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1.
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2.
Transgenic bromoxynil (BX)-resistant spring oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) was grown commercially in Canada only for two crop seasons – 2000 and 2001. We investigated the persistence of suspected BX-resistant oilseed rape volunteers in a 64-ha wheat field in Saskatchewan, Canada in 2007, 7 years after the BX-resistant cultivar BX Armor was grown. A small oilseed rape volunteer population, estimated at less than 100 plants, was observed in three main areas or patches in the field. These patches were located in low-lying areas that were too wet to plant or spray with herbicides in 2007. Viable seed was collected from 35 mature volunteers and F1 progeny screened with BX at 280 g ai/ha in the greenhouse. Progeny of all of the volunteers were visually rated as BX-resistant; the presence of the Oxy 235 transgene in leaf tissue of progeny of all volunteers was confirmed by PCR analysis. This study has documented the longest persistence of oilseed rape volunteers in Canada. Volunteers were not observed in 2008 or 2009, because of drought conditions in spring of both years. Results support the findings from previous studies that persistence of volunteer oilseed rape populations in western Canada is generally ephemeral or transitory in the absence of seed bank immigration. However, this study shows that oilseed rape transgenes can persist in the environment for a number of years even after all cultivars with the conferred trait are removed from the market.  相似文献   

3.
Understanding the potential for the evolution of herbicide tolerance in weeds following gene flow from transgenic crops is important for their management. The inter-specific hybrids formed between four Brassica juncea populations with different glyphosate-susceptibility and transgenic oilseed rape was studied, emphasizing on the possible population difference. Compared with both parents, the fitness-related components and photosynthetic capacity of hybrids decreased dramatically, but significant differences were observed among different hybrids. All F1 hybrids exhibited highly enhanced but similar herbicide tolerance level regardless of the wild B. juncea parent, indicating that genetically engineered herbicide tolerance may over-dominate phenotype ones by wild-crop hybridization. The analysis of parental loci transmission revealed a higher transfer ratio of male-specific loci detected in F1 hybrids, suggesting that oilseed rape genetic markers can be transferred at relatively high frequencies to the next generation. Therefore, higher transfer ratio of oilseed rape-specific loci, coupled with variation of populations in fitness-related parameters in F1 hybrids, could complicate environmental risk assessment of transgenic oilseed rape, especially in current agroecosystems with increasing application of glyphosate.  相似文献   

4.
利用ISSR分子标记技术分析了油菜黑胫病菌（Leptosphaeria biglobosa）的遗传多样性。分离获得国内菌株84株,并以15株国外(英国、加拿大、波兰)油菜黑胫病菌菌株作为参照,利用筛选出的24条引物对这99株病原菌进行ISSR-PCR扩增。共扩增出245条带,遗传相似性系数为0.65~1.00,国内和国外油菜黑胫病菌菌株很明显被分为两个菌群,中国84株菌基本按地理来源分为5个类群,只有江苏省菌株分布于各个类群。各省的Nei’s基因多样性指数范围是0.108 1~0.252 7,而香农(Shannon’s)信息指数的范围是0.157 5~0.372 6,顺序为江苏>湖北>安徽>内蒙古>上海>四川。其与英国和加拿大菌株的遗传一致度分别为0.834 3和0.783 9。  相似文献   

5.
Brassica oilseed yield trend has declined in Finland by over 20% during the last 15 years. Improved genetic yield potential of turnip rape (B. rapa L.) and oilseed rape (B. napus L.) can be better realised with increased understanding of yield determining processes under northernmost growing conditions. This study aimed at (1) determining the genetic improvements in seed yield, yield components, quality traits and duration of the main growth phases and (2) comparing all these traits in turnip rape and oilseed rape. This work is based on the dataset from long-term Official Variety Trials (1976–2006), covering the entire historically relevant period of rapeseed cultivation in Finland. The results indicated that number of seeds per square metre dominated production of high yields, while single seed weight was not correlated with yield. Over the years, seed yields were produced with very different combinations of seed numbers and weights, differing markedly between the two crops. While high seed numbers were required for production of superior seed yields, single seed weights were not particularly high. Environmental variation markedly affected seed yield, seed number per square metre and duration of flowering compared with its effect on single seed weight. Duration of flowering was, however, negatively associated with seed number. Even though seed weight was largely determined by genotype, no marked plant breeding improvements were identified, contrary to those in number of seeds per square metre, seed yield, oil content and oil yield. For oilseed rape the increase in seed yield (41%) was far higher than for turnip rape (19%) without being associated with a longer seed-filling phase and later ripening, but rather the contrary.  相似文献   

6.
Sclerotinia rot caused by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is one of the most serious and damaging diseases of oilseed rape and there is keen worldwide interest to identify Brassica genotypes with resistance to this pathogen. Complete resistance against this pathogen has not been reported in the field, with only partial resistance being observed in some Brassica genotypes. Introgression lines were developed following hybridization of three wild crucifers (viz. Erucastrum cardaminoides, Diplotaxis tenuisiliqua and E. abyssinicum) with B. napus or B. juncea. Their resistance responses were characterized by using a stem inoculation test. Seed of 54 lines of B. napus and B. juncea obtained from Australia, India and China through an Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) collaboration programme were used as susceptible check comparisons. Introgression lines derived from E. cardaminoides, D. tenuisiliqua and E. abyssinicum had much higher levels (P < 0.001) of resistance compared with the ACIAR germplasm. Median values of stem lesion length of introgression lines derived from the wild species were 1.2, 1.7 and 2.0 cm, respectively, as compared with the ACIAR germplasm where the median value for stem lesion length was 8.7 cm. This is the first report of high levels of resistance against S. sclerotiorum in introgression lines derived from E. cardaminoides, D. tenuisiliqua and E. abyssinicum. The novel sources of resistance identified in this study are a highly valuable resource that can be used in oilseed Brassica breeding programmes to enhance resistance in future B. napus and B. juncea cultivars against Sclerotinia stem rot.  相似文献   

7.
Striga hermonthica (Delile) Benth., stemborers, and declining soil fertility are serious threats to sustainable food production in the Lake Victoria zone of Kenya. To address these constraints, promising integrated crop management technologies were evaluated, using a multi-locational design in four sub-locations in Siaya and Vihiga district (western Kenya) for six cropping seasons. Technologies evaluated consisted of the traditional maize (Zea mays L.) – bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) intercrop, maize – Desmodium (Desmodium uncinatum (Jacq.) DC.) push–pull intercrop, Crotalaria (Crotalaria ochroleuca G. Don) – maize rotation, and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr) – maize rotation. Within each of these systems, imazapyr-coated herbicide-resistant maize (IR-maize) and fertilizer were super-imposed as sub-plot factors. The push–pull system was observed to significantly reduce Striga emergence and stemborer damage from the second season onwards. IR-maize reduced and delayed Striga emergence from the first cropping season. Differences in Striga emergence and stemborer damage between the other systems were not significantly different. After five cropping seasons, the Striga seedbank was significantly higher in the maize-bean intercrop system than in the push–pull system under both maize varieties while the rotational systems had intermediate values not different from the day zero values. Under IR-maize, the Striga seedbank was significantly lower than under local maize for all cropping systems. Maize yields varied between seasons, districts, and cropping systems. Yields in the push–pull system were higher than in the maize-bean intercrop after two seasons and in the absence of mid-season drought stress. Both maize and soybean responded significantly to fertilizer application for both districts and for most seasons. The various interventions did not substantially affect various soil fertility-related parameters after five seasons. In the short term, IR-maize integrated in a push–pull system is the most promising option to reduce Striga while the rotational systems may need a longer timeframe to reduce the Striga seedbank. Finally, farmer-led evaluation of the various technologies will determine which of those is really most acceptable under the prevailing farming conditions.  相似文献   

8.
The pollen beetle is one of the most important oilseed rape pests wherever the crop is grown. If no control measures are applied, it can cause a greater than 50% reduction in yield. The over-use of insecticides (especially pyrethroids) to control the pollen beetle has led to the development of resistance. Thus, alternative control strategies are required. A field trial with three experimental fields with different contributions of turnip rape as a trap crop was established during the growth season of 2013–2014. A grid of GPS points was established on each field. Pollen beetle abundance was recorded at each GPS point by beating into trays, and damage was assessed by dissection of buds from terminal racemes. Data analysis was performed by two-way analysis of variance and the appearance of pollen beetle adults was processed in a geographic information system (GIS). Statistically significant differences were found in terms of the density of the pollen beetle population between trap crop plants and oilseed rape plants. Control thresholds on each oilseed rape field were not exceeded, whereas the density of the pollen beetle population on trap crop plants was greater by up to 40 fold, regardless of the contribution of trap crop plants. The data indicate that support systems should use sampling strategies that incorporate spatial information to model crop loss more accurately and that there may be the potential for spatially targeted applications of insecticides to optimize the influence of natural enemies in oilseed rape.  相似文献   

9.
Bean fly (Ophiomyia spp.) is a major field pest limiting common bean production in eastern Africa. The genetic enhancement of beans for resistance to insect pests is essential for minimizing yield losses arising from crop damage. The objectives of this study were to (1) assess combining ability for bean fly resistance and seed yield accumulation in common bean and (2) estimate genetic parameters associated with resistance for formulating further breeding strategy. Four parents with known reaction to bean fly were crossed with four locally adapted genotypes in an 8 × 8 half diallel mating design. Parents and F2 progenies were grown in an alpha-lattice design replicated twice in an open-field and subjected to natural populations of bean fly for two cropping seasons under semi-arid conditions. Similarly, two resistant and two susceptible parents were selected and crossed to produce populations for generation means and variances components analysis. Results revealed that both general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) mean squares were significant (p ≤ 0.05) for all four traits studied except SCA for stem damage during one cropping season. Among the parents, GBK 047858 was the best general combiner for all the traits studied across seasons except for stem damage during long rains (LR) 2009. Besides, genotypes GBK 047821 and Kat × 69 (a locally adapted variety) were generally good general combiners for resistance traits as well as seed yield. General predictability ratio (GPR) values ranging from 0.63 to 0.90 were obtained for plant mortality, stem damage, pupae in stem and seed yield across cropping seasons. These results established the predominance of additive gene effects (fixable variation) over the non-additive effects in controlling the traits. Low to moderate narrow sense heritability values ranging from 0.22 to 0.45 were obtained for pupae in stem. Such heritability estimates indicate that although additive gene components were critical in the inheritance of resistance for the trait, non-additive gene action were also important in addition to the environmental effects.  相似文献   

10.
Reducing the high nitrogen (N) balance surpluses occurring in oilseed rape production through the cultivation of N-efficient cultivars is imperative for environmental reasons. In this study, seed yield and N efficiency parameters of oilseed rape cultivars grown under three N rates were investigated in field experiments performed during five years. Seed yields differed significantly among cultivars especially at limiting N supply, with significant shifts in cultivar ranking according to the N level. At high N supply, cultivar differences relied more on year effects. The importance of N efficiency parameters for yield varied owing to year and N rate effects. N uptake was an important parameter for yield at all N rates. While at low N, the duration of N uptake was most decisive, shoot N uptake capacity during vegetative growth was relatively more important under high N conditions. N utilization efficiency became more important with increasing N supply. At high N supply, cultivars with low seed N concentrations were superior in yield. Harvest index was also significantly correlated to yield across N rates; however, its importance depended much on environmental conditions. In conclusion, the specification of plant traits that might contribute to enhanced N efficiency in oilseed rape will depend very much on the N supply of the target environment and the target yield level.  相似文献   

11.
The present investigation was conducted at Vittal, Karnataka, India during 2004-2007 to study the feasibility of intercropping of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) in arecanut plantation. The results revealed that MAPs can be successfully grown as intercrops in arecanut plantation with increased productivity and net income per unit area. Kernel equivalent yield of MAPs varied between 272 kg ha−1 in case of Piper longum to 1218 kg ha−1 in Cymbopogon flexuosus. Pooled data indicated that Asparagus racemosus produced fresh root yield of 10,666 kg ha−1 of arecanut plantation and contributed to maximum kernel equivalent yield of 1524 kg ha−1 among all medicinal and aromatic plants. Intercropping of MAPs in arecanut was found economical. The net return per rupee investment was highest in C. flexuosus (4.25) followed by Bacopa monnieri (3.64), Ocimum basilicum (3.46) and Artemisia pallens (3.12). The total system productivity of arecanut + MAPs intercropping system varied from 2990 to 4144 kg ha−1. Arecanut + O. basilicum intercropping system registered significantly higher production efficiency 8.2 kg ha−1 day−1 than other systems. Intercropping of MAPs had more positive effect on soil pH in arecanut based cropping system. The soil pH was 5.6 in 2004 and it was 0.3-0.9 units higher in 2007. Soil organic carbon (SOC) content varied significantly due to intercropping of MAPs at the end of experiment. The SOC content increased in Aloe vera, A. pallens, P. longum and B. monnieri, while it depleted in grasses and rhizomatic MAPs. Based on demand and marketing opportunities for MAPs, farmers are advised to grow aromatic plants in large areas on a community basis to meet huge industrial demand and variety of medicinal crops in small areas to meet the requirement of traditional systems of medicine.  相似文献   

12.
Increased land degradation and shortage of forage resources for animal production over-winter have accentuated the need for alternative cropping systems in northeast China. While short frost-free period and cool temperatures are major limitations to cereal grain production in the northern regions of China (45°N, 122°E), crop varieties that are able to produce food and feed in short growing season and tolerant to low temperature may extend the total cropping period. Three hulless oat (Avena sativa L.) lines, Baiyan 9015, Baiyan 9017 and Baiyan 9044, were bred and tested for 3 years (2004–2006) to determine their suitability for summer seeding in a double cropping system. The new lines were sown both in the spring and summer to provide growers with opportunities to harvest two grain-crops in a year. Averaged across 3 years, Baiyan 9044 produced 2.5 and 1.6 Mg ha−1 yr−1 grain yield when sown in spring and summer, respectively. The new lines seeded in 20th or 21st July and harvested in early October allowed utilization of an average of over 1500 growing degree days (GDDs). For grain yield alone, the net income for two oat crops a year was up to 1390 Chinese yuan (RMB) ha−1, more than that of growing a single oat crop in 3 years, or in most cases, equivalent to monocultured corn (Zea mays L.) production, the dominant crop in the region. In addition, an average of 5 Mg ha−1 of oat straw was produced as valuable forage fodder for the livestock industry, which was in great demand for over-wintering animals. Furthermore, in the traditional single small grain cereal cropping system, bare ground after harvest leads to severe water and wind erosions. Our results indicate that the new oat lines could be a potential crop for summer seeding, particularly when spring-seeded crops fail due to abiotic (hail, drought, etc.) or biotic (e.g. insects) stresses. The double cropping system provides growers with a potential opportunity to facilitate the farming strategy of food, cash crops and control soil erosion in the region.  相似文献   

13.
In 2020, diseased seedlings of winter oilseed rape(Brassica napus) with cankered taproots as well as abundant sclerotium-like structures in the soil surrounding the roots were found in Longxi County of Gansu province of northwestern China. A fungus with production of pycnidia was isolated from the diseased roots, and it was identified based on morphological characteristics, molecular phylogeny(ITS, LSU) and PCR detection with the specific primers. The fungus was identified as Leptosphaeria scler...  相似文献   

14.
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causes serious yield losses in oilseed rape and other crops worldwide. Field trials were conducted at two locations to evaluate two formulations of oilseed rape seed containing the plant-growth promoting bacterium Bacillus megaterium A6 for suppression of this pathogen. Treatments containing strain A6 in pellet and in wrap formulations resulted in oilseed rape seed yields that were similar to the chemical control and significantly greater than the untreated seed control at both locations. Treatments containing A6 in pellet and wrap formulations also resulted in an incidence of disease caused by S. sclerotiorum that was similar to the chemical control. Both of these treatments significantly decreased disease incidence relative to the untreated seed control and to the respective formulated seed controls (that did not contain strain A6) at both locations. Strain A6 applied to oilseed rape seed in these two formulations promoted growth in greenhouse pot studies conducted with autoclaved soil. In two experiments, these treatments resulted in significant increases in mean shoot dry weight per pot and mean % total N per plant relative to their respective controls containing formulated oilseed rape seed without strain A6 and to the untreated seed control. Both formulations provided stable B. megaterium A6 (≥106 CFU) and seed germination (>85%) over a six month period at room temperature. Experiments reported here indicate the commercial potential of these formulations of B. megaterium A6 for suppression of S. sclerotiorum on oilseed rape.  相似文献   

15.
A highly efficient regeneration protocol for oilseed crop Crambe abyssinica has been developed using hypocotyls as explants in this study. Crambe is a potential engineering oilseed crop for industrial purposes as it contains 55-60% erucic acid in its oil and, more importantly, it does not outcross with any food oil seed crops. However, the low regeneration frequency with the currently available protocols is still a limiting factor for genetic modification of Crambe. In this study, we investigated the effects of N-source, C-source, AgNO3, cultural conditions as well as the concentration and combination of plant growth regulators (PGR) on the regeneration frequency of C. abyssinica. The results showed that all these factors, especially the N-source and PGR concentrations and combinations, played an important role in shoot regeneration. Among all the factors tested, the combination of using hypocotyls from C. abyssinica cv. galactica, the Lepiovre basal medium supplemented with 16 g l−1 glucose, 0.5 g l−1 AgNO3, 2.2 mg l−1 thidiazuron (TDZ), 0.5 mg l−1 α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 2.5 g l−1 Gelrite, seeds germinated in dark for 3 days and explants cultured in light, gave the best regeneration frequency (over 95%). The results also suggest that reducing the content of NH4+ or keeping a suitable NO3−/NH4+ ratio in the regeneration medium would be crucial to Crambe shoot regeneration.  相似文献   

16.
Root and crown rot is the major soil-borne fungal disease in sugar beet. In Europe, the disease is mainly caused by the anastomosis group (AG) 2-2IIIB of the basidiomycete Rhizoctonia solani (Kühn). No chemical fungicide to control the disease has been registered in Europe. Therefore, agronomic measures must be optimized to keep the disease severity below an economic damage threshold and to minimize white sugar yield losses. R. solani AG 2-2IIIB infects many other crops besides sugar beet, including maize, where it causes root rot. Sugar beet and maize are frequently grown in the same crop rotation. The proportion of cultivated maize in several European sugar beet growing areas is expected to rise due to a projected increase in demand for renewable resources over the next few years. Although the susceptibility to and tolerance of the disease varies among cultivars in both crops, little is known about the effects of cultivar susceptibility in the pre-crop on a subsequent susceptible crop. The cultivation of R. solani-resistant maize genotypes in rotation with resistant sugar beet might therefore be a useful tool in an integrated control strategy against R. solani, eliminating the need to restrict the desired crop rotation for phytosanitary reasons. A crop rotation experiment with artificially inoculated R. solani was conducted in the field to investigate the pre-crop effects of maize cultivars which differed in their susceptibility to R. solani on a susceptible sugar beet cultivar. We hypothesized that the maize genotype would influence the inoculum potential and performance of a susceptible sugar beet genotype grown after a maize pre-crop, and that this would correlate with the susceptibility of the maize genotype. The results demonstrate that the susceptibility of maize genotypes is consistent over a period of years and that cultivated maize genotypes influenced the inoculum potential measured as disease severity in sugar beet. However, disease severity in sugar beet did not correlate with the disease susceptibility of the genotype of the maize pre-crop. Possible reasons for this missing relationship might be differences in the quality of maize residues for the saprophytic survival of the pathogen or a genotype-specific alteration of the antagonistic microbial community. However, our findings showed that in the presence of maize- and sugar beet-pathogenic R. solani, the most favourable maize cultivar for a crop rotation cannot be determined solely on the basis of its resistance level against Rhizoctonia root rot.  相似文献   

17.
合理轮作对作物生产有积极的促进作用.为明确不同轮作模式和前茬作物对旱地胡麻生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,通过田间长期定位试验,研究了胡麻-胡麻-胡麻-胡麻(FFFF)、胡麻-小麦-马铃薯-胡麻(FWPF)、胡麻-马铃薯-胡麻-小麦(FPFW)、胡麻-胡麻-小麦-马铃薯(FFWP)、胡麻-小麦-胡麻-马铃薯(FWFP)和胡麻...  相似文献   

18.
Economic viability of a sugar beet crop largely depends on its successful protection against rhizomania, a most devastating disease that causes severe losses in root yield, sucrose content and quality. Rhizomania disease is caused by Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV), a virus present in most sugar beet growing regions being vectored by the widely spread soil borne protoctist Polymyxa betae Keskin. The only practical means to control the disease is the use of genetically resistant varieties and, to date, such resistance is mainly based on a dominant gene (Rz1) that when present confers a sufficiently high level of protection against BNYVV. However, the emergence of virus strains capable of compromising the resistance employed in commercial varieties as well as a possible spread of more pathogenic isolates threatens crop's protection efficiency in the future. All these point to the necessity for exploiting new and more effective genetic sources of rhizomania resistance, both by classical and molecular breeding approaches, a practice that is being pursued by the relevant breeding firms. This article critically reviews the various issues related to the disease and its management and particularly to the ones pertaining to pathogen genetic diversity, types of genetic resistance currently employed, as well as to novel biotechnological approaches aiming at the development of better resisting cultivars.  相似文献   

19.
Lowering carbon footprint of durum wheat by diversifying cropping systems   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Improving cropping systems may help mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. This study determined the carbon footprint of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) produced in diverse cropping systems. Durum was grown in rotation systems which had different combinations of oilseed, pulse, and cereal crops at five site-years in Saskatchewan, Canada. Total greenhouse gas emissions from the decomposition of crop residues along with various production inputs were used for the estimation of carbon footprint. On average, emissions from the decomposition of crop straw and roots accounted for 25% of the total emissions, those from the production, transportation, storage, and delivery of fertilizers and pesticides to farm gates and their applications 43%, and emissions from farming operations 32%. Durum wheat preceded by an oilseed crop (Brassica napus or Brassica juncea) the previous year had carbon footprint of 0.33 kg CO2e kg−1 of grain, or 7% lower than durum in cereal-cereal-durum system. Durum preceded by a biological N-fixing crop (Cicer arietinum chickpea, Lens culinaris lentil, or Pisum sativum pea) the previous year lowered its carbon footprint by 17% compared with durum preceded by a cereal crop. Durum produced in a pulse-pulse-durum system had carbon footprint 0.27 kg CO2e kg−1 of grain, 34% lower than durum grown in cereal-cereal-durum systems. Diversifying cropping systems with oilseeds and biological N-fixers significantly lowered carbon footprint of durum wheat.  相似文献   

20.
Crop yield has to increase to meet the expanding demand for food, feed and bio-energy, caused by world population growth and increasing wealth. Raising sugar yield is also the key to sustaining the profitability of the sugar beet crop. This paper describes the factors that impacted on yield differences between 26 ‘top’ and 26 ‘average’ growers based on four years yield data (2000-2004). In 2006 and 2007, the top growers had 20% higher sugar yields compared to their neighbouring average growers. Heterodera schachtii and Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) were mainly found on clay soils. Top growers on clay soil had significantly lower infestation levels of H. schachtii (4.4x lower, P = 0.008), BNYVV (2.7x lower, P = 0.016) and other foliar symptoms (Pseudomonas, Phoma betae and Verticillium spp. combined) (1.5x lower, P < 0.001), than the average growers, respectively. On sandy soils, infestation levels of Meloidogyne spp. (P = 0.016), Cercospora beticola (P = 0.005) and Erysiphe betae (P = 0.027) were significantly lower (5x, 1.4x and 1.8x, respectively) for the top growers. The top growers on clay or sand sowed 5 and 6 days earlier respectively, and made more fungicide applications and thus used more fungicides than the average growers. Insect pests were not observed at levels damaging for sugar yield: Insecticidal seed treatments provided sufficient control of insect pests. In multiple regression, 35% of the variance in sugar yield on clay soils was explained by H. schachtii and BNYVV infestation levels and by sowing date. On sandy soils, the infestation levels of Heterodera betae and Aphanomyces cochlioides, number of fungicide applications and sowing date explained 71% of the variance in sugar yield. Despite crop protection measures, the calculated yield losses due to pests and diseases for the top growers were 30.2 and 13.1% and for average growers were 37.1 and 16.7% on sandy and clay soils, respectively. Therefore, pest and disease infestation levels partly explained the differences in sugar yield between top and average growers analysed. The skills and knowledge of the grower are important to reducing damage by pests and diseases. Communication of knowledge, obtained by research, towards growers is vital for the long-term raising of yield and increasing of productivity in sugar beet, as well as in other crops.  相似文献   

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