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1.
为了掌握梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta在新疆和田县桃园和核桃园间的转移为害和种群动态变化规律, 以期确定核桃园内梨小食心虫的最佳防治时间, 同时在桃园和核桃园设立监测点, 通过对梨小食心虫在桃园和核桃园间的发生动态监测以及在核桃园内产卵情况和蛀果率调查, 明确了梨小食心虫在桃园和核桃园间的转移规律。研究发现梨小食心虫在和田县桃园1年发生5代, 越冬代成虫于3月下旬开始出现, 各代高峰期分别在4月上旬、5月中旬、6月下旬至7月上旬、7月下旬至8月上旬、9月上旬, 以第1代和第2代发生为害严重, 具有世代重叠现象。梨小食心虫在核桃园1年发生2代, 成虫产卵于核桃果实和叶片, 主要以幼虫为害果实。于6月下旬开始从桃园向核桃园转移, 8月下旬又从核桃园转移至桃园, 具有明显的寄主转移规律。7月初为核桃园内梨小食心虫的防治关键期。 相似文献
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为掌握梨小食心虫种群发生动态和桃树新梢受害情况,有效减轻果实受害,在江苏省张家港市连续多年对桃园梨小食心虫开展调查监测。调查结果表明,梨小食心虫在苏南地区1年发生5代,成虫始见期在3月下旬至4月上旬。越冬代成虫发生盛期在4月上中旬,第1代至第4代成虫发生盛期分别在5月中下旬、6月中下旬、7月中下旬、8月中下旬至9月上中旬。其中第3代、第4代成虫诱虫量较高;种群年度间总体呈下降趋势。桃树新梢受第1～2代幼虫为害,以第1代为重。据此,确定防控策略为“压前控后”,减少前期为害,实现对梨小食心虫的有效控制,保障桃产业绿色高质量发展。 相似文献
3.
通过生活史观察和成虫动态监测发现,苹果蠹蛾在新疆库尔勒市1年发生2代和一个不完整的第3代。以老熟幼虫在枝干或树干翘皮、裂缝和树洞中越冬。越冬代老熟幼虫在4月上旬开始化蛹,5月中旬为越冬代成虫羽化高峰期,6月上、中旬为1代幼虫蛀果为害期,7月上旬为1代成虫羽化高峰期,7月下旬至8月中旬为2代幼虫为害高峰期,9月中、下旬出现第3代幼虫。6月上旬至7月上旬,一直能够诱到苹果蠹蛾成虫。在越冬代成虫和第1代成虫之间没有间断期。说明其世代重叠现象较明显。根据当地苹果蠹蛾的发生消长动态,提出了相应的防控措施。 相似文献
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苹果蠹蛾的生物学特性及消长动态 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
苹果蠹蛾(Cydia pomonellaL.)在甘肃张掖地区1年发生2代和一个不完整的第3代,以老熟幼虫在粗皮裂缝、翘皮下、树洞中、主干分枝及主枝分叉处的缝隙中结茧越冬。4月上旬,越冬幼虫陆续开始化蛹,5月中旬为越冬代成虫羽化高峰期,5月中下旬1代幼虫蛀果为害,7月中下旬为1代成虫羽化高峰期,7月中下旬至8月上旬为2代幼虫为害高峰期,9月中下旬出现不完整第3代幼虫。在甘肃张掖地区,6月中旬至7月上旬越冬代成虫和第1代成虫之间有一段明显的间断期,说明第1代苹果蠹蛾发生的趋势相对较为独立,世代重叠现象发生不重。 相似文献
6.
苹果蠹蛾的生物学特性及消长动态 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
苹果蠹蛾(Cydia pomonellaL.)在甘肃张掖地区1年发生2代和一个不完整的第3代,以老熟幼虫在粗皮裂缝、翘皮下、树洞中、主干分枝及主枝分叉处的缝隙中结茧越冬。4月上旬,越冬幼虫陆续开始化蛹,5月中旬为越冬代成虫羽化高峰期,5月中下旬1代幼虫蛀果为害,7月中下旬为1代成虫羽化高峰期,7月中下旬至8月上旬为2代幼虫为害高峰期,9月中下旬出现不完整第3代幼虫。在甘肃张掖地区,6月中旬至7月上旬越冬代成虫和第1代成虫之间有一段明显的间断期,说明第1代苹果蠹蛾发生的趋势相对较为独立,世代重叠现象发生不重。 相似文献
7.
梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta (Busck)是桃、梨果园中最重要的食心害虫之一,仅依据往年的发生期和田间为害特征来指导防治具有滞后性。而性信息素具有高效、专一性强的特点,可用于准确监测其成虫发生情况,以此推测成虫的卵高峰期和幼虫初孵期,科学地指导防治。本研究在3个不同生境果园中,利用性信息素监测梨小食心虫成虫周年发生动态。结果表明:2019年在杭州余杭地区3个不同生境果园,包括越冬代在内,平地桃园和平地梨园的梨小食心虫成虫发生7代,而坡地桃园只有6代。成虫始见于3月中旬,终见于10月下旬;3个果园由于生境不同,同一世代梨小食心虫高峰期发生时间和各世代高峰期间隔时间不尽相同。因此在不同生境果园利用性信息素监测梨小食心虫成虫发生动态,有助于指导果园的适期防治。 相似文献
8.
兰州桃园梨小食心虫发生动态监测及其综合防控技术 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
《中国植保导刊》2015,(11)
连续3年对梨小食心虫发生动态监测表明,兰州地区桃园梨小食心虫1年发生4代。越冬代成虫最早出现在3月底4月初。越冬代和第1~3代成虫高峰期分别出现在4月下旬、6月中旬、7月下旬和8月下旬。第3代成虫终于9月下旬。分析提出雄成虫发生高峰期后7 d以内为梨小食心虫化学防治的关键时期。总结提出了以农业防治为基础,物理防治、生物防治相结合,减少化学农药防治次数的综合防治技术。 相似文献
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2013—2017年,利用性诱剂诱集大樱桃园(附近种植梨、桃、苹果等其他寄主作物)梨小食心虫成虫,研究多寄主生境下梨小食心虫种群消长动态。通过观测发现,在烟台市与多种果树混栽的大樱桃园中,梨小食心虫1年发生5代。其中,越冬代成虫盛发期为4月中、下旬,第1代成虫为5月下旬末至6月上旬初,第2代成虫为6月下旬末至7月上旬,第3代成虫为8月上、中旬,第4代成虫为9月上、中旬。各世代成虫发生期多连续,存在世代重叠现象。成虫发生期持续时间以越冬代和第4代较长,以第2、3代较短。各世代成虫发生量以越冬代和第1代蛾量较多,其余3代数量起伏不定。建议生产上重点防治越冬代和第1代。 相似文献
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六省市致病疫霉交配型及其对几种杀菌剂的敏感性 总被引：14，自引：1，他引：14
测定了2000-2002年采自四川、重庆、吉林、黑龙江、福建、北京六省(市)致病疫霉菌株的交配型及其对几种杀菌剂的敏感性。结果显示,来自六省市的74个菌株中73株为典型的A1交配型,1株采自四川的菌株为可自育的A1交配型,未发现A2交配型。测定的37株代表菌中,对甲霜灵表现敏感、中抗、高抗的分别占27.0％、27.0％和46.0％。吉林、福建、黑龙江及重庆都存在高抗菌株。研究中还发现甲霜灵可促进部分抗性菌株的菌丝生长。随机抽取15个对甲霜灵表现敏感、中抗和高抗的菌株,测定其对几种杀菌剂的敏感性,结果全部对腈嘧菌酯和烯酰吗啉表现敏感;其中2株对丙酰胺表现敏感,11株表现中抗,2株表现高抗。结果也显示:烯酰吗啉和腈嘧菌酯与甲霜灵之间不存在交互抗性,具有应用潜力。 相似文献
12.
黑龙江省和吉林省马铃薯晚疫病菌对氟啶胺和甲霜灵的敏感性变化 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
2006-2008年在黑龙江省和吉林省共分离获得61株马铃薯晚疫病菌,测定了这些菌株对交配型、氟啶胺和甲霜灵的敏感性。交配型测定结果显示所有菌株都显示A1交配型。甲霜灵测定结果显示10个菌株(16.4%)显示为敏感性,11个菌株(18.0%)显示为中抗,40个菌株(65.6%)显示为抗性。这说明吉林省和黑龙江省发生的晚疫病菌已对甲霜灵产生抗性。氟啶胺敏感性测定结果表明,不同地区、不同年份分离的马铃薯晚疫病菌对氟啶胺的敏感性无显著差异, 其敏感性呈连续的单峰曲线分布, EC50在0.203 3~0.783 7 μg/mL之间, 最不敏感菌株是最敏感菌株的3.85倍, 平均值为(0.4781±0.0163)μg/mL, 未出现敏感性下降的抗药性群体, 因此可作为马铃薯晚疫病菌对氟啶胺的敏感性基线;83.6%的供试菌株对甲霜灵的敏感性下降, 甲霜灵与氟啶胺之间不存在交互抗药性。测定氟啶胺对马铃薯晚疫病的盆栽防治试验结果表明,氟啶胺可湿性粉剂、氟啶胺悬浮剂和烯酰吗啉能很好地控制晚疫病,防治效果分别为85.71%、87.00%、82.19%,而甲霜灵的为23.92%。 相似文献
13.
为明确宁夏回族自治区马铃薯主产区晚疫病菌的交配型种类以及生理小种的类型、组成和分布,为宁夏有针对性地选育马铃薯抗晚疫病品种提供科学依据。利用A1、A2交配型标准菌株和含有11个主效抗性基因的鉴别寄主,对2018年-2019年从原州区、泾源县、彭阳县、隆德县、西吉县、盐池县、海原县采集得到的130个马铃薯晚疫病菌菌株进行交配型和生理小种鉴定。结果表明,宁夏马铃薯晚疫病菌群体的交配型和生理小种存在多样性,采集地交配型有A1、A2、SF(自育型)3类,分别占被测菌株的30%、63.8%、6.2%;生理小种有8种类型,其中生理小种1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11发生频率最高,占被测菌株总数的44.62%,是宁夏马铃薯主栽区的晚疫病菌优势小种,在各测试地均有分布;次优势小种为3.4.10和1.2.3.5.6.7.8.11,发生频率分别为12.31%和10.77%。宁夏不同种植区域马铃薯晚疫病菌交配型组成复杂,采集地组成差异较大,但西吉县、原州区交配型年度间的变化基本趋于一致。宁夏马铃薯晚疫病菌群体组成日趋复杂,生产中要合理布局已有抗病品种,挖掘培育抗病水平高的新品种,综合防控马铃薯... 相似文献
14.
ABSTRACT A wide range of commercially formulated fungicides cause in vitro effects on mating behavior in specific isolates of Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of late blight of potato and tomato. Four isolates of P. infestans representing each of the four common US genotypes, US-1, US-6, US-7, and US-8 and varying in their sensitivity to metalaxyl, were exposed to a variety of fungicides used to control late blight in petri dish assays at concentrations ranging from 1 to 100 mug a.i./ml. Exposure of each of these normally heterothallic single mating type isolates of P. infestans to 9 of the 11 commercial fungicide formulations tested resulted in the formation of oospores after 2 to 4 weeks. The highest numbers of oospores were formed on media amended with Ridomil 2E (metalaxyl) and Ridomil Gold EC (mefenoxam) at 0.1 to 10 mug a.i./ml, averaging as many as 471 and 450 oospores per petri dish, respectively. Several other fungicides including Maneb, Manzate (Mancozeb), Curzate (cymoxanil + mancozeb), and Acrobat MZ (dimethomorph + mancozeb) also induced oospore formation, producing from 0 to 200 oospores per plate at fungicide concentrations from 0.1 to 10 mug a.i./ml. The metalaxyl resistant isolates formed oospores in response to the fungicides more often than the metalaxyl sensitive isolates. No oospores were formed on media amended with Bravo (chlorothalonil) or Tattoo C (chlorothalonil + propamocarb HCl) and these compounds completely suppressed growth of the isolates at 0.1 and 1 mug a.i./ml. Three metalaxyl resistant A2 isolates mated with both A1 and A2 isolates after exposure to the fungicides Ridomil 2E and Ridomil Gold EC. Alterations in mating type expression were also observed in a metalaxyl sensitive A1 isolate after exposure to Benlate (benomyl). Copious amounts of chemicals are applied annually to potato and tomato production areas to control late blight. Our results indicate that a wide range of chemically diverse fungicides can induce normally heterothallic metalaxyl resistant isolates of P. infestans to form oospores in vitro after short exposures to the fungicides. 相似文献
15.
This study was conducted on potato late blight samples collected for monitoring early attacks in Finland from 1997 to 2000. Most of the 1726 Phytophthora infestans isolates were collected soon after the onset of the epidemics. Most of the isolates were tested for mating type as well as metalaxyl and propamocarb hydrochloride (HCl) sensitivity, while virulence on potato R-gene differentials and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotype were determined for a subset of the isolates. In half of the fields from which more than one isolate was tested, both mating types were detected, indicating strong potential for sexual reproduction. The mating types coexisted more often in organic fields or gardens than in conventional fields. The proportion of A1 mating type decreased from approximately 80% (1997 and 1998) to 22% by the year 2000. Simultaneously, the proportion of isolates resistant to metalaxyl decreased from approximately 40% to 16%. Resistance to metalaxyl was confined to the IIa mtDNA haplotype and clearly associated with the A1 mating type, as resistance was 10 times more common among A1 isolates than among A2 isolates. Resistance to metalaxyl therefore probably derives from common descent from an isolate with the IIa haplotype. Most of the regional variation in metalaxyl sensitivity was also linked to mating type, as both metalaxyl resistance and the A1 mating type were most common in the north and south-west of Finland. In contrast to metalaxyl, only three propamocarb-HCl-insensitive isolates were found, but propamocarb-HCl sensitivity decreased significantly during the study. 相似文献
16.
致病疫霉抗药性、交配型和适合度 总被引：28，自引：0，他引：28
在离体条件下,我国马铃薯和番茄上62株致病疫霉中对甲霜灵和恶霜灵抗性菌株占11.29%,平均抗性水平15022倍和24733倍,未发现抗霜脲氰菌株和抗烯酰吗啉菌株。在活体条件下,比利时马铃薯上66株致病疫霉中对甲霜灵和恶霜灵抗性菌株占27.3%,河北省围场、崇礼马铃薯上217株中对甲霜灵和恶霜灵抗性菌株分别占29.0%和32.7%,河北省徐水番茄上88株中仅发现1株抗甲霜灵和恶霜灵。比利时马铃薯上的66株中4株为A2交配型,占6.1%,1株交配型为A1A2,抗甲霜灵。围场、崇礼马铃薯上的73株中6株为A2交配型,占8.2%,6株A2交配型中3株抗甲霜灵和恶霜灵。徐水番茄上的4 4株中3株A2交配型占6.8%。致病疫霉对甲霜灵和恶霜灵具有交互抗性,而2药与霜脲氰或烯酰吗啉之间无交互抗性关系。由于抗性菌株的产孢能力明显较高,田间抗甲霜灵和恶霜灵菌株明显比中间型菌株和敏感菌株的适合度高。 相似文献
17.
Phenotypic variation within a clonal lineage of Phytophthora infestans infecting both tomato and potato in Nicaragua 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Blandón-Díaz JU Widmark AK Hannukkala A Andersson B Högberg N Yuen JE 《Phytopathology》2012,102(3):323-330
Late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary is a constraint to both potato and tomato crops in Nicaragua. The hypothesis that the Nicaraguan population of P. infestans is genotypically and phenotypically diverse and potentially subdivided based on host association was tested. A collection of isolates was analyzed using genotypic markers (microsatellites and mitochondrial DNA haplotype) and phenotypic markers (mating type, virulence, and fungicide sensitivity). The genotypic analysis revealed no polymorphism in 121 of 132 isolates of P. infestans tested. Only the Ia haplotype and the A2 mating type were detected. Most of the tested isolates were resistant to metalaxyl. The virulence testing showed variation among isolates of P. infestans. No evidence was found of population differentiation among potato and tomato isolates of P. infestans based on the genotypic and phenotypic analysis. We conclude that the Nicaraguan population of P. infestans consists of a single clonal lineage (NI-1) which belongs to the A2 mating type and the Ia mitochondrial DNA haplotype. Moreover, based on the markers used, this population of P. infestans does not resemble the population in countries from which potato seed is imported to Nicaragua or the population in neighboring countries. The data presented here indicate that the NI-1 clonal lineage is the primary pathogen on both potato and tomato, and its success on both host species is unique in a South American context. 相似文献
18.
Jaime-Garcia R Orum TV Felix-Gastelum R Trinidad-Correa R Vanetten HD Nelson MR 《Phytopathology》2001,91(12):1156-1165
ABSTRACT Genetic structure of Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of potato and tomato late blight, was analyzed spatially in a mixed potato and tomato production area in the Del Fuerte Valley, Sinaloa, Mexico. Isolates of P. infestans were characterized by mating type, allozyme analysis at the glucose-6-phosphate isomerase and peptidase loci, restriction fragment length polymorphism with probe RG57, metalaxyl sensitivity, and aggressiveness to tomato and potato. Spatial patterns of P. infestans genotypes were analyzed by geographical information systems and geo-statistics during the seasons of 1994-95, 1995-96, and 1996-97. Spatial analysis of the genetic structure of P. infestans indicates that geographic substructuring of this pathogen occurs in this area. Maps displaying the probabilities of occurrence of mating types and genotypes of P. infestans, and of disease severity at a regional scale, were presented. Some genotypes that exhibited differences in epidemiologically important features such as metalaxyl sensitivity and aggressiveness to tomato and potato had a restricted spread and were localized in isolated areas. Analysis of late blight severity showed recurring patterns, such as the earliest onset of the disease in the area where both potato and tomato were growing, strengthening the hypothesis that infected potato tubers are the main source of primary inoculum. The information that geostatistical analysis provides might help improve management programs for late blight in the Del Fuerte Valley. 相似文献
19.
D. E. L. Cooke † V. Young P. R. J. Birch R. Toth F. Gourlay J. P. Day S. F. Carnegie J. M. Duncan 《Plant pathology》2003,52(2):181-192
In a survey of Scottish potato late blight ( Phytophthora infestans ) populations from 1995 to 1997, nearly 500 isolates were collected from over 80 disease outbreaks in commercial potato crops and gardens/allotments. The isolates were characterized by mating type, resistance to the fungicide metalaxyl and almost 300 were examined by DNA-based AFLP fingerprinting. These data were examined alongside cropping details to determine the population structure in the context of existing disease management strategies. A1 and A2 mating type isolates were present in both commercial potato crops and gardens or allotments although they coexisted more frequently in the latter sites. One-fifth of the isolates collected were of the A2 mating type and the frequency was similar over the 3 years and amongst sites. In 1995 the proportions of isolates that were sensitive and resistant to metalaxyl were equal (∼40%) but, over the following 2 years, the frequency of resistant isolates decreased and that of intermediate isolates increased. The mating type response to metalaxyl differed markedly, with 52% of A1 and only 5% of A2 isolates being resistant. Considerable molecular diversity was observed, with over half of the isolates having unique AFLP patterns. Analysis of the molecular and phenotypic data revealed a broad clustering of the population into three groups. Many factors point to an A2 population restricted by its sensitivity to phenylamides. The majority of the A2 isolates were found in a single AFLP group, but the presence of mixed mating type samples, an increasing frequency of isolates of intermediate metalaxyl resistance and the extent of the AFLP diversity suggest occasional sexual recombination, and thus gene flow, between groups. 相似文献
20.
ABSTRACT Phytophthora infestans causes a destructive disease on tomato and potato. In North Carolina (NC) potatoes are mostly grown in the east, whereas tomatoes are grown in the mountainous areas in the western part of the state. Five genotypes of P. infestans were identified from 93 and 157 isolates collected from tomato and potato over a 5 year period between 1993 and 1998. All isolates collected from potato in eastern NC were the US-8 genotype, whereas only a single isolate was the US-1 genotype. Tuber blight was found on immature daughter tubers in a single field in 1997, however infection on mature tubers was not observed. Within potato fields, a range of sensitivity to metalaxyl was observed among isolates but all were either intermediate or highly resistant to the fungicide. In contrast, isolates from tomatoes included previously reported US-7 and US-8 genotypes and two new genotypes called US-18 and US-19 (A2 mating type, allozyme genotype Gpi 100/100 and Pep 92/100). These genotypes had unique restriction fragment length polymorphism banding patterns, were sensitive to metalaxyl, and have not been reported elsewhere. All genotypes, with the exception of the US-1, were the Ia mitochondrial haplotype. Thus, isolates of P. infestans from tomato were more genetically diverse over time in NC than those from potato and include two new genotypes that are sensitive to metalaxyl. 相似文献