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1.
Anaesthetic agents are very useful for reducing the stress caused by handling, sorting, transportation, artificial reproduction, tagging, administration of vaccines and surgical procedures in fish. The efficacy of two anaesthetics: MS‐222 and AQUI‐S® were tested on rohu, Labeo rohita advanced size fry. The lowest effective doses that produced induction in 3 min or less and recovery times 5 min or less and meet the most criteria of good anaesthetic characteristics were 125 mg L?1 of MS‐222, and 30 mg L?1 of AQUI‐S® in rohu, Labeo rohita advanced size fry. Induction times were significantly decreased with increased in the concentrations of any of the two tested anaesthetic agents. The lowest doses suitable for transportation of rohu advanced size fry observed were: 10–15 mg L?1 of MS‐222 and 2.5 mg L?1 AQUI‐S®. Both anaesthetics showed promising to be used as anaesthetics for handling and transportation in rohu (Labeo rohita) advanced fry.  相似文献   

2.
The effects of weekly anaesthetization with clove oil and tricaine methanesulphonate (MS‐222) on feed intake and growth were examined in juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), held individually. Repeated handling without anaesthetics significantly reduced feed intake and weight gain compared with an unhandled control group during an 8‐week experiment. When anaesthetics were used during handling the feed consumption and weight gain were significantly (MS‐222) or not significantly (clove oil) higher than in fish handled without anaesthesia. When compared with the unhandled control group, neither of these two anaesthetics had significant effects on feed intake but, in contrast to MS‐222, repeated anaesthesia with clove oil had a significant negative effect on growth. However, the effects of MS‐222 and clove oil on the growth were not significantly different from each other. Feed conversion ratio (feed/gain) of MS‐222‐anaesthetized fish was significantly higher compared with unhandled control and handled control fish but was not significantly different from fish anaesthetized with clove oil. These results suggest that both MS‐222 and clove oil alleviate handling stress in juvenile rainbow trout, and that these two anaesthetics are rather similar with respect to their effects during repeated exposures.  相似文献   

3.
The effects of 60‐mg L?1 clove oil and 60‐mg L?1 tricaine methanesulphonate (MS‐222) on the blood chemistry of rainbow trout were compared after exposure to handling stress via caudal puncture blood sampling. Fish sampled by caudal puncture and subsequently exposed to anaesthetics showed a typical handling stress response over a 48‐h period. There were no significant differences between the responses of fish exposed to equal concentrations of clove oil and MS‐222, with the following exceptions: the blood glucose at full anaesthesia, and lactate at full recovery increased significantly in the clove oil‐exposed fish. In a subsequent experiment, the stress response observed in fish sampled by caudal puncture and exposed to clove oil and MS‐222 was compared with a non‐anaesthetized control group. The increases in plasma cortisol levels were significantly lower at recovery in fish treated with either anaesthetic compared with the control fish. Fish exposed to MS‐222 had significantly higher cortisol levels at 1 h. These findings show that few differences exist between the anaesthetic effects of clove oil and MS‐222 on the physiological response of fish to stress. However, clove oil is more effective at reducing the short‐term stress response induced by handling and blood sampling, and is recommended as an alternative fish anaesthetic.  相似文献   

4.
Anaesthetics are used in aquaculture and fisheries to facilitate routine procedures, such as capture, handling, transportation, tagging, grading and measurements that can often cause injury or induce physiological stress. Two experiments were performed to assess the efficacies of four anaesthetic agents, clove oil, benzocaine, 2‐phenoxyethanol and MS‐222 on juvenile marbled spinefoot rabbitfish (Siganus rivulatus). In the first experiment we tested the lowest effective doses that produced induction and recovery times in 3 min or less and 5 min or less respectively. Dosages were 70 mg L?1 for clove oil, 60–70 mg L?1 for benzocaine, 400 μL L?1 for 2‐phenoxyethanol and 100–125 mg L?1 for MS‐222. In the second experiment, we determined optimal concentrations of the four anaesthetics if they were to be used to transport rabbitfish fry. Anaesthetic concentrations suitable for handling and transport were: 10–15 mg L?1 of MS‐222, 5–10 mg L?1 of benzocaine, 5 mg L?1 of clove oil and 50–100 μL L?1 of 2‐phenoxyethanol. All anaesthetic agents are acceptable for use on S. rivulatus, however, 2‐phenoxyethanol, MS‐222 and clove oil appear to be more suitable than benzocaine. Further studies need to be conducted on effects of high and low doses of anaesthetic agents on physiology of marbled spinefoot.  相似文献   

5.
We studied the simultaneous effect of sex and dose on anaesthesia efficacy to estimate, if possible, the lowest effective dose (LED) for clove oil, tricaine methanesulphonate (MS‐222), 2‐phenoxyethanol (2‐PE) and propofol in mature guppies. LED is the lowest dose needed to reach A5 stage in a mean time of 3 min, with mean recovery (R5) time of 5 min. We used four doses/anaesthetic: 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/L for clove oil; 120,140,160 and 180 mg/L for MS‐222; 800, 1,000, 1,200 and 1,400 mg/L for 2‐PE, and 7.50, 8.25, 10.00 and 11.25 mg/L for propofol. Each dose was tested on 10 females and 10 males. Morbidity, mortality and behavioural changes were checked on two control groups (10 males and 10 females/group). Sedation (A3), A5 and R5 times were recorded. Significant interactive effect dose*sex on A5 time was found for each anaesthetic agent (pdose*sex < .05). Except for MS‐222 (pdose*sex = .284), significant interactive effect dose * sex on R5 time was found (pdose*sex < .05). A5 time in females tended to be greater than in males, but, in general, R5 times were longer in males. Body size differences between males and females could explain these differences in MS‐222 on A5 time and for clove oil, 2‐PE and propofol on R5 time. No dose simultaneous meet LED′s conditions relating to both A5 and R5 times; therefore the lowest doses inducing A5 in a mean time of 3 min could be a safe guideline for anaesthetic procedure in both male and females.  相似文献   

6.
The aim of this study was to determine the impact of MS‐222 on the haematological and biochemical parameters of juvenile pikeperch. The experiment was conducted on fish with body weight of 112.50 ± 13.01 g and body length of 22.5 ± 1.8 cm. The fish were exposed to MS‐222 via immersion at two concentrations (100, 150 mg/L) and for two exposure periods (3, 10 min). Significantly higher values of white blood cells, red blood cells, haemoglobin and haematocrit were noted in all groups of fish from which blood samples were drawn immediately after exposure. After 24 hr, only in group V (100/3/24) did the values of these parameters return to initial values. The analysis of biochemical parameters signalled significant differences in three parameters: glucose, total protein and lactates. Twenty‐four hours after exposure, the values of these three parameters returned to initial levels. Significant differences were also noted in four ion concentrations: potassium, phosphorus, sodium and iron. Twenty‐four hours later, potassium and phosphorus concentrations had returned to initial values, while that of sodium still exhibited significant differences. Twenty‐four hours later, differences were also noted in iron ion concentrations in the groups subjected to the longest exposure or the highest concentration. All of the MS‐222 immersion parameters were effective. However, the smallest changes in the analysed parameters of pikeperch blood were noted in individuals from group I (100/3/0). The current study indicated, however, that longer pikeperch immersion in the anaesthetic solution (>3 min) or applying concentrations exceeding 100 mg/L are not recommended.  相似文献   

7.
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8.
Skin mucus has been demonstrated to provide stress biomarkers for evaluating the physiological status, providing new convenient and non‐invasive methods to detect stress response in fish. Here, we investigated the anaesthetic efficacy of tricaine methanesulphonate (MS‐222; 75–115 mg/L) for discus Symphysodon aequifasciata (34.27 ± 4.46 g; 8.10 ± 0.59 cm) using skin mucus stress biomarkers. The induction time, recovery time and respiratory frequency were also determined. According to the criteria for anaesthesia and recovery, discus fish to reach stage A3 (deep anaesthesia) within 3 min and to reach stage R4 (full recovery of normal behaviour) within 5 min were observed at 95–105 mg/L MS‐222. Respiratory frequency increased first and then decreased during MS‐222 exposure and increased after recovery. At 10 min after deep anaesthesia, a lower mucus glucose was only observed at 115 mg/L MS‐222. No change in mucus cortisol and increased lactate were observed in all treatments. Increased mucus protein was observed at 75, 85 and 95 mg/L MS‐222. At 10 min after recovery, increased mucus glucose and decreased mucus protein were observed at 85, 95 and 115 mg/L MS‐222, but increased mucus cortisol only at 115 mg/L and lactate only at 75 and 105 mg/L MS‐222. At 24 hr after recovery, mucus glucose returned to the initial level only at 75, 95 and 105 mg/L MS‐222, while cortisol at 75 and 85 mg/L and protein and lactate at 75 mg/L respectively. Overall, the effective dose of MS‐222 for discus fish has been suggested to be 95–105 mg/L.  相似文献   

9.
Although daily variations in drug pharmacokinetics have been reported for a variety of teleost species, the influence of this daily variation on the cortisol response following anaesthesia remains poorly understood. To address this, two experiments were performed. The first experiment described the daily patterns of cortisol and glucose secretion in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The second experiment investigated how the timing of anaesthetic administration (specifically at mid‐light [ML] or at mid‐dark [MD]) affects the induction and recovery times and plasma cortisol and glucose levels of juvenile Nile tilapia exposed to benzocaine, clove oil or tricaine methanesulphonate (MS‐222). The results revealed that the effect on the stress response associated with the moment when anaesthesia took place (ML or MD) varied according to the treatment (p < 0.05). Cortisol levels were significantly higher at ML for MS‐222 (ML = 116.23 ± 25.55; MD = 48.25 ± 22.33 ng/dl) (p < 0.05) and clove oil (ML 59.73 ± 14.27; MD 38.26 ± 12.07 ng/dl) (p < 0.05), whereas no significant differences were found between ML and MD cortisol levels for the control treatment (ML = 72.91 ± 18.42; MD = 64.80 ± 10.68 ng/dl) (p > 0.05) or in the benzocaine‐treated group (ML = 38.7 ± 4.90; MD = 38.60 ± 3.69 ng/dl) (p > 0.05). The highest plasma cortisol level in ML was found in the MS‐222‐treated group. All the tested anaesthetics had similar cortisol levels at MD (p > 0.05).  相似文献   

10.
Abstract— The freshwater prawn Macrobrachiurn rosenbergii is a commercially important culture species in the South Central United States. Two major constraints in the commercial culture of the freshwater prawn in the U.S. are poor survival during live transportation of seed‐stock to growout ponds, and live transportation of pond harvested prawn to distant live markets due to the territorial and cannibalistic nature of prawn. The use of anesthetics could possibly improve transport survival; however, to date anesthetic agents have not been evaluated for use with prawn. Two trials were conducted with juvenile freshwater prawn to compare the efficacy of anesthetics commonly used on fish. The first trial was designed to identify the most promising candidates. In Study 1, tricaine methanesulfonate (MS‐222), 2‐phenoxyethanol, quinaldine sulfate (quinaldine), clove oil, and Aqui‐STM were evaluated at 25 and 100 mg/L for 1 h in three replicate 10‐L glass containers, containing five juvenile prawn each. Relative sedation level was determined every 3 min for 1 h, then recovery time and survival were measured. In Study 1, MS‐222 and 2‐phenoxyethanol were determined to be ineffective on prawn at all rates tested. Based on their performance in Study 1, quinaldine, clove oil, and AquiSTM were evaluated at 100, 200, and 300 mg/L in Study 2. Observations were determined as in Study 1. Clove oil and Aqui‐STM induced anesthesia faster and at lower concentrations than quinaldine. At the highest treatment rate (300 mg/L) prawn suffered 60% mortality in the Aqui‐STM treatment, 13% mortality in the quinaldine treatment, and 0% mortality in the clove oil treatment and control following a 1‐h exposure to these concentrations. Based on these data, Aqui‐STM and clove oil applied at 100 mg/L may be suitable anesthetic treatments for prawn. Additional research is needed to determine optimal time and dose relationships to minimize stress during holding, handling, and transportation of prawn.  相似文献   

11.
Anesthetic disposal for fish often results in physiological and behavioral responses. There is limited information involved on the metabolic and behavioral responses of the seahorses. The lined seahorse, Hippocampus erectus, is of great interest in the sciences because of its unusual S‐shaped morphology and male pregnancy behavior. This study found that the lined seahorse could be effectively anesthetized into Stage II at the concentrations of 10 mg/L clove oil or 20 mg/L MS‐222 based on the comparison of six different treatments. The ventilation frequency, oxygen consumption, and ammonia‐N excretion of the seahorses were decreased significantly as soon as they were exposed to the anesthetic agents. A higher O : N ratio was found in seahorses anesthetized by clove oil as compared to those exposed to MS‐222. After the anesthetic treatment, the feeding frequencies of recovered seahorses were low at the beginning and then increased during the 7‐d culture. Moreover, there was no incremental difference of wet weights among the tested seahorses (P = 0.534). The findings indicate that the anesthetic process has few effects on the feeding and short‐term growth of seahorses in spite of the occurrence of physiological and behavioral responses.  相似文献   

12.
Clove oil has been demonstrated to be an effective, inexpensive anaesthetic and euthanizing agent for a number of fish species, including rainbow trout, used in aquaculture and fisheries research. However, the potential for clove oil to cause perturbations in important plasma hormone concentrations has not been investigated. The effect of anaesthesia and euthanasia in trout with eugenol (the active ingredient in clove oil) on plasma cortisol, glucose, growth hormone (GH) and two thyroid hormones [tri‐iodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)] was compared with tricaine methanesulfonate (MS‐222) anaesthesia, and stunning by cranial concussion in two experiments. Effects on blood chemistry were different when comparing the particular anaesthetic method being used. Stunning fish significantly increased plasma cortisol and glucose levels (both P<0.05), while euthanizing fish using either clove oil or MS‐222 had no effect on these hormone levels. In contrast, the levels of GH, T3 and T4 hormones were unaffected regardless of whether fish were euthanized by stunning, MS‐222 or clove oil. Variation in effects between hormones were observed using clove oil eugenol. In fish sampled 10 min after anaesthetizing with 150 mg L?1 of eugenol, cortisol levels were significantly decreased (P<0.03), while there were no differences in either glucose or GH levels. Tri‐iodothyronine and T4 also showed significantly elevated levels (P<0.05) after 10‐min exposure to eugenol. These results highlight the importance of investigating the potential effects of any new anaesthetic or euthanizing compounds on blood plasma parameters, prior to using them in a research setting, or when comparing results to other studies which have utilized alternative anaesthetic compounds.  相似文献   

13.
We examined the effects tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222), clove oil and CO2 on feed intake and cortisol response in steelhead trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Even though a body of literature exists about the effects of different anaesthetics on fish, no comparative information seems to be available about their effects on feed intake after anaesthesia, which would be important to know especially in aquaculture research. We anaesthetised juvenile steelhead trout with these three anaesthetics, and then sampled them 4, 24 and 48 h later. Fish in all groups ate relatively well already 4 h after anaesthesia. However, feed intake in fish treated with clove oil or MS-222 was lower than in the controls. There were no differences in feed intake among anaesthetised groups. Plasma cortisol concentrations were elevated 48 h after anaesthetisation, but the treatment means were equal throughout the experiment. Our results support previous findings that clove oil is a reasonable alternative to MS-222.  相似文献   

14.
This study investigated the feasibility of using clove oil, 2-phenoxyethanol, or Propiscin as an alternative to tricaine methane sulphonate (MS 222) as a fish anaesthetic, particularly in regard to reducing fish stress. The biochemical blood profiles of perch Perca fluviatilis L. anaesthetized with either MS 222 (100 mg L−1), clove oil (33 mg L−1), 2-phenoxyethanol (0.40 mL L−1) or Propiscin (1.0 mL L−1), and a non-anaesthetized control group were compared. Biochemical profiles were determined from blood samples collected before treatment in controls. For each anaesthetic tested, fish were divided into two groups, one sampled immediately after 10-min anaesthesia and a second, sampled 24 h after 10-min anaesthesia. The values determined in the present study suggested that internal organs and tissues of perch were slightly altered by MS 222, clove oil and 2-phenoxyethanol anaesthesia, but not by Propiscin anaesthesia.  相似文献   

15.
Responses to anaesthesia with essential oil (EO) of Aloysia triphylla (135 and 180 mg L?1) and tricaine methanesulfonate (MS222) (150 and 300 mg L?1) were assessed in silver catfish. Exposure to the anaesthetics elicited a stress response in the species. In the case of MS222, it was displayed as a release of cortisol into bloodstream, elevation in hematocrit and plasma ion loss. The EO presented cortisol‐blocking properties, but increased haematocrit and disturbances of hydromineral balance were observed. Liver antioxidant/oxidant status of EO and MS222‐anaesthetized silver catfish was also estimated. The synthetic anaesthetic induced lipoperoxidation, notwithstanding increased catalase contents, whereas the naturally occurring product was capable of preventing the formation of lipid peroxides, possibly due to combined actions of catalase and glutathione‐S‐transferase. Anaesthetic efficacy was also tested via induction and recovery times. Overall, the promising results obtained for the physiological parameters of the EO‐treated fish counterbalanced the slight prolonged induction time observed for 180 mg L?1. As for 135 mg L?1, both induction and recovery times were lengthy; despite that, the EO was able to promote oxidative protection and mitigate stress. None of the MS222 concentrations prompted such responses concomitantly.  相似文献   

16.
A study was conducted to determine the effect of essential fatty acid in striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) broodstock diets on a level of oestradiol‐17β and vitellogenin, reproductive performance and larval quality in out‐of‐spawning season. Five female and five male broodstock were stocked into a net cage (3 × 5 × 1.5 m3) and fed with pelleted diets containing 1.5% fish oil and different amounts of corn oil (CO) in diet formulation, that is 0%, 1%, 2% and 3% respectively. Gonadal development, oestradiol‐17ß and vitellogenin concentrations were examined every 2 weeks. Oestradiol‐17ß and vitellogenin concentrations showed an increase during the maturation process. The significantly highest percentage of female mature, fecundity, hatching rate, larval production and larval survival rate were obtained from fish fed with 2% corn oil in the diet. This result revealed that the administration of 2% corn oil in the diet as a source of n‐6 (linoleic acid) and 1.5% fish oil as a source of n‐3 (linolenic acid) can improve the reproductive performance of striped catfish broodstock in out‐of‐spawning season.  相似文献   

17.
Two anaesthetics, clove oil and methane sulphonate (MS-222), were examined for their effects on the olfactory nerve response of masu salmon ( Oncorhynchus masou Brevoort) and rainbow trout ( O. mykiss Walbaum). Exposing both species to clove oil for 3 min at concentrations of 50 and 100 mg L−1, or for 10 min at 50 mg L−1, did not significantly reduce their olfactory response. Directly applying clove oil anaesthesia to the olfactory epithelium significantly reduced olfactory response though after 20 min, olfactory response recovered to 70% and 52% of pre-treatment levels in masu salmon and rainbow trout respectively. Compared with the post-anaesthetic recovery of responses after clove oil (50 mg L−1), buffered MS-222 (100 mg L−1) with NaHCO3 (100 mg L−1), and unbuffered MS-222 (100 mg L−1) treatment for 3 min, the response after MS-222 treatment declined gradually and significantly, but not after clove oil and MS-222+NaHCO3 treatments. Clove oil appears to be an effective and relatively safe anaesthetic for salmonids with little long-term impact on their olfactory response, which plays a crucial role in their life history.  相似文献   

18.
This study explores the anaesthetic activity of Alpinia galanga oil (AGO) in fish. Cyprinus carpio (koi carp) was used as a fish model. It was found that the induction time to stage 3 anaesthesia and the recovery time of the fish after exposure to AGO were exponentially and polynomially correlated to AGO concentrations. The viability of normal blood cells of koi carp anaesthetized with 500 mg/L AGO was found to be higher than 90% for normal red blood cells and white blood cells and 89% for peripheral blood nuclear cells indicating nontoxicity of AGO to the fish. A concentration of 300 mg/L of AGO was the most suitable for anaesthetizing koi carp due to the safety and effectiveness aspects as being ideally fitted to anaesthetic criteria. This concentration gave the induction time of 205.55 ± 5.07 s and the recovery time of 202.50 ± 9.30 s. Determination of stress biomarker such as blood cortisol and glucose as well as gene expression showed that the blood cortisol level of the fish anaesthetized with AGO was similar to normal levels. Moreover, blood glucose level was significantly less increased than those anaesthetized with tricaine methanesulfonate. Gene expressions of the fish cortisol receptor, cytochrome oxidase subunit1, heat shock protein 70 and Na+/K+‐ATPaseα3 were significantly reduced after exposure to AGO indicating the advantages of AGO on fish stress reduction. Thus, AGO is a promising natural source for an alternative fish anaesthetics.  相似文献   

19.
Juvenile and adult black sea bass (Centropristis striata L.) were exposed to various concentrations of four anaesthetics to determine practical dosages for handling as well as for procedures such as bleeding, ovarian biopsy or tag implantation. In experiment 1, juveniles exposed to either 2.0 mg L?1 metomidate, 15 mg L?1 clove oil, 70 mg L?1 tricaine methanesulphonate (TMS) or 200 mg L?1 2‐phenoxyethanol (2‐PE) reached stage II of anaesthesia in 3–5 min and could be handled for weighing and measuring. All fish had completed recovery to stage III within 6 min. In experiment 2, the established concentrations of each anaesthetic were tested on juveniles to determine their ability to prevent a reflex to a subcutaneous needle puncture. All of the fish exposed to clove oil (20 mg L?1) and 40% of the TMS‐treated (70 mg L?1) fish reacted while none of the fish anaesthetized in metomidate (2.0 mg L?1) or 2‐PE (200 mg L?1) responded to the needle puncture. In experiment 3, metomidate (5.0 mg L?1), clove oil (30 mg L?1) TMS (125 mg L?1) or 2‐PE (300 mg L?1) were all effective for performing an ovarian biopsy or tag implantation on adults. In experiment 4, TMS (125 mg L?1) exacerbated the cortisol response to a short handling stressor during a 30 min exposure. Fish anaesthetized in 2‐PE (300 mg L?1), metomidate (5.0 mg L?1) or clove oil (40 mg L?1) had increased cortisol levels associated with the handling stressor but there were no further increases during the remainder of the experimental period. The results demonstrate that these anaesthetics are effective for sedation and anaesthesia of black sea bass and that the best choice is dependant upon the procedures to be performed.  相似文献   

20.
The effects of four anaesthetic agents, tricaine methanesulphonate (MS‐222) (112.5 mg L?1), 2‐phenoxyethanol (400 μL L?1), clove oil (70 mg L?1) and benzocaine (65 mg L?1) on juvenile marbled spinefoot (Siganus rivulatus) of three mean body weights (7.3 g, 19.1 g, 55.5 g) and at three temperatures (20, 25, 30°C) were evaluated. In addition, the relationship between body lipid content and efficacy of the four anaesthetic agents was evaluated in juvenile S. rivulatus. Times necessary for induction and recovery were recorded. Significant effects of temperature on induction and recovery times were observed. Induction and recovery times decreased with increasing water temperature. No uniform relationship between body weight of juvenile marbled spinefoot and anaesthetic efficacy was observed. Body fat content was positively correlated with induction time only when MS‐222 was used but did not affect induction times of fish exposed to 2‐phenoxyethanol, clove oil or benzocaine. Recovery times were generally longer for all fish containing more body fat. Results of the study show that anaesthetic efficiency increases with increasing water temperature but is not strongly affected by body weight for juvenile marbled spinefoot. In addition, body fat in fish affected the efficacy of the various anaesthetic agents tested in this study, generally slowing down recovery.  相似文献   

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