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1.
Abstract. The tissue distribution of 3H- and FITC-laminaran in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., was investigated after intravenous administration. Liquid scintillation counting and whole-body autoradiography revealed that the concentration of 3H-labelled laminaran in the spleen and anterior kidney was higher than in blood throughout the experimental period (1 h to 12 days). Renal excretion and intestinal exsorption were the main elimination pathways for laminaran. Microscopic examination revealed accumulation of FITC-labelled laminaran in macrophages in kidney and spleen. In addition, endothelial cells in the kidney, spleen, liver and intestine contained the immunomodulator. Thus, these experiments show that laminaran accumulates and is retained in immunologically relevant cells in the kidney and spleen.  相似文献   

2.
A soluble immunomodulating β(1,3)-glucan, laminaran, was given in drinking water to yolk-sac larvae of Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus L. The larvae absorbed laminaran when the concentration was 25 mg l–1. After 5 days exposure to laminaran, each larva contained 2.3 ng and 46 ng of 3H- and 125I-labelled laminaran, respectively. After 10 days exposure, each larva contained 4.5 ng and 47 ng of 3H- and 125I-laminaran, respectively. The absorption was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy of larvae exposed to fluorescein-labelled laminaran (FITC-laminaran). The fluorescence was localized to cells in the intestinal epithelial layer and the skin epithelial layer.  相似文献   

3.
Abstract –  Stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen ( δ 13C and δ 15N) were examined in wild and aquaculture origin Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar , to evaluate their utility to identify escaped farmed fish. Samples of muscle tissue obtained from wild Conne River, Newfoundland, salmon were significantly more enriched in nitrogen ( δ 15N: mean = 12.75; SD ± 0.38‰) but depleted in lipid corrected carbon ( δ 13C': mean = −20.51; SD ± 0.23‰) by comparison with aquaculture specimens obtained from Bay d'Espoir, Newfoundland ( δ 15N = 10.96 ± 0.19‰;  δ 13C' = −19.25 ± 0.17‰) resulting in a complete separation of the two groups. Aquaculture specimens differed in δ 13C' from analyses of commercial salmon diet by 0.24‰, within the enrichment range associated with trophic transfers, while the δ 15N values in salmon muscle were enriched by 5.01‰. Although differences occurred in direct comparisons of white muscle and adipose tissue ( N  = 49), the average δ 13C' and δ 15N signatures varied in absolute amounts by only 0.5‰, supporting the use of adipose tissue as a nonlethal means to determine isotopic signatures of Atlantic salmon.  相似文献   

4.
Anterior kidney leucocytes obtained from Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., 2 days after administration of laminaran, were assayed for their capacity to reduce nitroblue tetrazolium to formazan, and for their activity of lysosomal acid phosphatase after intraperitoneal (15 mgkg?1), peroral (150 mg kg?1) or peranal (150 mg kg?1) administration. Leucocytes obtained from salmon treated by an intraperitoneal injection of laminaran produced significantly more superoxide anion than cells obtained from fish treated with dextran or sodium chloride immediately after cell isolation. Immediately after extraction, the activity of acid phosphatase in anterior kidney leucocytes obtained from salmon injected with laminaran was significantly higher than in cells harvested from fish treated with dextran or sodium chloride. Furthermore, cells obtained from salmon treated by peroral instillation of laminaran showed significantly enhanced production of superoxide anion compared with leucocytes from fish treated with either sodium chloride or dextran. The acid phosphatase activity in anterior kidney leucocytes from salmon treated by peroral and peranal instillation of laminaran was significantly higher than in cells from fish treated either with sodium chloride or dextran. Finally, fluorescence microscopic examination of tissue sections from fish treated peranally by intubation with fluorescein labelled laminaran revealed fluorescent vesicles in intestinal epithelial cells and in anterior kidney macrophages.  相似文献   

5.
ABSTRACT: The filamentous fungi Rhizopus , like many fungal species, possesses physiologically active substances. Rhizopus extract (RU) is reported to be effective for various aspects of growth and reproduction in many vertebrates. The effects of RU administration on body growth and plasma levels of steroid hormones were investigated in lacustrine sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka . One-year-old fish were fed daily with RU (20 mg/kg feed) from July 1999 to October 2000 for 15 months. Fish were sampled every month and plasma levels of testosterone (T), 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT), estradiol-17β (E2) and 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) were measured by time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay. Body growth of RU-fed fish of both sexes increased significantly in 1+ and 2+ October, and 2+ January–March and July. All RU-fed males and one female matured in 2+ October. RU-fed 1+ precociously mature males showed increased plasma levels of T, 11-KT and DHP in 1+ October. In 2+ males, RU significantly elevated plasma levels of T from May to June, 11-KT from June to July, and DHP in October. In sockeye salmon, administration of RU accelerated body growth of both sexes and sexual maturation in males, suggesting physiologically active substances present in RU enhance somatic growth and sexual maturation by sex-specific mechanisms.  相似文献   

6.
Abstract. The stimulatory effect of LPS ( Vibrio anguillarum ), laminaran and sulphated laminaran, aqueous soluble β(1,6)-branched β(l,3)-D-glucan obtained from Laminaria hyperborea , on head kidney macrophages of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., is reported. The macrophages, after stimulation with LPS or laminaran, showed pronounced spreading, membrane ruffling and increased organellc content when examined by light microscopy. LPS stimulation induced enhanced phagocytic and pinocytic activity, higher intraccllular production of superoxide anion, and higher activity of acid phosphatase compared to control cells. Native laminaran stimulated the cells to pinocytose more fluid phase, increase the intracellular production of superoxide anion and to elevate the activity of acid phosphatase. Sulphated laminaran induced higher production of superoxide anion and higher activity of acid phosphatase by macrophages than in control cells.  相似文献   

7.
For developing efficient diets, two sets of experiments examined whether the use and allocation of dietary protein can be traced by labelling with stable isotopes (15N and 13C) in two culture fish ( Oncorhynchus mykiss and Sparus aurata) . In the first experiment, natural abundance and tissue distribution of these isotopes were determined, by measuring the δ13C and δ15N values by isotopic ratio mass spectrometry, in fingerlings (14–17 g) adapted to diets differing in the percentage of fish meal replacement by plant protein sources. For both species, δ15N and δ13C were greater in tissues with higher protein and lower lipid content. Delta 15N of diets and tissues decreased as replacement increased, suggesting δ15N can be used as a marker for dietary protein origin. The 15N fractionation (δ15N fish − δ15N diet) differed between groups, and could thus be used to indicate protein catabolism. In the second experiment, fish (75–90 g) of each species ingested a diet enriched with 15N-protein (10 g kg−1 diet) and 13C-protein (30 g kg−1 diet). These proportions were suitable for determining that the delta values of tissue components were high enough above natural levels to allow protein allocation to be traced at 11 and 24 h after feeding, and revealed clear metabolic differences between species.  相似文献   

8.
The in vitro metabolism of 14CD3 and 3H25OHD3 was investigated in different tissues from Atlantic salmon Salmo salar , Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus , Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus and Atlantic cod Gadus morhua . The tissues analysed were liver, kidney, head kidney, gills, spleen and intestine. The metabolites were extracted in methanol–chloroform and separated by normal-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) followed by scintillation counting. Identification of the metabolites was by comigration with standards on normal and reversed-phase HPLC systems and by protein-binding assays. All tissues from all species analysed produced hydroxylated derivatives identified as 25OHD3, 24,25(OH)2D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3. In addition, some unidentified derivatives were recorded, one probably being 25,26(OH)2D3. Organs producing great amounts of one metabolite also produced considerable amounts of the other possible derivatives, suggesting a lower degree of specificity in fish organs than in human organs. The predominating metabolite was 24,25(OH)2D3 in all organs from salmon and mackerel during incubation with 14CD3 and within most organs from all species during 3H25OHD3 incubation. The latter observation probably results from the need for decreasing rather than increasing the calcium absorption in these species, which live at least some periods of life in a marine environment.  相似文献   

9.
In order to investigate the capacities of different tissues to oxidize fatty acids, total β-oxidation (mitochondrial and peroxisomal) of [1–14C]palmitoyl-CoA was determined in liver and red- and white muscle from adult and juvenile Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. By including potassium cyanide (KCN) in the assay medium, it was possible to differentiate between mitochondrial and peroxisomal β-oxidation capacities. Mitochondrial β-oxidation dominated in all tissues except in livers from juvenile fish where the peroxisomal β-oxidation dominated. In general, the red muscle possesses the highest fatty acid oxidation capacity, however, by taking into consideration the fact that white muscle occupies approximately 60% of the total body weight, this study demonstrates that the white muscle is an important tissue in the overall fatty acid catabolism.  相似文献   

10.
Abstract. The pharmacokinetic and metabolic disposition of piromidic acid (PA) was studied in goldfish orally administered a single dose of 40 mg/kg of PA or 14C-PA with the following results. PA was rapidly absorbed from the alimentary tract and became widely distributed to give maximal organ and tissue levels mostly after 1 h post dosing. Organ and tissue levels of PA as measured by the radioactivity were 1.4–2.2 times as high as those obtained by the bioassay, though their distribution patterns were similar. PA was partly biotransformed to unconjugated antibacterial metabolites, i.e., α -OHPA and β -OHPA and partly to more hydrophilic glucuronides which were excreted into bile. Bioactive metabolites along with PA disappeared almost entirely from the fish within 48 h post dosing. The antibacterial activity of α -OHPA and β -OHPA against major pathogenic bacteria isolated from fish showed two to four-fold greater activity as compared with PA. This pharmacokinetic and metabolic disposition, together with the antibacterial activity of PA and its active metabolites, suggest a possible practical application of PA against bacterial fish diseases.  相似文献   

11.
The tissue distribution of 3H- and FITC-lammaran in Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L., was investigated after intravenous administration. Liquid scintillation counting and whole-body autoradiography revealed a substantial accumulation of 3H-labelled laminaran in the heart throughout the experimental period (1 h to 12 days). High amounts of the immunomodulator were also present in the spleen, anterior kidney and posterior kidney during the study. Renal excretion and intestinal exsorption were the main elimination pathways. Fluorescence microscopic examination revealed accumulation of FITC-labelled laminaran in macrophages in the kidney and ellipsoid sheath cells (macrophages and reticular cells) in the spleen. Furthermore, endothelial entrapment in the heart was pronounced. Endothelial cells in the kidney also contained the FITC-labelled immunomodulator. Immunohistochemical analysis, using anti-β(l,3)-D-glucopyranose antibody, also showed endothelial uptake of laminaran in the heart. The present investigation shows that laminaran accumulates and is retained in immunologically relevant cells in the Atlantic cod.  相似文献   

12.
The absorption of haem iron and nonhaem iron in 155-g Atlantic salmon Salmo salar was studied by simultaneous labelling of the two forms of iron with 59Fe or 55Fe, respectively. Iron absorption was measured after incorporation of this element into blood and tissue 2 days after oral administration. Fish with a low iron status showed a significantly greater absorption of both haem and nonhaem iron than iron-loaded fish. The low-iron group distributed a larger proportion of the iron to kidney and spleen than the iron-loaded or control fish. Absorption of both forms of iron increased with higher doses administered, but absorption relative to dose administered decreased. There was a trend suggesting that increased levels of dietary haem iron resulted in the reduced uptake of nonhaem iron, but not vice versa . The results of the present study suggest that factors affecting bioavailability of haem and nonhaem iron in Atlantic salmon are similar to those of other vertebrates.  相似文献   

13.
Abstract –  We examined whether solvent-based lipid extractions, commonly used for stable isotope analysis (SIA) of biota, alters δ 15N or δ 13C values of fish muscle tissue or whole juvenile fish. Lipid extraction from muscle tissue led to only small (<1‰) isotope shifts in δ 13C and δ 15N values. By contrast, ecologically significant shifts (+3.4‰ for δ 13C and +2.8‰ for δ 15N) were observed for whole juvenile fish. Sample variance was not affected by lipid extraction. For tissue-specific SIA, two sample aliquots may be required: a lipid-extracted aliquot for stable carbon isotope analysis when differing lipid content among tissues is a concern, and a nonextracted aliquot for δ 15N determination. Whole organism SIA is not recommended because of the mix of tissues having different turnover times; for very small fish, we recommend that fish be eviscerated, decapitated, and skinned to minimise differences with samples of muscle tissue.  相似文献   

14.
The intestinal absorption and tissue distribution of D(U14C)-glucose (14C-glc), 3-O-methyl-D(U14C)-glucose (14C-OMG) and L(U14C)-isoleucine (14C-ile) were studied in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, using a forced-feeding technique. The appearance of radioactivity in faeces, blood, liver, white muscle and brain was monitored over 48 h. The recoveries of radioactivity 48 h postfeeding in the fish tissues studied were 36, 57 and 48% for 14C-glc, 14C-ile and 14C-OMG, respectively. White muscle and liver contained most radioactivity on the whole tissue basis. Concentrations of 14C-glc and its derivatives in the liver and the brain exceeded those of 14C-ile and its derivatives, but the reverse was found in the white muscle. These differences may reflect differences in the metabolism of glucose and isoleucine. All tissues studied showed some differences in the accumulation of 14C originating from 14C-OMG and 14C-glc. As 14C-OMG is a nonmetabolizable glucose analogue, these differences may be the result of glucose metabolism at tissue level.  相似文献   

15.
The use of wrasse as cleaner fish in farming of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., is now widespread in Scotland, Ireland and Norway, but little is known about the susceptibility of these fish to the common pathogens of cage-cultured salmon. The susceptibility of goldsinny wrasse, Ctenolabrus rupestris L., to infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) was investigated. Captive-bred C. rupestris were infected with IPNV-Sp (Shetland strain) using a bath challenge method. Two infection doses were used, low (4.1 × 105 pfu mL−−1) and high (2.4 × 106 pfu mL−−1), with two replicates for each experiment. Bathing times were 1 h for the low dose and 5 h for the high dose. A maximum prevalence of infection (30%) was seen 2 weeks post-infection in replicate 1 of the low dose experiment and was accompanied by low tissue titres. The tissue titres dropped to an undetectable level by 4 weeks post-infection. In the high dose experiment, a high prevalence of infection was seen along with moderate titres in tissues as well as a marked pathological response. Both prevalence and intensity declined rapidly and the fish recovered. In the high dose experiment, faecal titres followed the same pattern as those in the tissues. The implications for the use of wrasse in the farming of Atlantic salmon are discussed.  相似文献   

16.
Abstract. An enzootic, Australian, atypical strain of Aeromonas salmonicida isolated from diseased goldfish, Carassius auratus (L.), was inoculated into Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., brown trout, S. trutta L., rainbow trout, S. gairdneri Richardson, and brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill), fingerlings by intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) and by bath challenge, the latter with and without prior abrasion of skin. The 10-day LD50 (i.p.) was estimated to be 7·4 × 10-3 colony forming units (cfu) for Atlantic salmon, 3·0 × 10-2 cfu for brown trout, 3·7 × 102 cfu for brook trout and 6·4 × 103 cfu for rainbow trout. Brown, rainbow and brook trout succumbed to bath challenges with between 105–106 cfu/ml, developing ulcers of the skin and septicaemia. The organism was trasmitted from inoculated fish to five of 195 within-tank control fish via water and established a carrier state in one of 14 Atlantic salmon. It was concluded that the organism poses a significant threat to the salmonid farming industry and wild salmonid fisheries in Australia.  相似文献   

17.
Abstract. Infection trials using two serotypes of VHS viruses (type 1 and 23/75) demonstrated that Atlantic salmon fry were susceptible to the disease when injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 103 pfu of virus/fish but resistant to infection by a bath method when exposed for 3 h in water containing 5 × 104 pfu of virus/ml. In the i.p.-infected fish, mortality reached 78 and 67% within 13 days with VHSV1 nad 23/75 serotypes, respectively. High virus yields were recovered from infected fish and virus shedding was demonstrated by the onset of VHS in rainbow trout kept in the outflow water from the aquaria containing infected salmon. Neither mortality nor virus shedding occurred in salmon infected by the water route but virus multiplication was demonstrated in 2 of 60 fish with VHSV1 and 3 of 60 fish with virus 23/75. On day 79 post-infection the sera from surviving salmon of both i.p. and bath infection trials exhibited good neutralizing titres (around 1000) against the homologous viruses.  相似文献   

18.
SUMMARY: From 250 g of carp hepatopancreas, 0.29 mg of the purified enzyme was obtained. The bond specificity of cathepsin S for α-neoendorphin and neurotensin was 6Arg-7Lys and 3Tyr-4Glu, respectively. The cleavage sites for insulin B-chain were estimated to be the bonds at 3Asn-4Gln, 6Leu-7Cys, 12Val-13Glu, 13Glu-14Ala, 16Tyr-17Leu, 22Arg-23Gly, 24Phe-25Phe and 26Tyr-27Thr. P2 position on these peptides were bulky and hydrophobic amino acid residues such as Phe or Leu, small amino acid residues such as Gly, Ala and Val were also accepted in these positions. Regarding the protein substrates, cathepsin S degraded carp α-actinin, actin, tropomyosin and troponins T and I although the proteolyzing speeds were distinct from one another.  相似文献   

19.
The induction of tetraploidy was attempted in three intraspecies crosses (autotetraploid) of sal-monid: chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ), coho salmon ( O. kisutch ) and rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri ), and in the interspecies hybrid (allotetraploid) coho × Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ).
Pressure treatments of 6.2 × 104 kPa (9,000 psi) were applied for six minutes at intervals from 50% of the time to cleavage to beyond first cleavage. Analysis of eyed stage embryos via flow cytometry indicated two periods of tetraploid induction existed corresponding to 55–75% and 100–110% of the first cleavage interval (FCI).
The effects of different pressures and the times of application were analyzed in a study with rainbow trout. Treatments of 4.8 × 104 kPa (7,000 psi) for eight minutes, and 5.5 and 6.2 × 104 kPa (8,000 and 9,000 psi) for four minutes, were applied at 65, 78, and 100% FCI. Tetraploids were found in the 5.5 and 6.2 × 104 kPa group treatments only when applied at 65% FCI.
The results indicate that, while tetraploidy is inducible in salmonids, further experimentation is necessary to discern the appropriate time and treatment for optimal tetraploid induction in each species.  相似文献   

20.
The objectives of this study were to investigate: 1) the pharmacokinetics of dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) using 13C-labeled fatty acids; 2) the interorgan transport of DHA in the red sea bream by monitoring the DHA level of several organs; and 3) the relationship between the plasma DHA level and optimum dietary DHA level in the plasma of the red sea bream Chrysophrys major . For this purpose, a mixture of 38.5% of [13C]DHA, 8.5% of [13C]DPA, and 4.2% of [13C]palmitic acid were given to the red sea bream at dose level of 8.0, 16.0, and 47.9 mg/kg by a single oral administration. For [13C]DHA, the maximum plasma concentration (tmax) occurred at 2.00–3.00 h after the oral administration. The peak plasma concentration (Cmax) and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve to 24 h (AUC0-24 for [13C]DHA level linearly increased with respect to dosage. [13C]DHA appeared in each organ (plasma, erythrocyte and the fat body of the orbit, liver, intestine, skin, brain, heart and muscle) at 0.5 h and was observed until 24 h. From the values determined for the pharmacokinetic parameters, the range of the effective plasma DHA level for normal growth of the red sea bream was suggested to be between 21.0 and 40.3 μg/mL. For [13C]DPA, the AUC0-24 and Cmax values also linearly increased with the dosage, but tmax did not depend on it.  相似文献   

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