合指标密切相关的为Ci和Pn;与叶绿素荧光参数密切相关的指标为Fv/Fm、PI和Fo。轻度(75%的田间持水量)和中轻度(65%)水分胁迫对彩椒幼苗生长发育及光合特性影响较小。综合分析,75%~65%之间的田间持水量可以满足彩椒生长对水分的需求。  相似文献   

5.
干旱胁迫对金太阳杏叶绿素荧光动力学参数的影响   总被引：22，自引：1，他引：21  
以2年生金太阳杏(ArmeniacavulgarisLam.)叶片为试材,采用田间试验的方法,设置4种土壤水分处理(土壤相对含水量为76%、65%、53%、45%),以正常供水为对照(CK),研究土壤干旱胁迫对叶绿素含量、叶片相对含水量及叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明(1)胁迫条件下,基础荧光(Fo)略微上升,最大荧光(Fm)、可变荧光(Fv)、PS潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、原初光能转化率(Fv/Fm)、叶绿素含量(CHL%)、叶片相对含水量(LRWC)等值下降。(2)叶绿素荧光参数间相关性随土壤相对含水量的下降而逐渐减弱,正常供水条件下,2/3以上荧光参数相关性达显著水平;胁迫至后期(土壤相对含水量为45%),仅1/3显著相关。(3)Fm、Fv、Fv/Fo、LRWC与抗旱性综合评定指标Y始终存在显著相关性,可作为杏树抗旱性评定指标,参与抗旱品种的筛选。  相似文献   

6.
花期干旱对大豆叶绿素荧光参数的影响   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
利用叶绿素荧光动力学测定技术,研究大豆开花期干旱对叶片叶绿素荧光参数的影响,结果表明:大豆开花期受旱后,可变荧光与最大荧光比(Fv/Fm)、可变荧光与初始荧光比(Fv/F0)、非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)均降低,而ETR升高。说明光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)受到了伤害,使得PSⅡ原初光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/F0)、起光保护作用的热耗散降低,光合电子传递速率升高。花期干旱胁迫后,各参数存在基因型差异,新大豆1号在花期干旱条件下,光合机构受破坏较轻,其吸收的光能能较多地用于光化学转化能力,抗旱能力强。因此,花期干旱胁迫下,叶绿素荧光参数(Fv/F0、Fv/Fm)变化与大豆品种抗旱性有关,利用大豆品种叶绿素荧光对干旱胁迫的反应差异鉴定品种抗旱性是可行的。  相似文献   

7.
干旱胁迫下砂生槐、锦鸡儿的生理生化特性与抗旱性   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  
以西藏半干旱区的两种豆科灌木为研究对象,采用盆栽控水干旱胁迫手段,比较和分析了砂生槐、矮锦鸡儿在持续水分胁迫条件下的生理响应。结果表明：随着干旱胁迫时间推移,土壤含水量不断下降,2种灌木体内水分饱和亏缺值均呈上升趋势,从上升速率和变化情况来看,砂生槐的叶片保水能力优于矮锦鸡儿;叶绿素a＋b值和叶绿素a/b值综合比较结果...  相似文献   

8.
水分胁迫后复水对豌豆叶片叶绿素含量的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
采用盆栽人工控水法,研究了水分胁迫及复水对豌豆叶片叶绿素含量的影响。结果表明:苗期水分胁迫,豌豆叶片中叶绿素a、叶绿素b及叶绿素总量上升,均显著或极显著高于对照水平;叶绿素a与b的比值(a/b)则呈现先增大而后又减小的趋势;初花期短历时水分胁迫,叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素总量均显著高于对照水平,长历时胁迫后,叶绿素各组分含量均低于对照水平;a/b值也是呈现先增大而后又减小的趋势;荚果充实期短历时胁迫后,豌豆叶片中叶绿素a、叶绿素总量高于对照水平,叶绿素b则是轻度胁迫高于对照水平,重度胁迫低于对照水平,a/b值轻度胁迫接近对照水平,重度胁迫高于对照水平;水分胁迫10 d后,叶绿素各组分含量均下降;复水后,叶绿素各组分均表现出了一定程度的补偿效应,且苗期与初花期水分胁迫后复水的补偿效应高于荚果充实期。  相似文献   

9.
文冠果对干旱胁迫的光合生理响应   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
通过盆栽试验,以抗旱性强弱不同的两个种源地文冠果为试验材料,对干旱胁迫下文冠果的光合生理指标进行较为系统的研究,结果表明：①干旱胁迫条件下两个种源地文冠果叶片净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Cond）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、叶绿素含量（Chl）都有不同幅度的下降。抗旱性强的文冠果（新疆喀什）随着干旱胁迫的加剧,净光合速率、气孔导度和叶绿素含量下降较慢。②轻度干旱胁迫下气孔限制是影响两个种源地文冠果 Pn下降的主要因素;中度和重度干旱胁迫下,非气孔限制是两个种源地文冠果 Pn下降的主要因素。③叶绿素荧光参数研究表明：干旱胁迫条件下两个种源地文冠果PSⅡ反应中心光化学效率（Fv/Fm ）、PSⅡ潜在活性（Fv/Fo ）均降低;PSⅡ光化学淬灭系数（qP）均降低,而PSⅡ非光化学淬灭系数（qNP）则增大。总体上,与抗旱性弱的文冠果相比,抗旱性强的文冠果的 Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo下降幅度较小,PSⅡ的光化学能力和PSⅡ潜在活性均较强;PSⅡ光化学淬灭系数（qP）降低的幅度较小且PSⅡ非光化学淬灭系数（qNP）降低幅度较大。  相似文献   

10.
通过对叶绿素含量及叶绿素荧光参数的测定和分析,研究了干旱和低磷胁迫对油菜不同生育期叶片叶绿素荧光特性的影响.结果表明:与对照相比,油菜在蕾苔期和花期受到干旱和低磷胁迫后,叶绿素含量、最大荧光(Fm)、PSⅡ最大的光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ实际的光化学量子产量(ΦPSⅡ)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)、表观光合电子传递速率(ETR)显著降低,初始荧光(Fo)、非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)则显著上升,但在苗期却没有显著的变化.表明油菜在蕾苔期和花期遭受到干旱和低磷胁迫后,油菜叶片PSⅡ反应中心受到损伤,光合电子传递过程受到抑制;这些参数在蕾苔期由低磷胁迫引起的变化幅度明显大干由干旱胁迫引起的变化幅度,在花期则相反.蕾苔期是低磷胁迫对油菜造成光抑制影响最大的时期,而花期则是干旱胁迫对油菜造成光抑制影响最大的时期.  相似文献   

11.
Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.  相似文献   

12.
Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.  相似文献   

13.
We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.  相似文献   

14.
The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.  相似文献   

15.
Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies   总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18  
One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.  相似文献   

16.
《干旱区科学》2014,(6):782-782
正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad  相似文献   

17.
Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.  相似文献   

18.
A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVYN strain and six to the PVYO strain. No PVYC was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVYO, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Nytbr gene and probably represent the PVYZ group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVYO and PVYN and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVYO, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVYN-Wilga. Some PVYN isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVYNTN group. The PVYNTN, PVYN-Wilga and PVYZ groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVYN and PVYO, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.  相似文献   

19.
The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.  相似文献   

20.
Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.  相似文献   

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