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1.
Colibacillosis with polyarthritis, due to E. coli O-group 55, has been found to be responsible for a high summer mortality among caribou valves in West Greenland. The mortality is presumably consequential on overstocking and therefore likely to subside as the caribou population in the preferred habitats is reduced to a lower density--the optimum level of which is as yet unknown. 相似文献
2.
Stained imprints made from autopsy lung biopsies from hares, foxes, badgers, stone martens, one hedgehog, roe deer from Denmark and from caribou from Greenland were examined microscopically for Pneumocystis carinii. Pneumocysts were found in the lungs of 3 out of 28 hares, 3 out of 18 foxes and 1 out of 6 roe deer. This is the first report of Pneumocystis carinii in hares, foxes, and roe deer in Denmark. It seems to be the first report of Pneumocystis carinii in roe deer. 相似文献
3.
The existing and potential importance of brucellosis and tuberculosis in canadian wildlife: a review 总被引：5，自引：4，他引：1 
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下载免费PDF全文 Tessaro SV 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》1986,27(3):119-122,123-124
As the campaign to eradicate bovine brucellosis (Brucella abortus) and tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) in Canadian livestock nears completion, the importance of extraneous sources of these diseases increases. This review summarizes the literature on brucellosis and tuberculosis in Canadian wildlife species to determine existing and potential hosts. Canadian caribou (Rangifer tarandus) are reservoirs of Brucella suis biotype 4 which is pathogenic in caribou, humans and muskoxen but reportedly nonpathogenic in livestock. Bison (Bison bison) and elk (Cervus canadensis) are significant reservoirs of B abortus and M. bovis. The bison in and around Wood Buffalo National Park have both diseases and are the only wildlife reservoir in Canada. Free-ranging elk are important reservoirs of brucellosis in Wyoming, and captive elk initiated the recent outbreak of bovine tuberculosis in 20 American states which has also involved bison and cattle herds. If bison and elk ranching continues to develop in Canada, the industry will have to be monitored to prevent the introduction and spread of infectious diseases like brucellosis and tuberculosis. This requires the evaluation and / or development of effective diagnostic methods for use in these animals. 相似文献
4.
Ugo Moens Inger Wold Svein D. Mathiesen Trond Jorgensen Dag Srensen Terje Traavik 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》1990,31(1):17-25
Since 1981 a domesticated muskoxen herd had been successfully vaccinated against papillomatosis with homogenated, glutaraldehyde inactivated papilloma tissue. In the fall of 1985 a new clinical outbreak of disease occurred, affecting previously infected as well as vaccinated animals. The purification of parapox virions directly from papilloma tissue and orf scabs collected in a local sheep farm was followed by restriction endonuclease analysis of viral DNA. The morphological identity of purified virus was controlled by electron microscopy. Comparison of restriction endonuclease digests (10 different enzymes) by gel electrophoresis demonstrated that the muskoxen parapoxvirus from the new outbreak 1985 differed considerably from the 2 other isolates (muskoxen 1981 and local orf). The latter viruses demonstrated a high degree of homology, but differences were evident after digestion with the enzyme EcoRI. During metrizamide gradient purification minor bands containing morphologically intact virions were isolated in addition to the major fractions. The restriction enzyme digests indicated that the virions of the minor bands differed from those in the major bands. 相似文献
5.
Cheryl Rosa Debra Miller Matthew J Gray Anita Merrill Tammie Vann John Blake 《Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine》2007,38(1):55-61
Poor calf production and ill thrift in 3-4 mo olds are common limiting problems in raising and maintaining captive muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus). Acute onset of a rapidly progressing enteritis and septicemia in neonatal calves (2-7 days of age) caused by Escherichia coli not normally considered pathogenic in domestic animals is a serious problem in many captive muskoxen facilities. Serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels, total protein, albumin, and globulin levels in captive periparturient muskox females and their neonatal calves were compared with levels found in other species in which these parameters have been well described. Results showed that all females in the study had IgG present in their serum (mean = 1,232.14 mg/dl, SD = 178.34 mg/dl, as measured via radial immunodiffusion). Calves were probably born agammaglobulinemic or hypogammaglobulinemic. IgG levels quickly rose in calves after initial colostrum intake to levels similar to those seen in other domestic ruminants. Our results suggest that passive transfer of immunity in muskoxen is similar to what is reported in domestic livestock and that reference ranges from domestic cattle may be used to assist interpretation of serum IgG levels in muskoxen. In addition, the positive relationship between serum protein and globulin levels with serum IgG levels is similar to that reported for Holstein cattle and thus provides a useful indicator of passive transfer in muskoxen. 相似文献
6.
Contagious ecthyma (CE) has been a frequently occurring disease in captive Norwegian muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus), inflicting heavy losses among calves and adult males; adult females, however, have been little affected.Parapox virus particles from papilloma tissue were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Papilloma tissue excerted a typical cytopathic effect on human continuous lumar cell line. Sera from infected muskoxen contained antibodies reacting with virus antigen from muskoxen papilloma tissue in a complement fixation test.In animals already affected, papilloma tissue was surgically removed at intervals and the lesions injected with active papilloma tissue homogenate emulsified in Freund’s complete adjuvant (FCA). Serum antibody titers against CE virus increased 3 times in response to this treatment which reduced papilloma growth, but recovery was slow in adults and all but 1 calf succumbed when offered this treatment only.Isolated purified X-ray inactivated CE virus in FCA injected s.c. 4 weeks post partum was first attempted as a vaccine against CE. This treatment increased serum CE-antibody level, but did not prevent CE in calves experimentally injected with live CE virus. The incubation time of CE in this experiment was 20 days.Adequate protection was, however, obtained with a vaccine consisting of homogenated, glutaraldehyde inactivated, muskox papilloma tissue in FCA injected s.c. 2 weeks post partum. It is assumed that this protection was due to activation of both humoral and cellular immune mechanisms. 相似文献
7.
Brenda L. Parlee Ellen Goddard Łutsël K’é Dene First Nation Mark Smith 《Human Dimensions of Wildlife》2014,19(1):47-61
Traditional Knowledge (TK) is increasingly valued in long-term monitoring of wildlife health, particularly in northern Canada where Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) may represent a threat to valued caribou and moose populations. This article presents comparative research results (1998–2002 and 2010) about caribou and moose health based on research with ?utsël K’é First Nation, Northwest Territories (Canada). Elders’ knowledge, harvester observations, harvest data and consumption data indicate a decline in the availability of barren ground caribou and range shifts of both caribou and moose during the study period. An anomalous sighting of a white tailed deer near the community, coupled with moderate community concerns about CWD would suggest the need for greater monitoring of wildlife health. As resources for scientific monitoring become limited, the article suggests how northern Indigenous communities can use their own knowledge (TK) to monitor changes in arctic ecosystems. 相似文献
8.
A 5 MHz commercial sector scanner was used to monitor 13 muskox pregnancies and establish normal fetal growth curves. Examinations were carried out between 40 and 197 days of gestation and pregnancy could be detected throughout the period. Early pregnancies were found by scanning lateral to the udder but as pregnancy progressed the fetus was found closer to the dam's umbilicus. Measurements of cranial and abdominal diameters taken at about two week intervals in seven uncomplicated pregnancies in four cows were used to construct fetal growth curves. These can be reliably used in the reproductive management of muskoxen. In addition a series of regressions based on measurements of the fetuses of muskoxen killed in the Arctic are provided. These allow cranial and abdominal diameters to be related to fetal weight and crown-rump length. 相似文献
9.
Outbreak of trichinellosis associated with consumption of game meat in West Greenland 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The Inuit population of the Arctic has always been at risk of acquiring trichinellosis and severe outbreaks have been recorded in Alaska and Canada. In West Greenland, a number of large outbreaks took place during the 1940s and 1950s; they involved total 420 cases including 37 deaths. Since then only sporadic cases have been reported. Here, we describe an outbreak of infection with Trichinella spp. after consumption of infected meat presumably from walrus or polar bear caught in western Greenland. Six persons who had eaten of the walrus and polar bear meat were two males and four females, age range 6--47 years. Using ELISA and Western blot analysis (Trichinella-specific IgG antibodies against excreted/secreted antigen and synthetic tyvelose antigen, respectively) four of these persons were found to be sero-positive for Trichinella antibodies, with three of these having clinical symptoms compatible with trichinellosis. On re-test, 12--14 months later one of the two sero-negative persons had sero-converted, probably due to a new, unrelated infection. This study demonstrates that acquiring Trichinella from the consumption of marine mammals remains a possibility in Greenland, and that cases may go undetected. Trichinellosis in Greenland can be prevented by the implementation of public health measures. 相似文献
10.
Muskox farming is an emerging industry in Alaska. For such an endeavor to succeed, it is necessary to develop fundamental husbandry tools specifically for this species. This study examined the role of the bull in the onset of seasonal ovarian activity and the synchrony of estrus and tested the efficacy of a radiotelemetric estrus detection system. Twenty parous female muskoxen, ranging in age from 4 to 15 yr, were divided into three groups (balanced by age and body weight). Groups received early bull exposure (EBE; August 1, n = 7), late bull exposure (LBE; August 22, n = 6), or remained physically isolated from a bull (NBE; n = 7). Just before bull introduction, radiotelemetry transmitters were attached to the rump of muskox cows in the EBE and LBE groups. Plasma samples were collected from all the cows twice weekly and analyzed for progesterone (P4). The mean date of onset of seasonal ovarian activity was earlier in the EBE and LBE groups than in the NBE group (P < 0.001) and was earlier in EBE (P < 0.021) than in LBE. All EBE and LBE cows conceived to the first fertile cycle, giving 100% fertility. The time interval for the onset of ovarian activity between the first and last cow within each group was 7 d in the EBE group, 12 d in the LBE group, and 24 d in the NBE group. Radiotelemetry correctly identified estrus 95% of the time (18 of 19 instances). Mean length of estrus for each cow, calculated from the time of first mount until last mount, was 771 +/- 98 min (range = 4 to 1,508 min). Mean number of mounts during estrus was 8.89 +/- 1.29 (range = 3 to 25 mounts). Length of estrus at the first short cycle did not differ from the length of the first fertile estrus between, or within, individuals. Estrous behavior was initiated more frequently during the night (2300 to 0500; P < 0.05). Bull introduction can be used as a simple, low-cost management tool for synchronizing estrus in farmed muskoxen. Radiotelemetry was an effective tool for identifying breeding behavior in this species. 相似文献
11.
The abomasa of 163 Svalbard reindeers (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) from Nordenski?ld Land, Spitsbergen (78 degrees N, 15 degrees E) were examined for adult and juvenile nematodes. Spitsbergen has midnight sun from late April to late August, arctic night from late October to mid-February, permafrost, and snow cover from October to June. Plant growth is restricted to 6-8 weeks, usually starting mid-June. In the reindeer calves, which are born in June prevalence and intensity of infection increased over the winter. All young (1 year) and adult (older than 1 year) reindeers were infected. Variations in worm burden, fraction of adult nematodes, male to female ratio in the nematodes, number of adult nematodes, number of juvenile nematodes, and distribution of juvenile nematodes on length groups were analysed for relationships with sex and age of host, and time of the year. The material was further analysed for relationships between the reindeer's content of stored fat and worm burden and its elements. It is concluded that transmission of nematodes to the reindeer continues over the winter and that arrested larval development has not been strongly selected for in this High Arctic locality. Infection continued to increase in adult males but not in adult females with age. This is explained as a balance between gain and loss of worms in the females connected to levelling off of food intake at end of somatic growth. In adult male reindeers there was a negative trend between stored fat and infection at all seasons. In reproducing females there were significant negative relationships in winter-spring, while in yeld females no significant relationship was found. The nematodes belonged to the following taxa: Ostertagia gruehneri m. gruehneri, O. gruehneri m. arcticus, Marshallagia marshalli m. marshalli, M. marshalli. m. occidentalis, Teladorsagia circumcincta m. circumcincta, T. circumcincta. m. trifurcata, and T. circumcincta. m. davtiani. There appears not to be any specially adapted species among the helminth parasites of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) in the High Arctic. In the Low Arctic Uminmakstrongylus pallikuukensis of muskoxen may be an example of such adaptation. 相似文献
12.
Heather Fenton H. Dean Cluff Barry Blakley Jamie L. Rothenburger 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》2022,63(2):157
Due to concerns about the appearance of portions of liver from a harvested adult, male barren-ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus), samples were submitted for diagnostic investigation. The gross and histologic findings were consistent with severe hepatic fibrosis and mineralization. Concentrations of vitamin E in the liver were also deficient. Disease investigations in wildlife of detectable abnormalities such as this provide important information for understanding the role of disease as populations change, as well as for safety of human food sources. 相似文献
13.
As part of a study on the epidemiology of Nematodirus species of sheep in subarctic Greenland, the development and persistence of eggs and larvae were investigated by experimentally contaminating plots of pasture with infected faeces and by placing tubes containing a suspension of eggs on to or into the soil. Despite low ambient temperatures, infective larvae appeared within a month during the summer. The greatest numbers of larvae were recovered from herbage in August and September. Eggs did not develop synchronously as development beyond the morula stage could be delayed for up to two years. Larvae were found on herbage for up to 37 months after faecal deposition. In the sheep rearing area of Greenland, therefore, Nematodirus species larvae can be present on herbage throughout the whole summer but peak numbers occur late in the grazing season. 相似文献
14.
Five deer species occupy North America: caribou (3.6 x 10(6) individuals), moose (1.1 x 10(6)), white-tailed deer (28.5 x 10(6)), mule deer (5.0 x 10(6)) and wapiti (1.1 x 10(6)). Caribou characterise the north of the boreal forest and the tundra, whereas moose dominate in coniferous and mixed forests growing further south. White-tailed deer are typical of the deciduous forests of the east while mule deer replace them in the mountainous terrain of the west. Wapiti possess the smallest range, mostly adjacent to the prairies to the west. The two large obligate carnivores preying on deer show a reduced distribution: wolves are almost restricted to Canada, and cougar to the mule deer range. We determined the current status of each species with the help of a questionnaire mailed to all jurisdictions harbouring deer. Most reports of threatened populations concerned caribou whereas many jurisdictions declared overabundance of white-tailed deer and wapiti. Hunting was allowed for all species when they abounded in a jurisdiction. Hunters harvested annually 7.0 x 10(6) deer on the continent, 87% being white-tailed deer. The two species that caused most conflicts with humans had the highest harvest rate: 16-17%. In terms of biomass, white-tailed deer and wapiti yielded the highest harvests, with 55 and 39 kg x km-2 of range, respectively. The average standing biomass of deer in winter ranged between 28 kg x km-2 in Nevada to 901 kg x km-2 in Indiana. The lowest standing biomasses occurred in the boreal forest (predators), in the prairies (agriculture) and in the south-west (aridity), and the highest ones in the south-east, where only white-tailed deer is present. The current abundance of deer in North America parallels, in general, the primary production of the landscape (r2 = 0.38; P < 0.0001), but predators and human activity modify this pattern. 相似文献
15.
Investigations for Brucella-infections were conducted in 29 hooded seals (Cystophora cristata) caught between Svalbard and Greenland (North Atlantic Ocean; Greenland Sea) autumn 2002, and from 20 ringed seals (Phoca hispida) caught in Billefjord, Svalbard, spring 2003. All animals were apparently healthy and were caught in their natural habitat. Bacteriology on tissue samples from ringed seals was negative, whereas Brucella sp. were recovered in tissues from 11 of the 29 hooded seals (38%), with the highest tissue prevalence in spleen (9/29) and lung lymph nodes (9/24). Anti-Brucella antibodies were detected in sera from 9 hooded seals (31%) (EDTA-modified Slow Agglutination test of Wright, Rose Bengal test, Complement Fixation Test, and Protein-A ELISA). The bacterial isolates all belonged to the genus Brucella according to classical biotyping and PCR analysis based on Insertion Sequence IS711, and were shown to be typical marine mammal strains, based on the occurrence of an IS711 element downstream of the bp26 gene. Their dependency on CO2 for growth, and the presence of one copy each of the omp2a and omp2b gene finally classified them as Brucella pinnipediae. Furthermore, all the hooded seal isolates showed an A+ M+ agglutination profile, which is different from the profile of reference seal strain 2/94 (harbour seal, Phoca vitulina). Thus, these results indicate that B. pinnipediae may contain different biovars. The present results suggest that infection with B. pinnipediae is enzootic in this population. Since the hooded seal is commercially hunted and consumed in Norway, the pathological impact of such infections and their zoonotic potential should be further addressed. 相似文献
16.
A lung nematode in Canadian Arctic muskoxen. Standard radiographic and computed tomographic imaging.
S J Kutz K Fisher L Polley 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice》1999,15(2):359-377
Medical imaging was used before death to follow the development of U. pallikuukensis infection in muskoxen and postmortem to investigate the distribution and characteristics of parasite-associated pulmonary cysts. In two experimentally infected animals, lesions were not visible radiographically until days 178 and 191 PI, 3 months after the parasites became patent. Serial radiographs taken throughout the period of patency of one animal showed an initial increase in lesion size by day 415 PI, but by day 789 PI, lesions had stabilized or decreased in size. Although all lesions detected postmortem were not visible radiographically during life, the radiographs did provide an indication of the relative severity of infection. In contrast to other parasitic pneumonias, there was no evidence of pulmonary disease outside of the discrete parasitic cysts. Radiographs of lungs postmortem proved to be an effective tool for locating parasitic cysts in a lightly infected muskox and demonstrated a bronchovascular cyst distribution. Postmortem CT provided a more rapid and detailed assessment of the number, size, and distribution of cysts in the lungs of one muskox. 相似文献
17.
Pulmonary hypertension is a well-recognised condition in dogs, and, among other mechanisms, is caused by hypoxia. In order to evaluate the effect of chronic hypobaric hypoxia on pulmonary arterial pressure in dogs, a colony of 19 clinically and biochemically healthy Greenland sled dogs living permanently at at least 2300 m above sea level (altitude dogs) and 10 clinically healthy Greenland sled dogs living at 700 to 900 m above sea level (control dogs) were examined. Investigations were made of the dogs' packed-cell volume, venous and arterial blood gases, electrocardiogram, blood pressure and echocardiograph, including the calculation of pulmonary arterial pressure by Doppler examination of tricuspid regurgitation. The altitude dogs had a marked arterial hypoxaemia with a mean (sd) oxygen partial pressure of 61.9 (7.4) mmHg and a significantly lower arterial oxygen saturation (90.7 [3.7] per cent) than the control dogs (96.7 [0.8] per cent). In eight of the altitude dogs, tricuspid regurgitation allowed calculation of the systolic pulmonary arterial pressure, which was 29.5 (10.4) mmHg. Eight of the control dogs had tricuspid insufficiency, and their derived systolic pulmonary arterial pressure was significantly lower (17.4 [3.9] mmHg). 相似文献
18.
In 1969 25 musk ox calves were captured in Greenland and brought to Norway. The animals were kept on a farm at Bardu in the northern part of the country. In this herd a serious outbreak of contagious ecthyma occurred. This disease has quite recently been observed in musk ox also in Alaska (White, personal communication 1978). 相似文献
19.
Hristov AN 《Journal of animal science》2012,90(4):1371-1375
The objectives of this analysis were to estimate historic (pre-European settlement) enteric CH(4) emissions from wild ruminants in the contiguous United States and compare these with present-day CH(4) emissions from farmed ruminants. The analysis included bison, elk (wapiti), and deer (white-tailed and mule). Wild ruminants such as moose, antelope (pronghorn), caribou, and mountain sheep and goat were not included in the analysis because their natural range is mostly outside the contiguous United States or because they have relatively small population sizes. Data for presettlement and present-day population sizes, animal BW, feed intake, and CH(4) emission factors were adopted from various sources. Present-day CH(4) emissions from livestock were from recent United States Environmental Protection Agency estimates. The most important factor determining CH(4) emissions from wild ruminants in the presettlement period was the size of the bison population. Overall, enteric CH(4) emissions from bison, elk, and deer in the presettlement period were about 86% (assuming bison population size of 50 million) of the current CH(4) emissions from farmed ruminants in the United States. Present-day CH(4) emissions from wild ruminants (bison, elk, and deer) were estimated at 0.28 Tg/yr, or 4.3% of the emissions from domestic ruminants. Due to its population size (estimated at 25 million), the white-tailed deer is the most significant present-day wild ruminant contributor to enteric CH(4) emissions in the contiguous United States. 相似文献
20.