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1.
农户安全施药行为选择及影响因素分析——基于安仁县600户水稻种植户的调查 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
随着生活水平的不断提高,人们对农产品的质量也越来越重视,而影响农产品质量的决定性因素来源于农户,如何通过影响农户行为来保障农产品质量,成为当前农产品质量安全研究的焦点。笔者从农户安全施药行为视角出发,对湖南省安仁县600户水稻种植户进行了随机问卷调查,分析表明,安全用药技术的培训、农药的价格和药效、农药残留和政府监管强度是主导农户安全施药行为的主要因素。因此,加强对农户安全用药的培训力度,稳定农药市场价格,强化对农药市场和水稻生产过程的监管,更好地指导农户进行安全施药,将有力保障水稻产品的质量安全。 相似文献
2.
Agroforestry systems provide diverse ecosystem services that contribute to farmer livelihoods and the conservation of natural resources. Despite these known benefits, there is still limited understanding on how shade trees affect the provision of multiple ecosystem services at the same time and the potential trade-offs or synergies among them. To fill this knowledge gap, we quantified four major ecosystem services (regulation of pests and diseases; provisioning of agroforestry products; maintenance of soil fertility; and carbon sequestration) in 69 coffee agroecosystems belonging to smallholder farmers under a range of altitudes (as representative of environmental conditions) and management conditions, in the region of Turrialba, Costa Rica. We first analyzed the individual effects of altitude, types of shade and management intensity and their interactions on the provision of ecosystem services. In order to identify potential trade-offs and synergies, we then analyzed bivariate relationships between different ecosystem services, and between individual ecosystem services and plant biodiversity. We also explored which types of shade provided better levels of ecosystem services. The effectiveness of different types of shade in providing ecosystem services depended on their interactions with altitude and coffee management, with different ecosystem services responding differently to these factors. No trade-offs were found among the different ecosystem services studied or between ecosystem services and biodiversity, suggesting that it is possible to increase the provision of multiple ecosystem services at the same time. Overall, both low and highly diversified coffee agroforestry systems had better ability to provide ecosystem services than coffee monocultures in full sun. Based on our findings, we suggest that coffee agroforestry systems should be designed with diversified, productive shade canopies and managed with a medium intensity of cropping practices, with the aim of ensuring the continued provision of multiple ecosystem services. 相似文献
3.
Identification of Suitability of Sites for Microenterprises for Value Chain Development: A Study in Gazipur District,Bangladesh 
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下载免费PDF全文 In recent years, many commercial poultry farm microenterprises (MEs) have flourished in rural areas with the help of an extensive microfinance program in Bangladesh. These poultry MEs are in a key position for the profitable operation of other actors in the poultry subsector value chain. But not all these MEs are located in suitable places, which results in poor input supply and marketing facilities for their products and thus cause higher costs and less profit. The government, nongovernment organizations (NGOs) and donor agencies apply the same policy for providing support services to all these poultry farmers, irrespective of their locations. Thus, this paper tries to explain the poultry value chain in Gazipur District, where the concentration of poultry farms is highest, and to delineate suitable sites for poultry MEs using the multicriteria evaluation technique within a Geographic Information System context, utilizing factors such as flood‐free land, and infrastructures related to the poultry business‐enabling environment of the value chain. The delineation of suitable land areas for farms can help NGOs, as well as the government, to design interventions and appropriate policy development for farmers in different locations, and thus help all farmers to increase their profit and sustainability. 相似文献
4.
农产品物流增值环节的挖掘 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
随着信息化的发展,现代农产品物流是将存储、运输、包装、流通加工、配送等各个环节与信息技术和网络连接起来,形成一条真正意义上的增值链。本文在分析我国现有农产品物流在增值方面存在问题的基础上,构建了信息平台下的农产品物流模式,深入挖掘了农产品物流的增值环节,提出了农产品物流增值的措施与看法。 相似文献
5.
Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum [L.]R.Br.) is the staple food and fodder crop of farmers in the semi-arid areas of north-west India. The majority of farmer
sin western Rajasthan depend on their own seed production and employ different seed production strategies that involve different
levels of modern-variety introgression into landraces as well as different selection methods. This study quantifies the effects
of three seed management strategies on environmental adaptation and trait performance. Forty-eight entries representing farmers’
grain stocks — pure landraces or landraces with introgressed germ plasm from modern varieties — as well as 33 modern varieties,
multiplied by breeders or farmers, were evaluated in field trials at three different locations over two years under varying
drought-stress conditions. Results indicate that the plant characteristics employed by farmers in describing adaptive value
and productivity is an effective approach in discriminating the type of millet adapted to stress and non-stress conditions.
It was also found that introgression of modern varieties(MVs) leads to populations with a broader adaptation ability in comparison
to pure landraces or MVs alone – but only if MV introgression is practised regularly and is combined with mass panicle selection.
Under high-rainfall conditions, farmer grain stocks with MV introgression show similar productivity levels as modern varieties.
Under lessening rainfall, pure landraces show, in tendency, higher grain yields. In conclusion, farmers’ seed management could
form an integral part of participatory breeding programs.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
6.
F. Mekbib 《Euphytica》2006,152(2):163-176
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is the fifth most important cereal crop worldwide and it is the fourth most important crop in Ethiopia. The national average yield amounts 1302 kg/ha. In order to assess the achievement in farmer breeding various types of research were undertaken. These include survey research to quantify the trend in productivity, the level of and reasons for adoption of improved varieties, yield performance and preference evaluation of farmers’ varieties (FVs) and improved varieties (IVs). As per the trend analysis over the last four decades, total production and yield per hectare has increased by 11.63 and 14.2%, respectively. However, area allocated to sorghum has decreased over years by −2.93%. The lack of consistent productivity is attributed to the fluctuation of environmental factors. Sorghum production in Ethiopia is predominantly based on varieties developed by farmers. The share of IVs is very low. FVs and IVs are adopted by 87.3 and 12.7% of the farmers, respectively. Besides, the adoption of IVs is limited to the lowland crop ecology. The comparative yield of FVs is higher than IVs by 132%. On top of yield, farmers do prefer their varieties for other multipurpose values namely feed, fuel wood and construction material. FVs under production are identified in each wereda. Farmer breeding has been successful compared to four decades of formal breeding. On the other hand, both farmer and formal breeding are not without weaknesses; a comparative balance sheet is outlined for both. Ideotypes for the three major crop ecologies are suggested and integrated plant breeding is anticipated to develop the proposed ideotypes thereby increase sorghum productivity in the region. 相似文献
7.
Diny Dinarti Agung W. Susilo Lyndel W. Meinhardt Kun Ji Lambert A. Motilal Sue Mischke Dapeng Zhang 《Breeding Science》2015,65(5):438-446
Indonesia is the third largest cocoa-producing country in the world. Knowledge of genetic diversity and parentage of farmer selections is important for effective selection and rational deployment of superior cacao clones in farmers’ fields. We assessed genetic diversity and parentage of 53 farmer selections of cacao in Sulawesi, Indonesia, using 152 international clones as references. Cluster analysis, based on 15 microsatellite markers, showed that these Sulawesi farmer selections are mainly comprised of hybrids derived from Trinitario and two Upper Amazon Forastero groups. Bayesian assignment and likelihood-based parentage analysis further demonstrated that only a small number of germplasm groups, dominantly Trinitario and Parinari, contributed to these farmer selections, in spite of diverse parental clones having been used in the breeding program and seed gardens in Indonesia since the 1950s. The narrow parentage predicts a less durable host resistance to cacao diseases. Limited access of the farmers to diverse planting materials or the strong preference for large pods and large bean size by local farmers, may have affected the selection outcome. Diverse sources of resistance, harbored in different cacao germplasm groups, need to be effectively incorporated to broaden the on-farm diversity and ensure sustainable cacao production in Sulawesi. 相似文献
8.
Drought Tolerance and Water Use of Cereal Crops: A Focus on Sorghum as a Food Security Crop in Sub‐Saharan Africa 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) faces twin challenges of water stress and food insecurity – challenges that are already pressing and are projected to grow. Sub‐Saharan Africa comprises 43 % arid and semi‐arid area, which is projected to increase due to climate change. Small‐scale, rainfed agriculture is the main livelihood source in arid and semi‐arid areas of SSA. Because rainfed agriculture constitutes more than 95 % of agricultural land use, water scarcity is a major limitation to production. Crop production, specifically staple cereal crop production, will have to adapt to water scarcity and improved water productivity (output per water input) to meet food requirements. We propose inclusion and promotion of drought‐tolerant cereal crops in arid and semi‐arid agro‐ecological zones of SSA where water scarcity is a major limitation to cereal production. Sorghum uniquely fits production in such regions, due to high and stable water‐use efficiency, drought and heat tolerance, high germplasm variability, comparative nutritional value and existing food value chain in SSA. However, sorghum is socio‐economically and geographically underutilized in parts of SSA. Sorghum inclusion and/or promotion in arid and semi‐arid areas of SSA, especially among subsistence farmers, will improve water productivity and food security. 相似文献
9.
为研究村民关系对特色农业种植农户支持度的影响,本文以甘肃省武威市凉州区为例,运用李克特量表法进行实地调研,采用结构方程模型构建了农户关联和农户支持测量维度体系,并度量了农户关联对特色农业种植农户支持度的影响,以期提升农户对特色农业的种植,增加农户收入。结果表明：(1)将农户关联维度划分为情感关联、认知关联、经济关联和行动关联,将农户支持度分为农户决策支持、行动支持和效益支持具有一定的理论意义。(2)农户关联对特色农业种植农户支持度的影响有显著的正相关关系,农户关联的高低决定了特色农业种植农户支持度的大小。 相似文献
10.
Agroecological transition refers to the adoption by farmers of practices based on on-farm biological processes rather than imported or non-renewable inputs. Drawing from a comprehensive survey of 31 diversified farms cultivating citrus on Réunion Island (Indian Ocean, France), this study aims to understand the diverse dynamics in farmers’ agroecological transitions and to identify the factors and processes driving farmers’ choices. The analysis considers both the current protection, fertilization and weed control practices implemented by farmers in their orchards and the trajectories of change they have followed over the last thirty years. Orchard management was categorized according to the kind of inputs mobilized (i.e., “synthetic inputs”, “alternative off-farm inputs” and “alternative on-farm inputs”). Diverse managements were observed, targeting security, autonomy, ecology or simplicity. The six types of practice trajectories identified illustrate the diverse and incremental nature of agroecological transition. Drawing from these results, drivers of alternative practice adoption and lock-in effects in synthetic input reliance were characterized. Internal drivers, depending directly on the farmer and his/her farm, included the characteristics of the orchard and its environment, the labor force, and the farmer’s environmental concerns. External drivers included local citrus markets, public legislation, access to extension services, the organization of input supply and the social environment. The combination of these internal and external drivers at the farm level makes each farm relatively unique. However, three factors determine the main differences in practices: the marketing channel used, the farmer’s environmental objectives, and the farmer’s economic behavior, which is linked to the weight of the crop activity in farm revenue. Understanding farmers’ points of view and decisions regarding agroecological transition deserves the attention of scientists, agricultural advisors and policy makers when designing innovative cropping systems, new support methodologies and incentives to respond effectively to farmers’ objectives and contexts of action. 相似文献
11.
大众化视野中地方大学与新农村建设的关系研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
以地方大学与新农村建设的关系为切入点,分析梳理了大众化过程中地方大学所存在的问题和矛盾、机遇与挑战以及新农村建设对地方大学的需求,认为新农村建设的关键是大力发展生产力,而生产力的快速提升根本要素是农民素质的提高,即人力资本的投入。教育,特别是高等教育则是实现人力资源向人力资本转化的基本手段。高等教育大众化,正是促进这一转化的重要途径,地方大学作为大众化任务的主要承担者和地方经济社会发展的动力源必须加快教育教学改革,创新管理机制,切实为新农村建设提供人力资本服务、科学研究与开发服务以及文化服务等产品服务,并在服务的过程中,寻找机遇,突破困境,促进发展,实现双赢。 相似文献
12.
为了将农户的“有限理性”纳入政府对农业非点源污染农户行为管理分析框架中,为政府治理非点源污染提供相应政策参考,在 “有限理性”假设下,基于城乡统筹发展中农户行为的“集体表现”视角,运用“复制动态”方法,研究非点源污染控制的农户行为演化过程,分析政府在农户行为从初始状态到“演化稳定策略”过程中的作用。结果表明,农户“有限理性”使农业非点源污染控制的农户生产生活行为存在不确定性,但在与政府监督行为的长期博弈中,农业非点源污染控制的农户生产生活行为存在“演化稳定策略”。为促进这一稳定策略均衡,需要政府积极参与,并采用相关措施激励农户采用能使农业非点源污染排放达标的生产生活行为。 相似文献
13.
Jean‐Claude Rubyogo Essegbemon Akpo Lucky Omoigui Gaur Pooran Sushil Kumar Chaturvedi Asnake Fikre Desmae Haile Ajeigbe Hakeem Emmanuel Monyo Stanley Nkalubo Berhanu Fenta Papias Binagwa Michael Kilango Magdalena Williams Omari Mponda David Okello Mekasha Chichaybelu Amos Miningou Joseph Bationo Dramane Sako Zoumana Kouyate Sory Diallo Richard Oteng‐Frimpong Julius Yirzagla Teryima Iorlamen Umar Garba Haruna Mohammed Chris Ojiewo Alpha Kamara Rajeev Varshney Shyam Narayan Nigam Pasupuleti Janila Hajisaheb Lalasab Nadaf Sylvia Kalemera 《Plant Breeding》2019,138(4):474-486
There are several hurdles to ensure sustainable seed production and consistent flow of improved legume varieties in sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) and South Asia (SA). The unreliable demand, autogamous nature of most of the grain legumes, and slow variety replacement rate by smallholder farmers do not provide strong incentive for private seed companies to invest in legume seed business. Unless a well thought‐out and comprehensive approach to legume seed delivery is developed, current seed shortages will continue, eroding emerging market opportunities. The experiences reported here are collated through a 10‐year partnership project, the Tropical Legumes in SSA and SA. It fostered innovative public–private partnerships in joint testing of innovative market‐led seed systems, skills and knowledge enhancement, de‐risking private sector initiatives that introduced in new approaches and previously overlooked entities in technology delivery. As new public and private seed companies, individual seed entrepreneurs and farmer organizations emerged, the existing ones enhanced their capacities. This resulted in significant rise in production, availability and accessibility of various seed grades of newly improved and farmer demanded legume varieties in the target countries. 相似文献
14.
我国家庭联产承包责任制下的农业生产效率研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
以中国家庭联产承包责任制下的农业生产效率为研究对象。运用数据包络分析法,对1995—2009年中国农业生产效率进行了系统测度。分别分析和评价了中国农业生产综合效率、纯技术效率和规模效率。研究表明：规模效率对中国小农户农业生产效率影响较大,而传统的以家庭为单位的小农户生产方式限制了规模效率的提高。所以国家应该在此基础上完善中国土地经营制度,鼓励农户规模经营,提高中国农业生产效率。 相似文献
15.
盘活农村闲置农宅流转经营是赋予农民更多财产权利,激活农村各类生产要素潜能,建立符合市场经济要求的农村集体经济运营新机制的一种重要途径。本文界定了农宅合作社的定义与内涵,分析了农宅合作社的价值与意义,归纳了农宅合作社的“村集体 农户”、“企业＋村集体＋农户”两种经营类型,提炼出三种开发模式： “自然风光型”、“文化产业型”、“历史教育型”,指出目前农宅合作社在发展过程中存在着文化特色表现力不够、低端同质化等问题,以及对存在的问题提出培育农民意识、规范利益共享机制等建议。 相似文献
16.
针对沈阳地区稻作生产农药使用不明的情况,开展沈阳地区稻作生产农药使用情况调查。以问卷的形式对新民、辽中、苏家屯和法库等4个主要稻作区进行了抽样调查与分析;共调查农户62户,涉及播种面积1.11万hm2。结果显示：沈阳稻作区农药平均使用次数为9.98次,平均使用剂量为15.57 kg/hm2;在调查得到的92 种农药产品中,农药有效成分共41 种,包括除草剂10 种、杀虫剂19 种、杀菌剂12 种;农药使用仍以乳油、可湿性粉剂和悬浮剂等传统剂型为主,传统剂型总占比高达81.62%;低毒农药比例为72.83%,65.27%的杀虫剂为中等毒农药。上述情况与农户自身素质较低、水稻生产成本较高、植保专业化服务较少、优惠补贴政策较少等原因有关;通过一系列的政策调整与制定,可以降低农户的农药使用强度,促进农户对新型农药和生物农药的选择,实现该地区农药减施的目的。 相似文献
17.
在大众媒介信息传播过程中,媒体传播对农业政策执行和农业科技推广是否发挥了应有的作用,采用定性定量相结合的研究方法,从不同媒介或渠道传播农业政策和科技信息的效果及农民受众的接受心理效果层面(认知、情感、意愿等)分析了媒体传播农业政策和科技信息的效力。
研究结果表明,农民受体对农业政策类信息的关注程度、知晓度和理解度普遍较低;对农业政策的赞同度、支持度和信奉度较高;不同收入地区的不同类型农户对农业政策信息和科技信息的关注程度有较大差异;不同媒体或渠道传播农业政策和科技信息的效果有较大差异;农户更愿意通过印发的相关政策资料和组织培训的形式获得农业政策和科技信息;信息传播的及时和强化程度如何影响农业政策的执行和农业新技术的转化等。并针对其研究结果提出了对策和建议。 相似文献
18.
中国休闲农业产业化发展研究 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
为了拓宽休闲农业的发展空间。通过建立新型休闲农业产业化组织、现代企业制度、打造休闲农业品牌等方面来实现休闲农业产业化。产业化发展方式可有效提升休闲农业竞争力、提高经济效益。产业化发展要解决农民组织化问题,保障农民的根本利益并实现生产经营一体化。 相似文献
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20.
中国农民教育培训研究评述与趋势 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文对建国60年来我国农民教育培训的发展历程分改革开放前后两个阶段进行了回顾,并对这一时期农民培训的研究工作进行了总结,主要集中在四个方面：开展农民培训必要性研究;农民培训现状及存在问题研究;关于农民培训方式的研究及关于培育新型农民措施和对策研究。最后指出了今后的研究方向：农民的终身教育培训一体化问题研究;农民培训模式的选择研究;农民培训的效果评价研究及农民培训的全方位视角研究。 相似文献