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1.
秸秆覆盖对春玉米农田土壤水分的调控作用 总被引：15，自引：2，他引：15
根据山西寿阳试验区年内降水时空分布不均，季节性干旱发生频繁，致使粮食产量低而不稳的现状，于1998～1999年进行了春玉米地秸秆覆盖农田水分调控试验，以减少土壤表层水分蒸发、提高降水利用效率，促进试验区农业的稳定、持续发展。研究结果表明，秸秆覆盖具有明显的抑蒸保墒效应，有效地利用了有限的降水资源，土壤储水量明显增加，促进了农田水分的良性循环，有利于作物的生长和产量形成，因而水分效益显著，不同降水年份，每公顷玉米产量增加582～2235.1kg，作物水分利用效率分别提高0.14～0.50kg/(mm 相似文献
2.
试论黄土区旱地土壤水资源的地带性与非地带性 总被引：20，自引：1，他引：19
土壤水资源是干旱半干旱地区重要的水资源之一。本文主要以天然草地深层土壤含水量为基础,明确了土壤水资源的地带与非地带性概念,分析了黄土区埋地土壤水分资源的地带性与非地带性分异规律。指出,在相似的植被及地形条件下,黄土高原土壤深层水分从面向北和从东向西逐渐降低以及从山顶到坡脚逐渐增大,表面出水平和垂直地带性分异规律。在相似的土壤水资源带内,土地类型、坡度及坡向等地形因素导致土壤水分的局地分异,即土壤水 相似文献
3.
非饱和土壤水一维流动的数值计算 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
非饱和土壤水的流动是指土壤中水分未充满全部孔隙时的水分移动而言的,是多孔介质中流体运动的一种重要形式。由于它在土壤科学、水文学、农田灌溉和排水、水资源评价等方面甚为重要,所以愈为人们所重视。 相似文献
4.
人工柠条林地土壤水分补给和消耗动态变化规律 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
黄土高原地区水资源缺乏，水资源，特别是土壤水资源的适度开发和合理利用势在必行。在黄土丘陵半干旱区的上黄生态试验站对多年生人工柠条林林冠截留，地表径流，土壤水分和植物生长等进行了定位观测，对林地土壤水分补给和消耗动态变化规律进行分析。结果表明，人工柠条林次降雨林冠截留随降水量增加而逐渐增加，地表径流与林外降雨量为直线关系。影响土壤水分补给的主要因素为天然降水，其次为林冠截留。土壤水分补给量与降雨量为线性关系；降水对土壤水分的影响程度随深度的增加而减弱，土壤水分最大入渗深度为170～270cm。偏早年随着柠条林生长并进入速生期，柠条林地耗水量加大，土壤早化加剧。丰水年土壤补给量剧增，但柠条林依然生长不良，储存在土壤中的水分只能等到来年被植物吸收利用。 相似文献
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利用当地农业气象观测资料研究了陇东塬区麦田晚秋土壤贮水与收墒期水资源关系、春季降水与春旱的关系、春旱特征,并利用世界粮农组织(FAO)公布的模式,计算了该区域冬小麦不同生长阶段需水量,分析了该区域冬小麦不同生长阶段水资源丰歉度、可生长季水资源构成和农业生产对策。分析显示:陇东塬区冬小麦冬前生长期水资源过剩,返青后生长期水资源短缺,短缺最严重的时段是成穗期,即4月中旬到5月中旬,水资源总量只占需水量的67%,80%保证率为31%,是影响冬小麦产量的关键时期。春、夏、秋三个可生长季节中,春季麦田水资源以早春土壤贮水为主,夏季以自然降水为主,秋季初秋土壤贮水和自然降水占水资源总量的比例接近。植株生长期水资源、成穗期水资源和全生育期耗水量和冬小麦产量相关程度较高,幼苗期和籽粒形成期水资源对产量的影响相对较小。农业生产上要根据不同时期水资源构成特征科学决策种植模式,并采取工程措施或生产措施有效降低越冬期土壤水分损耗、麦田冬前旺长水肥损耗、晚秋和早春秋白地水分无效损耗,提高水分利用率。 相似文献
6.
在总结土壤水研究现状和对土壤水的资源特性认识的基础上，重新定义了土壤水资源，土壤水资源是指植物根系可吸收利用的范围，其补给主要来源于大气降水，即能被植物（包括农作物）及土壤微生物所利用并可以恢复和更新的土壤水的数量；并阐述了土壤水资源的特征，它具有对降水依赖性与相关性，不易保存性或易耗散性，不可开采性与就地利用性，有效性和无效性，可调控性的特征；提出了土壤水资源的评价指标，包括土壤水资源最大存储量、可利用量、无效水资源量和实际存储量；根据评价指标初步计算了黄土丘陵区典型地区的土壤水资源。 相似文献
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通过对自然集雨区水分动态10年定位观测研究,初步明确了我国亚热带丘岗区生态系统水资源的分布特征与水平衡状况。该区域雨水丰沛,总量可维持系统水分平衡,但其时空变化大,加之蒸发变化与之错位和土壤持蓄水分性能差等因素作用,导致系统水分盈亏现象发生,水分“高盈期”的湿害和“亏缺期”的伏旱严重制约了丘岗区农业的发展。强化工程、农艺措施调控能力,提高农业水资源管理水平,是促进我国亚热带丘岗区农业持续稳定发展的技术保障。 相似文献
9.
亚热带丘岗区生态系统水平平衡及农业反应 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过对自然集雨区水分动态１０年定位观测研究,初步明确了我国亚热带丘岗区生态 系统水资源的分布特征与水平衡状况。该区域雨水丰沛,总量可维持系统水分平衡,但其时空变化大,加之蒸发变化与之错位和土壤持蓄水分性能差等因素作用,导致系统水分盈亏现象发生,水分“高盈期”的湿害和“亏缺期”的伏旱严重制约了丘岗区农业的发展。强化工程、农艺措施调控能力,提高农业水资源管理水平,是促进我国亚热带丘岗区农业稳定发展的技 相似文献
10.
陕西省延川县孙家塬经济林土壤水分和水分平衡 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
对陕西省延川县孙家塬枣树林和苹果林4m深度土层水分的变化进行了研究,并对土壤水分有效性、土壤干层及其水循环等方面进行了分析。结果表明,枣树林地含水量平均为10.6%,还有4.5%的土壤水资源可以利用。苹果林地4m深度范围内平均含水量为7.4%,2.0—4.0m深度范围内土壤水资源基本耗尽。苹果林地土壤含水量自上向下呈现高—低—高分层变化特点,枣树林地土壤水分剖面垂向分层不明显。枣树林地和苹果林地土壤水分基本都呈难效水状态,但枣树林土壤水分接近中效水,土壤水分对苹果林生长具有严重的抑制作用,对枣树林的生长基本没有抑制作用。枣树林地2.0—4.0m深度范围仅有轻度干层发育,苹果林地土层2.0—4.0m深度范围有轻度干层、中度干层和重度干层发育。苹果林地和枣树林地土壤干层切断了深层水分与上层的联系。水循环主要表现为地表水循环,基本不存在地下水循环,形成了土壤—植物—大气的水分循环模式,属于异常水分循环类型。干层长期发展会导致该区地下水位的持续下降和地下水资源减少。该区土壤水分条件更适于发展枣树经济林。 相似文献
11.
FAO56计算水分胁迫系数的方法在田间水量平衡分析中的应用 总被引：8，自引：3，他引：8
从作物水分胁迫系数的基本概念和FAO56的相关公式出发，考虑土壤临界含水量的时间变化，推导出了一个水分胁迫系数计算公式，该公式比较全面地表达了土壤供水能力、作物潜在腾发量与作物所受水分胁迫之间的关系。将该公式和另一幂函数公式应用于山西潇河冬小麦田间水量平衡分析，两者对土壤水分的动态模拟都达到了较高的精度，水量平衡计算结果也比较合理，模型的参数基本一致。与幂函数公式建立的模型相比，新公式建立的田间水量平衡模型具有待定参数少、求解结果稳定、易于收敛的优点，同时还能得到0～1 m土壤临界含水量变化曲线。该曲线反映了作物在土壤水分消退的过程中遭受不同程度水分胁迫的可能性大小，并得出土壤临界含水量在冬小麦生长前期较小，中期最大，后期较大。在返青～收获期，0～1 m深土壤临界含水量最大为290 mm，最小为215 mm，平均值为247 mm。这些结论对于农业用水管理具有一定的参考价值。 相似文献
12.
Lucas de Castro Moreira da Silva Junior Cesar Avanzi Devison Souza Peixoto Marina Neves Merlo Emerson Borghi lvaro Vilela de Resende Salvador Francisco Acua-Guzman Bruno Montoani Silva 《国际水土保持研究(英文)》2021,9(4):591-604
Water scarcity threatens global food security and agricultural systems are challenged to achieve high yields while optimizing water usage. Water deficit can be accentuated by soil physical degradation, which also triggers water losses through runoff and consequently soil erosion. Although soil health in cropping systems within the Brazilian Cerrado biome have been surveyed throughout the years, information about soil erosion impacts and its mitigation are still not well understood; especially concerning the role of cropping system diversification and its effects on crop yield. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess whether ecological intensification of cropping systems –inclusion of a consorted perennial grass and crop rotation– could promote soil coverage and consequently decrease water erosion and soil, water, and nutrient losses. This work studied the effects of crop rotation and consorted Brachiaria, along with different levels of investment in fertilization on soil physical quality and on soil, water, and nutrient losses, and crop yields. Results proved that soybean monoculture (SS) is a system of low sustainability even under no-till in the Brazilian Cerrado conditions. It exhibited high susceptibility to soil, water, and nutrient losses, causing low crop yields. Our results showed that water losses in SS cropping system were approximately 10% of the total annual rainfall, and total K losses would require an additional 35% of K application. Conversely, ecological intensification of cropping systems resulted in enhanced soil environmental and agronomic functions, increased grain yield, and promoted soil and water conservation: high soil cover rate, and low soil, water and nutrient losses. Ecological intensification proved to be an adequate practice to boost crop resilience to water deficit in the Brazilian Cerrado. 相似文献
13.
红壤施氮对玉米水分胁迫指数的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了探讨干旱条件下红壤水氮管理措施,在田间遮雨小区设置连续0～32 d不灌水的7个干旱水平和N 0、140、280 kg/hm23个施氮水平的试验,研究了氮肥对夏玉米作物水分胁迫指数(Crop water stress index,CWSI)的影响。结果表明,CWSI可以指示红壤干旱时玉米水分胁迫状况,但增施氮肥后,CWSI与产量的关系发生了偏移。在CWSI低于0.20时,增施氮肥对CWSI无明显影响;在CWSI大于0.20时,增施氮肥使玉米产量下降,高量氮肥还使CWSI上升,作物受旱加剧。说明增施氮肥对CWSI的影响因玉米干旱胁迫程度和施氮量而异。 相似文献
14.
《Soil Use and Management》2018,34(2):177-186
Biochar application to soil is suggested as a way of enhancing soil fertility by increasing the availability of nutrients and water. The former is perhaps better documented while the latter has less experimental support. This review critically investigates the recent literature which focuses on determining whether biochar induces increases in plant available water and that this provides part of the explanation for possible increases in crop yield. A number of studies suggest that biochar increases crop yields, and this is linked to the enhancement of soil water content and increased crop growth. However, many of these studies fail to fully consider if the measured biochar increases of 10–30% in soil water content were actually responsible for an increase in plant available water for crop growth. There is also limited evidence of increased crop yields when biochar is used in field experiments. While biochar soil application may increase soil water content, this appears to most likely occur with free draining coarsely textured sandy soils. As yet there is limited evidence that biochar improves soil water content in temperate soils and even less that it facilitates plant tolerance to drought stress. More recent literature shows the use of methods which quantify soil biochar changes with respect to plant water availability. However, despite some advances in our understanding of biochar's mode of action, there are still only a few studies which link increases in plant available water with increased crop yields, and particularly with respect to the longer term use and functionality of soil‐applied biochar. 相似文献
15.
覆土浅埋滴灌玉米田双作物系数模型参数全局敏感性分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
为深刻了解双作物系数模型参数对覆土浅埋滴灌玉米田蒸散发耗水结构及水分传输过程的影响,采用拓展傅里叶幅度敏感性检验法对模型参数进行全局敏感性分析,筛选出敏感参数,提高调参校准的效率和精准度。结果表明:参数±10%变化时,全生育期土壤蒸发量、作物蒸腾量、蒸散发耗水量最大值较最小值分别高18.72%、25.37%、19.9%。土壤蒸发是表土水分的消耗过程,总量在最大、最小值条件下1 m土层日贮水量动态接近,而作物蒸腾是消耗整个根系层内土壤水,总量变化对1 m土层水分消耗的影响较大。土壤蒸发总量的敏感参数为土壤表层可蒸发水量、生长中期基础作物系数,其全局敏感性指数为0.662、0.321,是不敏感参数均值的33.6~69.4倍。作物蒸腾总量的敏感参数为根系不受水分胁迫的临界土壤贮水量、生长中期基础作物系数、田间持水量,其敏感性指数为0.569、0.485、0.455,是不敏感参数均值的34.5~43倍。敏感参数与蒸发蒸腾的关系为:表土完全湿润后,其可蒸发水量决定干燥过程土壤蒸发量,二者正相关。中期基础作物系数影响蒸发系数,总蒸发量与其负相关。根系不受水分胁迫的临界土壤贮水量越高,玉米根区易利用的水量区间越窄,根系越早发生水分胁迫,作物蒸腾受限,总蒸腾量与其负相关。中期基础作物系数与总蒸腾量正相关,对其影响程度远高于初期、后期基础作物系数。田间持水量高的土壤能在灌溉、降雨量较大时存贮更多水分用于作物蒸腾,总蒸腾量与其正相关。 相似文献
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土壤水分平衡与作物生长模拟模型的开发与验证 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
基于模块化和面向对象化程序设计思想,根据土壤水分平衡过程和作物生长发育的特点,采用VisualBasic程序设计语言,实现了界面友好的土壤水分平衡与作物生长模拟模型。在土壤、作物和气象参数数据文件的支持下,对红壤性水稻土上的作物生长过程进行了模拟和验证,田间验证结果表明,冬小麦田间0～5,5～15,30～35cm三个土壤深度土壤含水量模拟值与实测值相对误差分别为7．0％、8．1％、4．5％。小麦、早稻、晚稻、玉米产量模拟值与实测值之间的相对误差分别为6．7％、2．4％、5．3％、1．9％。 相似文献
18.
Stephan R. Sain Shrikant Jagtap Linda Mearns Doug Nychka 《Journal of Agricultural, Biological & Environmental Statistics》2006,11(4):462-480
Pedotransfer functions are classes of models used to estimate soil water holding characteristics based on commonly measured
soil composition data as well as other soil characteristics. These models are important on their own but are particularly
useful in modeling agricultural crop yields where only soil composition is known. In this article, an additive, multivariate
spatial process model is introduced that offers the flexibility to capture the complex structure typical of the relationship
between soil composition and water holding characteristics, thus defining a new form of pedotransfer function. Further, the
uncertainty in the soil water characteristics is quantified in a manner to simulate ensembles of soil water profiles. Using
this capability, a small study is conducted with the CERES maize crop model to examine the sources of variation in the yields
of maize. Here it is shown that the interannual variability of weather is a more significant source of variation in crop yield
than the uncertainty in the pedotransfer function for two specific soil textures. 相似文献
19.
Salt—Water Dynamics in Soils：Ⅲ.Effect of Crop Planting 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
YOUWEN－RUI MENGFAN－HUA 《土壤圈》1993,3(1):7-22
Through a simulation test conducted with soil columns (61.8cm in diameter) in field condition,effect of crop planting upon the regulation of salt-water dynamics in soils was studied by monitoring of salt-water dynamics in situ,using soil salinity sensors and tensiometers.The results indicated that the amount of water absorbed by crops from the soil was generally larger than the decrement of water consumption from soil surface evaporation reduced by the crop covering the soil surface and improving the soil structure,therefore,under the conditions of crop growing and non-irrigation,water content in soil profile was less than that without crop growing,and the gradient of negative pressure of soil water in soil profile especially in the root zone was enlarged,thus causing the water flowing from subsoils into root zone and increasing the groundwater moving upwards into soil layer via capillary rise,so that the groundwater evaporation increased.Consequently,under the condition of crop growing,the salt was mainly accumulated towards the root zone rather than to the top soil.the accumulating rate of salt in groundwater via capillary rise of soil water to subsoils was increased thereby. 相似文献
20.
Research by Academia Sinica shows that current crop production on the loess plateau is only slightly higher than one third of the potential. Soil water relationships and nutrient supply have been investigated and a long term (18 years) field experiment conducted. This work shows that the soil does have the capacity to support sustainable crop production and that higher yields are possible through appropriate fertilizer usage and irrigation. The fertility of loess‐derived soil is related to characteristics of the loess such as depth of the deposit, loose structure, water storage capacity and ammonium fixation capacity and its release to crops. On sloping land soil and water loss is significant; a prime requirement for the reduction of nutrient loss is the control of erosion. The two main factors limiting crop production are: drought stress and nitrogen deficiency. Covering the soil with plastic film or straw (or other crop residues) is effective in conserving soil moisture. Breeding of crop varieties more efficient in nutrient utilisation and more tolerant of drought stress can make a contribution to improvement of production. 相似文献