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1.
A. K. Saidov 《Eurasian Soil Science》2006,39(12):1352-1361
A soil and agroecological survey of Kizlyar pastures has been performed on a scale of 1: 200 000 with the use of large-scale cartographic materials and remote sensing data. An assessment of the modern state of the soil and vegetation resources of the region is given, the scale and intensity of the recent soil degradation processes are determined, and a forecast of their further development is given. Necessary control and mitigation measures are suggested. Five groups of rainfed pastures and four groups of irrigated pastures are distinguished with respect to their agroecological status. The soils with good agroecological conditions occupy 1.5% of the territory (22 400 ha); the soils with suitable agroecological conditions, 39.1% (593 900 ha); and the soils with poor and very poor agroecological conditions, 47.5% (721 400 ha). 相似文献
2.
The modern state of agroecological mapping is discussed. It is shown that the “Agroecological Soil-Ameliorative Map of the
Nonchernozemic Zone of European Russian” belongs to a new type of maps with respect to the principles of its compilation and
thematic contents. This map applies the systems approach to the analysis of the spatial differentiation of the territory and
combines several information layers: the layer of landscape information differentiated into seven hierarchical levels, the
layer showing the agroecological capacity of soils, the layer of soil reclamation and erosion-control measures, the layer
of agroecological soil groups, the layer showing the areas that are unsuitable or low-suitable for their agricultural use,
etc. The legend to the map is based on a hierarchical genetic classification of landscapes designed for the purposes of reclamation
works and agriculture. The criteria applied in this classification reflect stable natural components of landscapes specifying
crop growing conditions and the methods of their optimization. The map is designed for solving the problems of the ecological
rationalization of agriculture. 相似文献
3.
V. I. Kiryushin 《Eurasian Soil Science》2007,40(7):785-791
Soil quality is considered to be the key element in the system of the agroecological assessment of lands. Soil quality is characterized by a combination of conditions ensuring sustainable crop yields and determining the ecological functions and stability of agrolandscapes. Soil conditions, i.e., the character of soilscapes and the soil quality, are integrated with all the other agroecological conditions in the system of land assessment. The soil quality reflects the integral effect of soil properties on the yield and quality of particular crops under certain climatic and landscape conditions and the level of agriculture; the ecological functions of soils are also taken into account. The productive capacity of agricultural land is the integral criterion of land quality; it is characterized by the yield of crops of particular quality at the given levels of agriculture intensity, energy inputs, and economic efficiency. 相似文献
4.
D. S. Bulgakov N. P. Sorokina I. I. Karmanov T. N. Avdeeva N. V. Savitskaya V. V. Gribov 《Eurasian Soil Science》2013,46(11):1088-1096
The reformation of Russian agriculture and the development of landscape-adaptive agricultural systems have generated interest in the agroecological aspects of studying soil cover patterns. The qualitative evaluation of soil resources is necessary for objective comparison of their quality at the landscape, regional, and interregional levels. The applicability of the soil-ecological index (SEI) as an integral criterion for quality assessment of soils, soil associations, and soil cover patterns on the basis of a common all-Russia scale has been experimentally verified on test plots. This index can also be applied for assessing the degree of contrast in the soil cover. The analysis of different soil-climatic regions in the European part of Russia has shown that the SEI value is well correlated with the soil-climatic conditions. However, for a particular farm, the climatic component of the SEI becomes equal for all the fields. At the same time, the soil properties and geomorphic conditions limiting soil fertility are usually different for different soil combinations, and they become essential upon calculation of the SEI for the particular field. Feasibility of verification and correction of the calculated SEI on the basis of experimental data is shown. This makes it possible to find better-grounded decisions on the agrotechnologies applicable for a given field. 相似文献
5.
F. R. Zaidelman L. V. Stepantsova A. S. Nikiforova V. N. Krasin S. B. Safronov 《Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin》2014,69(2):62-68
Chernozem-like soils with light-colored acid eluvial horizons are widespread in the forest-steppe zone of European Russia. Their formation is related to gleying under the conditions of a stagnant-percolative water regime on leached rocks. It is closely associated with the evolution of salinized soils (Gedroits’s scheme). However, these soils have not been included in the soil classifications of the Soviet Union and Russia. Based on the principles of substantial-genetic classification, one of the authors of this article [3–5, 10] referred them to gleyed podzolic chernozem-like soils, which are considered as an individual genetic soil type. With respect to agroecological aspects, they are different from the leached chernozems in their low productivity and difficulty of tillage. This article covers the problems of genesis, classification, and melioration of gleyed podzolic chernozem-like soils in the north of the forest-steppe zone of European Russia and their possible association with dark-colored podbels. 相似文献
6.
In the forest-savanna ecotone around Puerto Ayacucho, Amazonas State, Venezuela, characterized by sandy entisols and ultisols
with very low natural fertility, some producers have established agroforestry systems (AFS) of production on savanna soils
by adding animal manure as the main fertilizer. This paper examines the earthworm communities in a natural savanna (NS) and
in an AFS supplied with organic fertilizers established over 25 years ago. Organic matter management of the savanna soils
has strongly modified the earthworm populations in the studied AFS as compared with the original savanna soil. Earthworm density
was found to be 1.6–4.8 times higher in the AFS than in the original savanna. The correlations among earthworm populations
and soil parameters suggested that earthworms in AFS can be limited by the amounts of food (organic matter) present in the
soil. Moisture, in turn, affects other parameters that are important for earthworm distribution. Our results emphasized the
importance of appropriate organic-matter management and the relevance of earthworms in such agroecosystems. By promoting the
use of the earthworm population as an agroecological factor linked to low levels of organic fertilization, it is possible
to promote major agroecological sustainability in sandy savanna soils.
Received: 29 April 1998 相似文献
7.
E. D. Nikitin E. B. Skvortsova A. N. Kochergin O. G. Nikitina O. P. Ivanov E. P. Sabodina E. M. Vorontsova 《Eurasian Soil Science》2010,43(7):721-727
The concept of the ecological functions of soils and geospheres is discussed, and soil functions in biogeocenoses and in society-nature
systems are analyzed. The major ecological functions of the interrelated surface spheres of the Earth are specified. Urgent
problems of the further development of the theory of ecological functions of soils and geospheres are discussed. It is argued
that the study of ecological soil functions is particularly important in the context of the soil conservation policy. The
system of soil conservation and preservation of pedodiversity is one of the key issues in nature management. Considerable
attention has been paid to this problem in Russia. A series of Red Data soil books for the particular regions of Russia and
for the entire country have been published in the recent decades. 相似文献
8.
Parameters of biological activity (humus and microbial biomass reserves, potential intensity of the CO2 emission, and enzyme activity) have been determined in arable and natural chernozems on the plains of Kabardino-Balkaria as a part of the system for the ecological assessment of the state of the soil cover. Integral parameters of the eco-biological state of studied soils have been calculated on the basis of obtained data, and the level of changes in their total biological activity has been determined. A statistically significant decrease of the values of all the considered biological properties under the impact of tillage has been found. The data of two-way ANOVA suggest a stronger influence of agricultural management in comparison with genetic features of chernozems at the level of subtype. Differential approach is insufficient for evaluating the total level of soil biological activity, because there are many biological properties of soil, and the degrees of their changes in agrogenic soils are different. An integral approach has been used; it integrates the obtained data into a single integral assessment parameter. In arable soils, this integral parameter decreases by 39–46% and makes it possible to assess the degree of disturbance of the ecological functions of soils and their capacity for self-restoration. 相似文献
9.
J. Macura 《Geoderma》1974,12(4):311-329
The last five decades have witnessed considerable progress in soil microbiology. Both the biochemical and ecological approaches developed significantly and contributed fundamental information on the properties and activities of soil microorganisms. The general knowledge of the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of soils, of interactions between the biotic and abiotic components, of microbial processes and the effects of microorganisms on soils and plants has been extended and enriched with a vast amount of detailed findings. The results obtained represent a reliable basis for further research in soil microbiology and for attempts at maintaining and improving the useful properties and productivity of the soil as a renewable natural resource. 相似文献
10.
Li Xiaofang Huang Yizong Ma Yibing Sun Jinwei Cui Haojie 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2010,10(3):579-589
Purpose
Deriving toxicity thresholds through bioassays has become the scientific basis for the risk assessment of metal contamination in soils, but few studies have been reported for Ni toxicity in Chinese soils. In addition, although leaching has been recommended to increase the ecological relevance of the output of soil toxicity bioassays, its impacts on Ni threshold and soil solutions in soils remained to be shown. Therefore, in this study, 17 soils were collected throughout China and were assessed for Ni toxicity using substrate-induced nitrification (SIN) assay for both un-leached and leached treatments. Meanwhile, soil solutions of all Ni treatments were extracted and analyzed. This study provides information for the development of a terrestrial biotic ligand model (TBLM) for Ni in Chinese soils. 相似文献11.
E.?I.?Kovaleva A.?S.?Yakovlev M.?G.?Nikolaenko A.?O.?Makarov A.?A.?Makarov 《Eurasian Soil Science》2017,50(3):350-358
The ecological status of oil-contaminated soils of Sakhalin and their background analogues has been evaluated with the use of soil invertebrates. The survival rates of Enchytraeus albidus in soils with different textures and the contents of organic carbon and nutrients have been compared. The indicative role of soil mesofauna (Enchytraeus albidus) for the ecological evaluation of oil-contaminated soils with due account for their properties has been shown. The permissible residual concentration of oil hydrocarbons in some soils of Sakhalin—acid brown forest soils (Umbrisols), high-moor peat soils (Histosols), acid meadow alluvial soils (Fluvisols), cultivated meadow soddy soils (Anthrosols), and mucky-podzolic surface-gleyed soils (Gleysols)— has been determined from data on the response of Enchytraeus albidus to different levels of the soil contamination with oil hydrocarbons. 相似文献
12.
T. A. Trifonova O. N. Sakhno O. N. Zabelina I. D. Feoktistova 《Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin》2014,69(3):112-115
The chemical properties and biological activity reflecting the nitrogen balance of soils have been studied to assess their ecological state in Vladimir. Changes in the biological activity of soils in urban areas have been revealed. They may be a theoretical basis for developing measures on protecting urban soils and rehabilitation of areas. 相似文献
13.
For the first time, a soil map of St. Petersburg has been developed on a scale of 1 : 50000 using MicroStation V8i software. The legend to this map contains more than 60 mapping units. The classification of urban soils and information on the soil cover patterns are principally new elements of this legend. New concepts of the urbanized soil space and urbopedocombinations have been suggested for soil mapping of urban territories. The typification of urbopedocombinations in St. Petersburg has been performed on the basis of data on the geometry and composition of the polygons of soils and nonsoil formations. The ratio between the areas of soils and nonsoil formations and their spatial distribution patterns have been used to distinguish between six types of the urbanized soil space. The principles of classification of the soils of urban territories have been specified, and a separate order of pedo-allochthonous soils has been suggested for inclusion into the Classification and Diagnostic System of Russian Soils (2004). Six types of pedo-allochthonous soils have been distinguished on the basis of data on their humus and organic horizons and the character of the underlying mineral substrate. 相似文献
14.
本文利用不同累计概率分布函数拟合了基于中国土壤的17个物种的镍毒理学数据。结果表明,BurrⅢ在X轴（浓度）方向及Y轴的较小累计概率范围内拟合优度较佳。在构建土壤中镍物种敏感性分布曲线时,利用镍生物毒害模型归一化处理能修正土壤性质的影响且可更好地体现物种敏感性差异,相比于未归一化处理的结果更具科学性。在此基础上结合镍的生物毒害模型利用BurrⅢ构建了中国土壤4种典型情景中的物种敏感性分布曲线,同时确定了不同土壤情景下的镍生态阈值,即酸性土壤、中性土壤（包括水稻土）、碱性非石灰性土壤和石灰性土壤的镍生态阈值分别为6.5、47.5、218.8mg.kg-1和120.3mg.kg-（1以土壤中外源镍为单位）。 相似文献
15.
The theoretical and applied fundamentals of soil and water protection, as well as the ecological optimization of agrolandscapes, are developed according to the erosional and hydrological parameters of the latter in the following hierarchical system: a river basin—a balka catchment—an elementary catchment area. The critical status of the land resources and the factors disturbing the agroecosystem stability are assessed. The optimal proportion between the landscape components (the ecological arrangement) is developed; the agroecological grouping of lands and functional models of soil- and water-protective agrolandscapes are proposed. The methodological and calculated standard principles of arranging the agrolandscapes are developed on the basis of shower runoff models. 相似文献
16.
Sina Adl Vincent Girard Gérard Breton Ardhini Maharning Vincent Perrichot Romain Vullo 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2011,43(4):726-735
Over the past decade, the mid-Cretaceous amber deposits of Charentes (SW France) have been intensively studied. The fossils investigated were not only limited to arthropods preserved in amber, but also included microorganisms, plant debris and vertebrate remains. This plethora of analyses provided important data about the ecology of the overall system, including sources of litter input into the soil and of the above-ground ecology. More precisely, they showed that most of the microfossils were those of soil organisms or organisms that participated in the ecology of the forest soil. This new discovery provided the opportunity to study the ecology of the soil as preserved in the 100 million years old Charentes amber. Indeed, the trophic links of the fossil forest soil have been reconstructed on the basis of the fossil assemblage discovered in amber outcrops and overlayed on a model ecological forest soil food web. We relied on existing phylogenetic information to discuss the absence of certain taxonomic groups in the fossilized specimens. Our synthesis shows that although the organisms of this ancient forest of Charentes were different from those of modern soils, the soil food web was organized functionally the same as modern soils. It also demonstrated that trophic links of the soil community were already diverse, including various means of predation, parasitism and organic matter decomposition. The most obvious differences are the absence of evidence for symbiotic root nitrogen fixation and mycorrhizae. 相似文献
17.
I. G. Asylbaev I. K. Khabirov I. M. Gabbasova B. V. Rafikov N. A. Lukmanov 《Eurasian Soil Science》2017,50(12):1406-1413
Specific features of the horizontal and vertical distribution of uranium and thorium in soils and parent materials of the Southern Urals within the Bashkortostan Republic have been studied with the use of mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma. The dependence of distribution patterns of these elements on the local environmental conditions is shown. A scale for soil evaluation according to the concentrations of uranium and thorium (mg/kg) is suggested: the low level, up to 3; medium, up to 9; high, up to 15; and very high, above 15 mg/kg. On the basis of to this scale, the ecological state of the soils is evaluated, and the schematic geochemical map of the region is compiled. The territory of Bashkortostan is subdivided into two parts according to the contents of radioactive elements in soils: the western part with distinct accumulation of uranium and the eastern part with predominant thorium accumulation. This finding supports the charriage (thrust fault) nature of the fault zone of the Southern Urals. The vertical distribution patterns of uranium and thorium in soils of the region are of the same character. The dependence between the contents of these two elements and rare-earth elements has been established. The results of this study are applied for assessing the ecological state of soils in the region. 相似文献
18.
A comparative-ecological approach for studying the general regularities of soil ecology on the basis of geoinformation systems
is suggested. It has been applied to analyze the distribution of Al-Fe-humus horizons. The quantitative climatic parameters
of soils with Al-Fe-humus horizons have been estimated, and the relationships between them have been established. The applicability
of this approach for assessing the general regularities of soil ecology is shown. 相似文献
19.
T. G. Dobrovol’skaya A. V. Golovchenko T. A. Pankratov L. V. Lysak D. G. Zvyagintsev 《Eurasian Soil Science》2009,42(10):1138-1147
This review analyzes the publications of Russian and foreign microbiologists presenting new approaches and methods for assessing
the bacterial diversity of soils in the last twenty years. Using the example of peat soils, it is shown how the concepts of
the diversity of the bacterial communities changed in conformity with the evolution of the analytical methods—from the traditional
cultural to the molecular-biological ones. The data on the new phylotypes, genera, and species of bacteria adapted to growth
in the acid medium and low temperatures characteristic of bog ecosystems are presented. Presently, one of the principal problems
of soil microbiology is the necessity of the transfer from the databases on the microbial diversity constructed on the basis
of molecular-biological methods to the analysis of the ecological functions of soil microorganisms. The prospects of the ecological
evaluation of the bacterial diversity in soils based on the integration of different methods are discussed. 相似文献
20.
The conceptual basis, methodology, and structure of ecological rating of permissible anthropogenic loads on soils in Ukraine are discussed. The main goals of the ecological rating are to ensure the preservation of optimum soil productivity and ecological functions, the rehabilitation of soil fertility, and the protection of soil and land resources. Conditions and criteria of ecologically safe land management are discussed. The main principles of the system of ecological rating—its reliability, hierarchy, differentiation and integration, reality, optimality and minimization, and adaptation—are considered. The methodology of hygienic and ecotoxicologic rating is analyzed. It is suggested that these approaches may be combined for the adequate assessment of soil contamination by heavy metals. The suggested scheme of ecological norms takes into account soil and climatic conditions, the character of land use, and other factors. 相似文献