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1.
In experiment 1, 6 pregnant mares received a concentrate that contained a trace mineral premix that provided 14.3 mg Cu, 40 mg Zn, 28 mg Fe, 28 mg Mn, 0.08 mg Co, 0.16 mg I, and 0.16 mg Se/kg concentrate (group A). Seven mares received the same concentrate plus 502 mg Zn and 127 mg Cu once daily (group B). No differences (P > .05) in foal growth data, or Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations of mare milk, mare serum, or foal serum were observed. In experiment 2, 6 pregnant mares received the same concentrate as group A (group C), and 8 mares received the same concentrate fortified with 4× the trace mineral premix (group D). Group C mares had higher serum Zn concentration at 1 day (P < 0.01) and 56 days (P < 0.04). Group C mares had higher milk Fe concentration at 28 days (P < .01), and group D mares had higher milk Cu concentration at 56 days (P < .01). Group C foals had higher serum Cu concentration at 14 days (P < .03). The results from this study provide no evidence to indicate that supplementing late gestating and lactating mares with higher dietary trace mineral levels than those recommended currently by NRC has any influence on foal growth and development, or on the Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations of the mare milk, mare serum, or foal serum.  相似文献   

2.
Although incorporating proteases into sperm medium is considered the most effective procedure to eliminate camel semen viscosity, it drastically affects viability, morpho-functional properties and, hence, fertilization potential of spermatozoa. The present work aimed at evaluating adequacy of employing magnetic nanoparticles-based sperm purification technique for eluting impaired and apoptotic camel spermatozoa from cryopreserved semen doses following protease-based semen liquefaction. Thirty cryopreserved semen doses (50 x 106 sperm/straw) representing the following liquefaction treatments: control (untreated), 0.1 mg/ml papain or 5 U/ml bromelain were used (n = 10 straws per treatment). Immediately after thawing (38°C for 40 s), sperm concentration of each straw within treatment was readjusted to 15 x 106 sperm/mL by dilution in PBS (37°C). Sperm physical and cytological properties were then assessed (non-purified semen). Thereafter, each specimen was subjected to lectin-functionalized DNA-defrag magnetic nanoparticles sperm purification, and the same sperm traits were re-evaluated after undergoing purification (purified semen). Sperm DNA fragmentation level within each group, prior to and after magnetic nano-purification, was also determined by fluorescent imaging. The results showed a dramatic improvement (p < .05) in post-thaw motility (%), viability (%), normal sperm (%), intact acrosome (%) and HOST-reacted (%) spermatozoa in protease-liquefied semen following sperm magnetic nano-purification. Additionally, the highest (p < .05) DNA fragmentation level was recorded in all cryopreserved semen groups prior to purification, whereas the lowest (p < .05) was observed in the protease-treated specimens after magnetic nano-purification. These results indicate that protease-based semen liquefaction prior to cryopreservation in conjunction with magnetic nano-purification post-thawing holds potential for reducing the proportion of damaged and dead spermatozoa, hence improving camel sperm fertilization competence.  相似文献   

3.
Four consecutive studies were carried out over a 3-year period to assess the health and welfare implications of housing finishing pigs in either fully-slatted or straw-bedded accommodation. In each study, 1024 (Large White × Landrace) × Large White pigs, housed in pen groups of 32, were fed ad libitum from 34 kg to slaughter at 104 kg live weight. Eight batches of pigs were received in each study and allocated alternately to fill one room of four pens in each house. Data were collected on a range of welfare parameters. Lameness (P < 0.001) and bitten tails (P < 0.001) were more prevalent health problems in the fully-slatted system, whilst in the straw-bedded system pigs showed more respiratory (P < 0.01) and PMWS-type symptoms (P < 0.01). Acute phase protein titres at slaughter were higher in pigs from the fully-slatted system (P < 0.001). Skin lesion score did not differ between systems; however, bursitis was more severe in pigs in the fully-slatted system (P < 0.001). Pigs in the straw-bedded system had poorer hygiene scores (P < 0.001), but the magnitude of this difference varied between studies depending on season. Pigs with straw were more active (P < 0.001), spending a large proportion of time manipulating straw. In the absence of straw, pigs spent more time in behaviour directed at other pigs (P < 0.001) and the pen components (P < 0.001). Post-slaughter assessment showed no system differences in lung lesions and cardiac scores, or osteochondrosis. Pigs with straw had more severe toe erosions on the foot (P < 0.001), whilst pigs without straw had more severe sole (P < 0.001) and heel erosions (P < 0.001). Gastric lesion scores were lower in the fully-slatted system (P < 0.001). The results show both advantages and disadvantages to each of the housing systems for pig welfare.  相似文献   

4.
Antioxidants have multiple protective roles in a variety of cells and thus can be used to protect sperm against cryo-damage during freezing, which affects fertility. The antioxidant resveratrol (3,5,4-trihydroxytrans-stilbene; RSV) has been reported to protect the animal sperm during cryopreservation, including human sperm. In this study, we assessed the protective effects of RSV supplementation on dog sperm cryopreservation. Semen was collected from four dogs and the effect of different concentrations of RSV (0, 100, 200, and 400 µM) on post-thaw sperm quality was examined. After thawing, sperm motility was assessed using computer-aided sperm analysis, and the structural integrity of the plasma membrane, acrosome, and chromatin was examined. In addition, their mitochondrial activity and gene expression were also assessed. Dog sperm cryopreserved with 200 µM RSV showed significant improvement in post-thaw sperm motility and viability compared with that of the control group (P<0.05). Moreover, RSV-supplemented samples showed significantly higher numbers of sperm with an intact plasma membrane, active mitochondria, and structural integrity of acrosomes and chromatin than that of control samples (P<0.05). Furthermore, gene expression showed that RSV supplemented samples showed lower expression of pro-apoptotic (BAX), reactive oxygen species (ROS) modulator oxidative stress-related (ROMO1) and 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1 (OGG1) whereas higher expression levels of anti‐apoptotic (BCL2), protamine-2 (PRM2), protamine-3 (PRM3) and sperm acrosome‐associated 3 (SPACA3) genes than control. Our results suggest that RSV, at its optimum concentration, can be efficiently used as an antioxidant in the cryopreservation of dog sperm.  相似文献   

5.
Three, multiparous Holstein crossbred dairy cows with initial body weight of 385 ± 19 kg were randomly allocated to 3 treatments of rice straw (T1 = untreated rice straw; T2 = 5.5% urea-treated rice straw (5 g urea in 100 ml water to 100 g air-dry (91% DM) straw); T3 = 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw (2.0 g urea and 2.0 g Ca(OH)2 in 100 ml to 100 g air-dry (91% DM) straw) according to a 3 × 3 Latin square design. Each period lasted for 21 days in which feed, feces and rumen fluid were collected during the last 7 days for chemical analyses. The findings revealed significant improvements in dry matter intake and digestibility by using 5.5% urea-treated rice straw and 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw. Ruminal pH and NH3-N were found higher (P < 0.05) as compared with urea-treated rice straw fed group, while blood urea nitrogen and milk urea nitrogen were in normal ranges. Volatile fatty acid concentrations especially those of acetic acid were decreased (P < 0.05) and those of propionic acid were increased (P < 0.05), thus acetic acid:propionic acid was subsequently lowered (P < 0.05) in cows fed with 5.5% urea-treated rice straw and 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw, respectively. Moreover, ruminal viable and cellulolytic bacterial counts were enhanced by urea and calcium hydroxide treatments. Milk protein and fat concentrations were additionally increased by respective treatments while 3.5% fat-corrected milk was highest; ranking from 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw, 5.5% urea-treated rice straw and urea-treated rice straw fed groups. Based on this study, implications could be made that using 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw for straw treatment could be an alternative treatment to 5.5% urea treatment with regards to its effectiveness and treatment cost for lactating dairy cows.  相似文献   

6.
The objective of this study is to examine whether CLA would help to improve negative responses in lactating cows during heat stress. During a 2-week adjustment period, all cows were fed a control diet supplemented with 400 g of calcium salts of palm oil fatty acids. After the adjustment period, cows (n = 9 per group) were randomly assigned by block to one of four treatments: control or three diets containing 100, 200, or 400 g of CLA (70% of which were mixed isomers of CLA). Milk fat percentage and yield decreased by supplementation of CLA (P < 0.01), but milk yield and other nutrient components did not vary (P > 0.05). The concentrations of short and medium-chain fatty acids (C4–C14) decreased and long-chain fatty acids (C18) increased in milk fat for cows fed CLA. Moreover, the contents of cis9, trans11 and trans10, cis12-CLA in milk fat increased markedly (P < 0.01). Respiration rate was lower (P < 0.05) for cows fed 200 g of CLA and rectal temperature decreased (P < 0.01) in all CLA groups during day 15 to day 28. Contents of aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, thyroxin, potassium, sodium, calcium and chlorine were altered by CLA supplements, whereas other plasma parameters were not affected (P > 0.05). Lower concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase in blood for cows fed 200 g or 400 g of CLA suggested that CLA protected cows from muscle damage. In addition, higher concentrations of electrolytes and thyroxin in blood in these groups suggested that CLA could improve heat stress situations in cows. Overall, the results showed that supplementations with 200 or 400 g/day of CLA moderated the negative responses in heat-stressed cows.  相似文献   

7.
Oestradiol-17β and testosterone blood plasma concentrations were measured in dogs with Leydig-cell tumours (n=20), Sertoli-cell tumours (n=6), seminomas (n=9), unilateral inguinal cryptorchidism (n=7), abdominal cryptorchidism (n=9, one bilateral), degenerate scrotal testicles (n=6, two bilateral), and animals with normal scrotal testicles (n=20). The testosterone/oestradiol ratio (testosterone concentration [ng/mL] × 100/oestradiol concentration [pg/mL]) was calculated.A considerably higher oestradiol concentration was found in dogs with Sertoli-cell tumours (29.0, 14.4–48.3 pg/mL; median, minimum–maximum; P=0.0256, Mann–Whitney test) and lower oestradiol levels were found in animals with seminomas (12.0, 3.4–17.6 pg/mL; P=0.0025) compared to the healthy control group (18.0, 8.6–31.5 pg/mL). Testosterone concentration was decreased in dogs with Sertoli-cell tumours (0.08, 0.03–0.77 ng/mL) when compared to the control group (1.95, 0.05–3.70 ng/mL; P=0.0012). Testosterone/oestradiol ratios differed from the control (9.6, 0.58–35.8) only in dogs with Sertoli-cell tumours (0.32, 0.06–2.80; P=0.0005). Clinical signs of feminization were observed in five dogs with Sertoli-cell tumour and one dog with a Leydig-cell tumour, and were more often associated with decreased testosterone/oestradiol ratios than with an increased oestradiol-17β concentration.  相似文献   

8.
Ileal and total tract digestibility of low and high-fibre diets (100 and 200 g/kg neutral detergent fibre), with or without enzyme supplementation (mixture of cellulase, β-glucanase, α-amylase and protease) was determined in piglets of two breeds weaned at 30 days of age. The breeds were local (pure-breed Mong Cai, MC) and exotic (Landrace × Yorkshire, LY). The experimental diets were based on maize meal, soybean meal, fish meal, cassava residue meal, and rice bran. Cassava residue meal and rice bran were the main fibrous feeds in the high-fibre diet. The experiment was arranged according to a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial, completely randomized design with 4 replications, and lasted for 30 days. The coefficient of ileal apparent digestibility (CIAD) was measured by analyzing ileal digesta collected from piglets killed at 60 days of age. The coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) was measured by analyzing faecal samples collected for 5 consecutive days immediately before the experiment finished. The CIAD and CTTAD of organic matter, crude protein, crude fibre, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and amino acids in the high-fibre diet were lower than in the low-fibre diet (P < 0.01). The CIAD of nutrients and amino acids was similar (P > 0.05) between MC and LY, while the CTTAD of nutrients was higher for the MC than for LY (P < 0.05). Enzyme supplementation of the high-fibre diet improved daily gain and the digestibility of all dietary components at the ileum and in the total tract (P < 0.05), but there was no effect of enzyme supplementation of the low-fibre diet (P > 0.05).  相似文献   

9.
Addition of hyaluronan, a nonsulfated glycosaminoglycan, to fresh and frozen thawed human semen results in substantial retention of motility over time. Hyaluronan also has been reported to preserve postthaw viability and maintain membrane stability of boar spermatozoa. Therefore, experiments were designed to investigate the use of a commercially available hyaluronan (Map-5, Bioniche Animal Health, Inc., Athens, GA) in freezing extender for cryopreservation of equine spermatozoa. In experiment 1, aliquots from ejaculates were supplemented before freezing with one of four levels of hyaluronan: 100 μg/mL, 200 μg/mL, 400 μg/mL, and 1000 μg/mL along with an untreated control. No differences in sperm motility, assessed by computer-assisted sperm motility analysis (CASA), were found for any treatment at times 0, 30, or 60 minutes postthaw. Decreases in motility were noted in the highest hyaluronan group (1,000 μg/mL) after 90 and 120 minutes of incubation. Sperm viability, as assessed using SYBR-14/propidium iodide staining, was decreased (P < .05) when treated with 1,000 μg/mL compared with the control (37.1% and 46.1%, respectively). Motility parameters tended to remain elevated in those ejaculates treated with 200 μg/mL at various time points. Experiment 2, therefore, further investigated the effects of hyaluronan at 200 μg/mL on motility parameters and acrosome integrity and zona pellucida binding. Total (TM) and progressive (PM) motility of treated sperm immediately after thawing and at 60 minutes post-thaw were higher compared with control (P < .05). A tendency (P < .1) to maintain TM at 90 and 120 minutes post-thaw also was noted. No differences were noted for the mean number of spermatozoa bound to bovine oocytes for control or treated sperm (22 ± 14 vs 25 ± 17, respectively). Acrosome integrity also was unchanged between the two groups based on fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)−peanut agglutinin (PNA)/propidium iodide staining. All samples contained <1% live acrosome-damaged spermatozoa. In the final experiment, the effects of hyaluronan supplementation post-thaw was investigated using hyaluronan concentrations of 100, 200, and 400 μg/mL. Motility parameters studied over an 8-hour period at 37°C yielded no consistent differences. In conclusion, addition of hyaluronan at a concentration of 200 μg/mL before freezing increased spermatozoal post-thaw motility. High concentration of hyaluronan (1,000 μg/mL) appeared to be detrimental to post-thaw motility. Effects of hyaluronan on fertility are beyond the scope of this study and have yet to be determined.  相似文献   

10.
The present study evaluated the effects of cryoprotectants, semen diluents and thawing temperature during Ghagus chicken semen cryopreservation. Four different experiments were conducted; Experiment 1—semen was cryopreserved using 6% dimethylacetamide (DMA) and 2% dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) in Sasaki diluent (SD) and Lake and Ravie diluent (LR), Experiment 2 and 3—semen was cryopreserved using 8% ethylene glycol (EG) in SD, LRD and Red Fowl Extender (RFE), Experiment 4—semen was cryopreserved using 6% dimethylformamide (DMF) in SD, LR and Beltsville poultry semen extender (BPSE). Semen was cryopreserved in 0.5 ml French straws. Thawing was done at 5°C for 100 s in ice water in Experiments 1, 2 and 4, whereas in Experiment 3 thawing was done at 37°C for 30 s. The post-thaw sperm motility, viable sperm and acrosome-intact sperm were significantly (p < .05) lower in cryopreserved samples in all the experiments. No fertile eggs were obtained from cryopreserved samples in Experiments 1 and 2, except for 8% EG RFE treatment where the fertility was 0.83%. In Experiments 3 and 4, highest fertility was obtained in LR treatment 48.12 and 30.89%, respectively. In conclusion, using cryoprotectant EG (8%) and thawing at 37°C for 30 s, and DMF(6%) resulted in acceptable level of fertility in Ghagus chicken. Though the diluents influenced post-thaw in vitro semen parameters, the fertility was not affected. In addition, results indicated that thawing temperature may be a critical stage in the cryopreservation protocol.  相似文献   

11.
Serum testosterone concentrations and the spermiograms of prepuberal bulls fed two levels of protein diets were investigated at 7, 10, 14 and 18 months of age. Scrotal circumference, body condition score and total sperm counts of those animals on a high protein diet were significantly (P <0.05) higher than those on a low protein diet. However, sperm motility, total dead sperm and abnormal sperm did not differ between the treatment groups (P <0.05). One bull fed a high protein diet had significantly higher testosterone concentrations (basal and peak) than a bull fed low protein throughout the four sampling periods (P <0.05). Testosterone concentrations, scrotal circumference, volume of semen, sperm concentration and sperm output of bulls on low and high protein diets increased significantly with age (P <0.05). Peak testosterone concentrations ranged from 1.1. ng ml−1 at 7 months to a maximum of 5.3 ng ml−1 at 18 months. The 24 h secretory patterns of testosterone were episodic, pulsatile or temporal in nature. The peaks occurred mostly in the morning hours and ranged from one to five in number. Protein intake in prepubertal bulls could have significant influence on spermiogram and testosterone production.  相似文献   

12.
Changes in blood gases, pH, and plasma electrolyte concentrations in response to intravenously infused sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and sodium acetate (NaCH3CO2) solutions (1.34 mEq/mL) in 5 light breed mares were investigated. Jugular venous blood samples were collected before and after completion of the infusions in 20-minute intervals for 200 minutes. Infusion of sodium bicarbonate and sodium acetate caused significant (P < .00l) increases in blood pH and bicarbonate ion concentration that persisted throughout the collection period. The elevation in blood pH and bicarbonate ion concentrations was greater (P < .01) for sodium bicarbonate than for sodium acetate immediately after the completion of the infusions but was not different (P > .05) thereafter. There were significant reductions (P < .01) in plasma-ionized calcium and potassium after infusion of both sodium bicarbonate and sodium acetate. This study found that significant metabolic alkalosis in horses and corresponding shifts in electrolyte concentrations can be induced by intravenous infusion of solutions of either sodium bicarbonate or sodium acetate, and they persist for at least 3 hours. These data show that the short-term elevation in pH and bicarbonate ion concentration is momentarily higher after infusion of sodium bicarbonate. This is likely due to the direct infusion of bicarbonate ions in the sodium bicarbonate treatment, such that further metabolism is not required to be effective. However, the longer-term alkalosis did not differ between isomolar solutions of sodium bicarbonate and sodium acetate.  相似文献   

13.
J.P. Wang  J.S. Yoo  H.J. Kim  J.H. Lee  I.H. Kim   《Livestock Science》2009,125(2-3):298-303
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary chitooligosaccharide (COS) supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles and fecal microbiota in growing pigs. A total of 144 [(Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc] pigs with an initial body weight of 23.6 ± 1.1 kg were allotted to one of the following dietary treatments: 1) basal diet; 2) basal diet with 44 mg/kg of tylosin (100 mg/kg tylosin); 3) basal diet with 5 g/kg of COS and 4) basal diet with 5 g/kg COS and 44 mg/kg tylosin. There were nine replications per treatment with four pigs per pen. Throughout the experiment, pigs that were treated with a combination of COS and tylosin had a lower ADFI (P = 0.02) and higher gain/feed ratio (P < 0.05) than the other treatments. In addition, administration of either COS or tylosin alone significantly increased the digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen and gross energy (P < 0.05). The red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) counts, as well as the serum albumin concentrations were not affected by COS or tylosin supplementation. However, the lymphocyte proportion and serum total protein concentration were increased in pigs fed tylosin supplemented diets compared with those pigs fed diets not supplemented with tylosin (P < 0.05). Administration of tylosin significantly increased serum IgG concentration (P = 0.02); however, treatment with COS or tylosin supplementation had no effect on the total cholesterol or triglyceride concentrations. The serum HDL cholesterol concentration was significantly increased in pigs treated with COS (P = 0.02) compared to the pigs fed diets without COS. The COS administration also decreased the number of fecal Escherichia coli (P < 0.01), whereas the number of fecal Lactobacilli was not influenced by either COS or tylosin administration. Results of the current study indicate that dietary supplementation of COS can improve nutrient digestibility and haematological profiles, as well as decrease of fecal E. coli populations in growing pigs.  相似文献   

14.
Four growing pigs (initial liveweight 25.9 ± 0.54 kg, final liveweight 43.0 ± 1.06 kg) were used to study the effect of dietary lysine level on nutrient digestibility, whole-body protein turnover, plasma insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), growth hormone (GH), insulin, glucose, and urea nitrogen (PUN). Four diets, containing 7.0 g (L1), 9.5 g (L2), 12.0 g (L3) and 14.5 g (L4) lysine per kg diet respectively, were formulated as experimental treatments. The animals and diets were allocated in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Nitrogen (N) metabolism and whole-body protein turnover were measured by classical method and single-dose 15N end-product method, respectively. The blood samples were taken at the end of each experimental period. Results showed that N retention (NR) and N biological value (NBV) were significantly increased from L1 to L4 (P < 0.05). However, differences in NR and NBV between L2, L3 and L4 were not significant (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference on dry matter (DM) digestibility, organic matter (OM) digestibility and N digestibility between different treatments (P > 0.05). Whole-body protein synthesis, protein degradation and protein accretion increased markedly from L1 to L2 (P < 0.05), but did not increase further from L2 to L4. Whole-body protein accretion (y, g/kg W0.75/d) increased with dietary lysine (x, g/kg) in a quadratic manner: y = − 0.09x2 + 2.12x − 5.14 (r2 = 0.96, n = 4, P < 0.05).The results also showed that differences in plasma IGF-I, GH, glucose and PUN concentration between different treatments were not significant (P > 0.05). Plasma insulin concentration (y, μIU/ml) was increased with dietary lysine (x, g/kg) in a quadratic manner: y = 0.23x2 − 4.10x + 32.25 (r2 = 0.99, n = 4, P < 0.05), but it was not found that plasma insulin concentration was related to NR. A significant correlation was found between NR (y, g/d) and plasma IGF-I (x, ng/ml): y = − 3.1 × 10− 3x2 + 1.31x − 122.28 (r2 = 0.99, n = 4, P < 0.05).It was concluded that dietary lysine level had a significant influence on NR and whole-body protein turnover but not on plasma IGF-I and GH concentration. Plasma IGF-I may be an important factor controlling N metabolism of growing pigs. Further research was needed to study the mechanism.  相似文献   

15.
The effect of feeding system and sex on intake, growth and carcass and meat characteristics of Assaf fattening lambs was studied. Twenty four weaned Assaf lambs, half males and half females were used. After an adaptation period, lambs were randomly assigned to one of the two feeding systems studied. Control lambs received ad libitum commercial concentrate (70% barley, 22% soybean meal, 4.8% wheat, 0.5% bicarbonate, 2.7% mineral–vitamin premix) and barley straw. Free Choice lambs had ad libitum and separate access to whole barley grain and a protein supplement (73.3% soyabean meal, 16% wheat, 1.7% bicarbonate, 9% mineral–vitamin premix). Lambs were slaughtered at 25 kg LBW. Feed intake was not significantly affected by sex (P > 0.05) but Free Choice lambs showed higher dry mater intake than the Control lambs. Nevertheless, only males from the Free Choice group showed an improvement in feed efficiency rate (P < 0.05) and average daily gain (P < 0.01) relating to the Control lambs. Neither feeding system nor feeding system × sex interaction significantly affected non-carcass weight, fat depots, cold carcass weight, dressing percentage, main proportions of commercial cuts and meat characteristics (P < 0.05). As it was expected, female lambs showed a lower average daily gain and a higher feed conversion efficiency than male lambs (P < 0.001) which was related to a greater fat deposition. Meat characteristics were unaffected by sex, with the exception of longissimus lumborum fat content, which was higher in female lambs.The present results suggest that Free Choice feeding system might be suitable for intensively reared male lambs since improvements in daily weight gain and feed conversion rate were achieved, with no adverse effect on carcass and meat quality. Despite the selected diet of both, males and females, did not differ in the crude protein content, the use of Free Choice feeding system for female lambs did not improve performance compared to the Control group.  相似文献   

16.
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of dietary supplementation with chitooligosaccharide (COS) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood characteristics and immune response in lipopolysaccharide-challenged weanling pigs. A total of 90 crossbred weanling pigs (5.44 ± 0.50 kg BW) were employed in Exp. 1. The three dietary treatments were basal diets supplemented with 0, 2.5, and 5 g COS/kg, and fed for 28 d. Each treatment had 6 replications with 5 pigs per pen. Increasing the level of supplemental COS tended to linearly (P < 0.10) improve ADG and ADFI during phase 2 and overall period, while there were no differences in G:F. The linear improvement in the apparent DM (P < 0.05) and N (P < 0.10) digestibility in pigs fed COS supplemented diets was noticed. The tested blood characteristics were not influenced under non-challenge conditions. In Exp. 2, a total of 20 pigs (5.22 ± 0.31 kg BW) were initially assigned to two dietary treatments and fed basal diets supplemented with 0 or 0.5 g COS/kg for 28 d. At the end of d 28, half of the pigs in each treatment (n = 5) were injected i.p. with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide at a concentration of 100 μg/kg of BW. The other half of the pigs in each treatment were injected with sterile saline solution at a concentration of 100 μg/kg of BW. This arrangement resulted in a 2 × 2 factorial design with diet and LPS challenge as the main effects. Blood sample and rectal temperature data were collected at 0, 2, 4 and 12 h post-challenge. Rectal temperatures increased as the result of LPS injection at 4 and 12 h post-challenge (P < 0.05). Serum cortisol, IGF-1, and TNF-α concentration were also increased as the result of LPS challenge (P < 0.05). The COS treatments resulted in lower cortisol concentrations at 2 h and higher IGF-1 concentrations at 4 h post-challenge (P < 0.05). COS and LPS interactions were also observed on cortisol and IGF-1 when the COS effects were presented (P < 0.05). Haptoglobin concentrations remained unaffected throughout the challenge period. White blood cell counts were increased in the LPS-treated pigs at 2 and 4 h post-challenge (P < 0.01). Lymphocyte count was elevated at 2 h and reduced at 12 h post-challenge as the result of LPS challenge (P < 0.05). However, there were no COS main effects observed on lymphocyte count throughout the challenge period. The comparison between two LPS challenged treatments also indicated that COS treatment has beneficial effects on rectal temperature, cortisol and IGF-1 concentrations. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with COS had little effect on nutrient digestibility and inflammatory stress markers in weanling pigs.  相似文献   

17.
Reduced pregnancy rates often occur in ruminants grazing endophyte-infected (EI) tall fescue. The objectives were to characterize basal and oxytocin-induced PGF2α concentrations in serum and reproductive function in ewes fed tall fescue seed and to determine whether addition of fish meal (FM) to a diet of EI fescue would alter PGF2α production. Ewes were fed a diet with novel or non-toxic endophyte-infected (NE) or EI tall fescue seed containing either corn gluten meal (CG) or FM. Serum concentrations of prolactin, a measure of severity of fescue toxins, were reduced in ewes fed EI compared with NE forage seed (forage × day, P < 0.02) and were greater in NEFM than NECG-fed ewes (P < 0.03). Size and number of corpora lutea (CL), determined by trans-rectal ultrasonography, were similar between diets (P > 0.10). Serum concentrations of progesterone were reduced in ewes with two CL fed EI compared with NE seed (forage × CL number × day, P < 0.001). Oxytocin-induced PGFM concentrations during the luteal phase were determined as a measure of uterine function. On the day of oxytocin administration, peak plasma concentrations of PGFM were reduced in EI compared with NE-fed ewes (forage × time, P < 0.003), but FM did not influence PGFM concentrations. Estrous cycle length was more variable in EI than NE-fed ewes. There appears to be some asynchrony between NE and EI-fed ewes leading to changes in uterine responsiveness to oxytocin. Inclusion of FM did not alter uterine responsiveness to oxytocin.  相似文献   

18.
This study was conducted to determine the effects of cysteamine, hypotaurine and aminoacids solution (BME) on standard semen parameters, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant activities of Angora goat semen after the freeze–thawing process. Ejaculates collected from four Angora goats were evaluated and pooled at 37 °C. Semen samples, which were diluted with a Tris-based extender containing the antioxidants hypotaurine (5 mM) and cysteamine (5 mM), and an aminoacid solution (13%), and an extender containing no antioxidants (control), were cooled to 5 °C and frozen in 0.25-ml French straws in liquid nitrogen. Frozen straws were thawed individually at 37 °C for 20 s in a water bath for evaluation.Supplementation with cysteamine, hypotaurine and BME caused significant (P < 0.05) increases in sperm motility, and significant (P < 0.05) decreases in total abnormality rates in comparison to the control group. While all in vitro treatments did not affect the acrosomal abnormality rates, hypotaurine and BME but not cysteamine significantly (P < 0.05) increased the HOST results as compared to the control group. Supplementation with antioxidants and BME did not significantly affect MDA levels and CAT activity in comparison to the control group (P > 0.05). The antioxidants hypotaurine and cysteamine decreased SOD activity when compared to the BME group and controls (P < 0.001).  相似文献   

19.
A 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement was used to investigate a 21 day study on the interaction between dietary crude protein (CP) (160 versus 200 g/kg), lactose level (50 versus 230 g/kg), and inulin supplementation (0 versus 15 g/kg) on piglet performance, diet digestibility, faecal volatile fatty acid (VFAs) concentration and selected microbial populations post weaning. Two hundred and fifty six weaned piglets (24 days old, 7.4 kg live weight, S.D. = 1.5 kg) were blocked on the basis of live weight and were assigned to one of 8 dietary treatments (n = 8) for 21 days. There was an interaction between CP and lactose concentration on average daily gain (ADG) during the overall experimental period. Pigs offered high CP diets containing 230 g/kg lactose increased ADG compared to those pigs offered high CP diets containing 50 g/kg lactose. However, there was no effect of lactose concentration in the low CP diets. There was a significant interaction (P < 0.05) between lactose level and inulin supplementation on Lactobacilli spp., Enterobacteria spp. and branched chain VFAs. Pigs offered inulin supplemented 230 g/kg lactose diets increased Lactobacilli spp. (P < 0.05) and decreased Enterobacteria spp. (P < 0.05) and branched chain VFAs (P < 0.05) compared to those offered the inulin supplemented 50 g/kg lactose diets. However there was no effect of lactose concentration in the non inulin supplemented diets. In conclusion, high CP diets and high inclusion levels of lactose improved piglet performance post weaning. Inulin supplementation had an additional effect in the 230 g/kg lactose diets through increased Lactobacilli spp. and decreased Enterobacteria spp. and branched chain VFAs.  相似文献   

20.
Four Nili-Ravi buffalo calves (100 ± 4 kg) were used in 4 × 4 Latin Square Design to evaluate the influence of varying ruminally degradable protein (RDP) to ruminally undegradable protein (RUP) ratio on dry matter intake (DMI), digestibility and nitrogen (N) metabolism. Four experimental diets A, B, C and D were formulated to contain RDP:RUP of 70:30, 65:35, 60:40 and 55:45, respectively. The calves were fed ad libitum. Dry matter intake by calves fed C diet was higher (P < 0.05) than those fed D diet and lower (P < 0.05) than calves fed A diet, however, it was similar to those fed B diet. There was a linear decrease (P < 0.01) in DMI with decreasing the RDP to RUP ratio. Similar trend was noticed in crude protein (CP) intake. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake was significantly different across all treatment. The decrease in CP and NDF intake was due to decreasing trend of DMI. Dry matter (DM) digestibility in calves fed A and B diets was higher (P < 0.05) than those fed C and D diets. A linear decrease (P < 0.01) in DM digestibility was observed with decreasing the RDP to RUP ratio. Crude protein digestibility remained unaltered across all treatments. Neutral detergent fiber digestibility was higher in calves fed A and B diets than those fed C and D diets. Higher NDF digestibility in calves fed A and B diets was due to higher level of dietary RDP that might resulted in higher ruminal ammonia concentration which stimulate activity of cellulytic bacteria and ultimately increased NDF digestibility. The N retention (g/d) was similar among the calves fed B, C and D diets, however, it was higher (P < 0.05) than those fed A diet. Decreasing the RDP to RUP ratio resulted in linear increase (P < 0.01) in N retention. The N retention, as percent of N intake was significantly different across all treatments. Decreasing RDP to RUP ratio resulted in linear increase (P < 0.01) in N retention, as percent of N intake. A similar trend was noticed in N retention, as percentage of N digestion. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration in calves fed B diet was higher (P < 0.05) than those fed D diet and was lower (P < 0.05) than those fed A diet, however, it was not different from calves fed C diet. Decreasing dietary RDP to RUP ratio resulted in linear decrease (P < 0.05) in BUN concentrations. The decrease in BUN concentration was because of decreasing level of dietary RDP. The N retention can be increased by decreasing RDP to RUP ratio in the diet of growing buffalo calves and diet containing RDP to RUP ratio 55:45 is considered optimum regarding N retention in buffalo calves.  相似文献   

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