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1.
粮食生产系统的可持续性事关国家粮食安全目标的实现，探究退耕还林还草背景下粮食生产系统的可持续性对准确评估生态安全和粮食安全之间的关系具有重要意义。基于2000、2010和2018年黄土高原县域粮食生产相关数据，构建粮食生产系统可持续性综合测度指标体系，对黄土高原粮食生产系统的可持续性进行综合分析；通过分析典型生态修复工程"退耕还林还草"，阐明退耕对粮食生产系统可持续性的影响。结果表明：1）2018年黄土高原粮食生产系统的可持续性高于2000年，系统的可持续性在逐步增强；粮食生产系统可持续性由自然资源供给为主导，转变到以社会经济可持续发展为主导的阶段。2）2000-2010、2010-2018年间黄土高原粮食生产系统可持续性增长率分别达到31.03%和28.81%，因此，2000-2010年间是粮食生产系统可持续性大幅提升阶段。3）退耕背景下虽然耕地大幅减少（-33.48%），但平均海拔和坡度也呈下降趋势（分别下降了20.3 m和0.88°），土壤侵蚀模数由16.14 t/(hm2·a)降至9.34 t/(hm2·a)，产水量和粮食生产潜力则年均增长5.09 mm/(km2·a)、53.75 kg/hm2。4）退耕背景下粮食生产系统的可持续性显著提升，工程的实施对六个分区粮食生产系统的可持续性都呈正向的促进作用；其中，土石山区粮食生产系统的可持续性指数由0.14增长至0.17，其受退耕的影响最大。退耕还林还草工程对易造成水土流失和土地沙化的生态脆弱地区实行退耕，虽减少了粮食生产的物质基础，但通过改变其空间分布格局，对耕地质量、耕地平均海拔和高度均产生影响，由此使得土壤侵蚀模数下降、水源涵养能力提高，有效地改善了生态环境，显著提升了粮食生产系统的可持续性。整体而言，退耕还林还草提升了粮食生产系统的可持续性，生态安全对粮食安全存在着正向的促进作用。 相似文献
2.
退耕还林工程实施前后黄土高原地区粮食生产时空变化 总被引：7，自引：4，他引：3
始于1999的退耕还林工程是中国政府针对西部生态脆弱区所实施的重大生态工程。工程的实施对当地粮食生产的影响及由此而产生的政策效果是值得研究的问题。该研究利用1996年、2003年和2007年黄土高原地区分县统计数据,对中国黄土高原生态脆弱区1999年以来所实施的退耕还林工程对粮食生产能力的影响进行了分析。结果显示,从1996年到2003年,研究区粮食播种面积下降剧烈,之后有所回升,到2007年大部分县粮食播种面积下降的势头得以遏制;从1996年到2007年,研究区粮食总产量下降,粮食单产水平提高;研究区粮食单产水平远低于全国平均水平,人均粮食产量略低于全国平均水平,二者都表现出较大的年际波动性。粮食生产水平越低,其年际波动性越大。不稳定的粮食产量会强化农民的垦殖动力,不利于退耕工程实施成果的巩固。应根据各地的条件,有区别有节奏按适度规模循序渐进地推进退耕还林工程的实施,并在政策上对农民的生计进行引导和保障,以巩固退耕工程实施效果。 相似文献
3.
宁夏粮食生产地域格局变化分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
区域粮食供需平衡是确保民族地区粮食安全的重要前提。应用地理信息系统技术和空间统计分析方法,探讨了1985-2006年宁夏粮食地域格局变化特征及其原因。结果表明:宁夏粮食产区粮食产量总体呈增加态势,人均粮食占有量逐渐增加,在空间上余粮区和重要余粮区仍分布在沿黄县市;粮食生产区域差异及与人口分布的地理差异减小,粮食生产均衡性增加;在空间上引黄灌区是宁夏粮食生产布局的重点区域,但正向中部地区扩展。水利工程及生态退耕和移民等工程的实施是粮食生产格局变化的主要原因。 相似文献
4.
黄土高原沟壑区粮食生产的资源环境成本 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
针对粮食生产过程中的资源消耗和环境降级问题,以黄土高原沟壑区的陕西省长武县为研究对象,运用环境经济学估算方法,对粮食生产的资源环境成本进行了研究。结果表明：2008年该区粮食生产资源环境损失总价值相当于当年农业总产值的19.05%;小麦和玉米的资源环境成本分别达到2.02和1.19元/kg,总成本分别为4.08和2.23元/kg,而出售价格仅1.72和1.28元/kg,高成本低效益状况对区域粮食安全及生态经济持续发展产生不利影响;对粮食总成本中的各要素进行因子分析得出,资源环境成本和化肥费用是其主要因素。在现有生产条件下加大农业科技投入,提高生产资料利用效率,发展现代生态农业,是降低粮食成本维持区域持续发展的重要举措。 相似文献
5.
针对黄土高原地区扩大退耕还林还草是否会引起区域粮食供给不足的问题,利用1985—2015年黄土高原地区县级单元人口、粮食产量、播种面积、单产等数据,采用分级法和空间自相关分析法研究黄土高原地区粮食生产时空分异特征,运用对数平均迪式分解法探讨不同时期粮食单产与播种面积对粮食增产的贡献率。结果表明:2015年黄土高原地区粮食总产量和人均粮食产量分别达4.45×107 t和396.53 kg,分别为1985年的1.97,1.39倍;粮食生产空间分布不平衡,284个县级单元之间粮食产量相差较大,1985—2015年粮食生产空间格局呈现逐渐由南向北、由东向西的转移趋势;粮食生产主要依靠单产支撑,1985—2015年粮食增产2.19×107 t,其中单产贡献率达94.25%,面积贡献率仅5.75%,但近几年单产贡献率下降应引起重视。该研究有助于提高对黄土高原地区粮食生产的认识,为区域制定粮食生产政策和生态退耕政策提供一些参考依据。 相似文献
6.
退耕还林(草)背景下黄土高塬沟壑区长武县粮食潜力及安全分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
鉴于黄土高塬沟壑区退耕还林(草)工程和林果业迅速发展所带来的粮食-人口-资源矛盾问题,收集农业气象、耕地等数据,基于GIS技术,采用机制法分析了退耕还林(草)工程实施前后的1993年和2009年黄土高塬沟壑区长武县粮食潜力和安全问题,明确了气候要素限制下长武县各层次粮食生产潜力及开发程度。长武县1993年到2009年可实现粮食潜力总量下降了7.8%,而实际粮食生产总量增产了4.0%,潜力实现率由61.58%增至68.59%。17a间,主要粮食作物播种面积减少了27.8%,单产平均提高44.1%,而人口增长了12.5%,人均播种面积下降了35.9%,人均粮食产量由320.1kg减少至296.0kg,下降了7.5%。温度和土地有效系数的提高是促进可实现粮食潜力增加的主要因素,耕地减少是限制粮食增幅的直接原因,单产提高是促进增产的主要因素。耕地减少、人口增加是该区粮食安全的核心问题,粮食单产的提高是维持该区粮食安全稳定的保障。针对该区粮食安全问题的严峻性,提出必须以全面提高粮食单产为目标,科学增加辅助能量投入,推进基本农田建设,大力推广耕地保育技术和持续高效现代农业。 相似文献
7.
陕南秦巴山区退耕还林与可持续发展研究——以汉中市为例 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
汉中市位于陕南秦巴山区,是南水北调中线工程的重要水源地,长期以来水土流失严重。根据汉中市水土流失情况,以生态优先、综合治理原则,确定了四个重点退耕区。实施退耕还林工程,汉中市植被覆盖增加,水土流失得到治理,生态环境改善。通过分析退耕还林使耕地面积减少,粮食总产量下降,但汉中并不存在粮食安全问题。退耕还林促使土地利用结构发生改变,农业产业结构调整,农业总产值增长。通过退耕还林,汉中市实现生态、经济和社会的可持续发展。 相似文献
8.
耕地资源是粮食生产及粮食安全的基础.针对世界粮价飙升所引发的"粮食危机",我国的粮食安全又重新成为社会所关注的焦点.在分析榆林市1949-2005年耕地资源变化的基础上,对耕地面积和粮食产量的年际变化率及不同历史阶段两者的相关关系进行分析,提出了榆林市粮食安全的保障措施.结果表明:1949-2005年,榆林市耕地面积及人均耕地面积均呈减少趋势;耕地数量变化对粮食生产具有根本的约束作用,但耕地面积与粮食产量的年际变化率的趋势并不完全同步,农业科技投入不仅抵消了因耕地面积减少所导致的粮食减产,而且可以使粮食总产出现较大增长,但耕地数量仍是稳定粮食总产的重要因素. 相似文献
9.
土地利用总体规划中生态退耕规划标准指标体系构建与应用 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
生态退耕规划标准是新一轮土地利用总体规划编制过程中确定生态退耕布局和规模的准则和依据。针对目前生态退耕规划仅从改善生态环境的单一目标出发,而忽视生态退耕对区域粮食安全、经济发展影响的情况,该文以河北省为例,根据整体性、综合协调、科学和可操作性的原则,构建了生态退耕规划标准指标体系;并以河北省下辖11个行政市为评价单元,应用层次分析法进行河北省生态退耕区域评价;应用最小人均耕地面积的概念,确定生态退耕规模。根据评价单元各因素和综合得分情况,河北省可划分为重点、次重点和一般生态退耕区。预计到2020年河北省生态退耕总规模约为61.09×104 hm2。 相似文献
10.
陕南秦巴山区退耕还林与可持续发展研究——改汉中市为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
汉中市位于陕南秦巴山区，是南水北调中线工程的重要水源地，长期以来水土流失严重。根据汉中市水土流失情况，以生态优先、综合治理原则，确定了四个重点退耕区。实施退耕还林工程。汉中市植被覆盖增加，水土流失得到治理，生态环境改善。通过分析退耕还林使耕地面积减少，粮食总产量下降，但汉中并不存在粮食安全问题。退耕还林促使土地利用结构发生改变。农业产业结构调整，农业总产值增长。通过退耕还林，汉中市实现生态、经济和社会的可持续发展。 相似文献
11.
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
15.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
16.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
19.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
20.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献