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1.
A total of 32 select line (SL) and 32 control line (CL) Duroc pigs were used in two trials to determine the effect of dietary amino acid contents during the grower (G) phase and selection for lean growth efficiency on growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality. In each trial, pigs weighing 20 kg were assigned to 16 pens with two gilts or two castrated males per pen, and pens were randomly assigned within the genetic line to corn-soybean meal G diets formulated to contain 5.0, 7.0, 9.0, or 11.0 g lysine/kg. After 50 kg, all pigs were fed common finisher 1 (F1) and finisher 2 (F2) diets. Pigs were allowed ad libitum access to feed and water. After the initial statistical analyses, the data sets from the two trials were combined. During the G phase, pigs consumed less feed [linear (Ln), P < 0.001] and more lysine (Ln, P < 0.001), grew faster (Ln, P < 0.05) but utilized feed more and lysine less efficiently (Ln, P < 0.001) for weight gain as the amino acid content of G diets increased. Increasing dietary amino acids resulted in less ultrasound backfat (Ln, P < 0.001) and more serum urea nitrogen [Ln, P < 0.001; quadratic (Qd), P < 0.01] at the end of the G phase. Pigs grew more slowly during the F1 (Ln, P < 0.01 and Qd, P = 0.05) and F2 (Ln, P = 0.07) phases and utilized feed and lysine less efficiently (Ln, P < 0.05) for weight gain during the F1 phase as the amino acid content of G diets increased. The grower diet had no effect on overall weight gain and feed efficiency, carcass traits, or meat quality scores. The efficiency of lysine utilization for overall weight gain (Ln, P < 0.001) and lean accretion (Ln, P < 0.05) improved as the amino acid content of G diets decreased. The SL pigs grew faster (P < 0.05) and had less (P < 0.001) ultrasound backfat throughout the study compared with the CL pigs. The SL pigs had less 10th rib backfat (P < 0.001) and tended to have larger longissimus muscle area (P = 0.09) than the CL pigs, which were reflected in greater rate (P < 0.001) and efficiency (P < 0.05) of lean accretion. Marbling (P < 0.05) and meat color (P = 0.07) scores were lower in the SL pigs. No grower diet x genotype interactions were observed in response criteria of interest. The results indicate that pigs subjected to dietary amino acid restrictions during the G phase (as low as 5.0 g lysine/kg) compensated completely in terms of growth rate and body composition regardless of the genotype. Compensatory growth can have a positive impact not only on the overall efficiency of pig production but also on the environment by reducing excretion of unused nutrients.  相似文献   

2.
A total of 252 crossbred pigs were used in two experiments to determine the effect of feeding hydrolyzed feather meal (FM) during the growing-finishing period on animal performance, carcass composition, and pork quality. All pigs were blocked by weight, and dietary treatments were assigned randomly to pens within blocks. In Exp. 1, 24 pens were randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatments: 1) control corn-soybean meal starter, grower, and finisher diets devoid of FM; 2) control diets formulated with 3% FM; and 3) control diets formulated with 6% FM. During the starter phase, there was a quadratic decrease in average daily gain (P < 0.06) and gain:feed (P < 0.01) with increasing FM, and during the grower-II phase, gain:feed increased linearly (P < 0.07) with increasing FM inclusion level. However, dietary FM had no effects (P > 0.10) on performance during the grower-I phase, finisher phase, or in the overall trial. Moreover, carcasses from pigs fed 3% FM had greater (P < 0.05) average backfat depth than carcasses of pigs fed 0 and 6% FM, but FM did not affect (P > 0.10) ham or carcass lean composition. In Exp. 2, 24 pens were randomly allotted to one of four dietary treatments: 1) positive control corn-soybean meal-based starter, grower, and finisher diets; 2) negative control corn-soybean meal- and wheat middlings-based starter, grower, and finisher diets; 3) negative control diets formulated with 3% FM; and 4) negative control diets formulated with 6% FM. Dietary FM had no effect (P > 0.10) on average daily gain, average daily feed intake, or gain:feed during any phase of the experiment. Ham weight decreased linearly (P < 0.04), whereas ham lean weight increased linearly (P < 0.09), with increasing levels of FM in the diet. Pork from pigs fed 3% FM tended (quadratic effect, P < 0.10) to receive higher Japanese color scores than pork from pigs fed either negative control or 6% FM diets. Moreover, pork color became lighter (P c 0.08), less red (P < 0.001), and less yellow (P < 0.003) as FM level was increased in swine diets. Results from these two experiments indicate that as much as 6% FM can be incorporated into isolysinic diets of growing-finishing pigs without adversely impacting animal performance, carcass composition, or pork quality.  相似文献   

3.
Abstract

The effects of lysine restriction during grower phase and realimentation during finisher phase on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood metabolites, carcass traits and pork quality were studied. Sixty-four pigs (two castrated males and two females per pen) weighing 34.34±5.22 kg were assigned to four dietary treatments. During grower (35–55 kg), pigs were fed isoenergetic lysine-restricted diets. The different lysine content of diets were 0.950 (NRC recommendation), 0.760, 0.665 and 0.570%, corresponding to lysine restriction of 20, 30 and 40%. Then all pigs were fed with common finisher 1 (55–85 kg) and 2 (85–115 kg) diets. Lysine restriction during the grower phase resulted in poor performance and lower concentration of blood metabolites but improved the nutrient digestibility and efficiency of lysine utilization. Compensatory growth response in terms of improved weight gain and feed efficiency was observed in pigs previously fed lysine-restricted diets during finisher 1, but the concentration of blood urea nitrogen and total protein were lower. No differences in growth performance, digestibility of nutrients and blood metabolites were noted during finisher 2. Lysine restriction of grower diets decreased the dressing percentage (quadratic, P=0.024), and protein content of longissimus muscle (linear P=0.034, and quadratic P=0.009). Thus, it could be concluded that pigs subjected to lysine restriction during grower phase exhibited compensatory growth responses in weight gain and improved efficiency of feed and lysine utilization for weight gain and lean accretion during finisher phase.  相似文献   

4.
An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that field peas may replace soybean meal in diets fed to growing and finishing pigs without negatively influencing pig performance, carcass quality, or pork palatability. Forty-eight pigs (initial average BW 22.7 +/- 1.21 kg) were allotted to 1 of 3 treatments with 2 pigs per pen. There were 8 replications per treatment, 4 with barrows and 4 with gilts. The treatments were control, medium field peas, and maximum field peas. Pigs were fed grower diets for 35 d, early finisher diets for 35 d, and late finisher diets for 45 d. Pigs receiving the control treatment were fed corn-soybean meal diets. All diets fed to pigs receiving the medium field peas treatment contained 36% field peas and varying amounts of corn; soybean meal was also included in the grower and the early finisher diets fed to pigs on this treatment. In contrast, no soybean meal was included in diets fed to pigs on the maximum field peas treatment, and field peas were included at concentrations of 66, 48, and 36% in the grower, early finisher, and late finisher diets, respectively. Pig performance was monitored within each phase and for the entire experimental period. At the conclusion of the experiment, carcass composition, carcass quality, and the palatability of pork chops and pork patties were measured. Results showed that there were no effects of dietary treatments on ADFI, ADG, or G:F. Likewise, there were no differences in carcass composition among the treatment groups, but gilts had larger (P = 0.001) and deeper (P = 0.003) LM, less backfat (P = 0.007), and a greater (P = 0.002) lean meat percentage than barrows. The pH and marbling of the LM, and the 10th rib backfat were not influenced by treatment, but there was a trend (P = 0.10) for more marbling in barrows than in gilts. The subjective color scores (P = 0.003) and the objective color score (P = 0.06) indicated that dietary field peas made the LM darker and more desirable. Pork chops from pigs fed field peas also had less (P = 0.02) moisture loss compared with chops from pigs fed the control diet. Treatment or sex did not influence palatability of pork chops or pork patties. In conclusion, field peas may replace all of the soybean meal in diets fed to growing and finishing pigs without negatively influencing pig performance, carcass composition, carcass quality, or pork palatability.  相似文献   

5.
We investigated the effect of distinct genotypes on growth performance, DM and N digestibilities, serum metabolite and hormonal profiles, and carcass and meat quality of pigs. Eight control-line and eight select-line pigs with an equal number of gilts and castrated males per genotype were chosen from the group of pigs subjected to selection for lean growth efficiency. Pigs were housed individually and allowed ad libitum access to common grower, finisher 1, and finisher 2 diets when they reached approximately 20, 50, and 80 kg, respectively, and water throughout the study. Although genotype had no effect on growth performance during the finisher 2 phase and overall, select-line pigs grew faster and more efficiently (P < 0.05) during the grower and finisher 1 phases than did control-line pigs. Dry matter and N digestibilities during the grower phase were lower (P < 0.05) in select-line pigs compared with control-line pigs. Select-line pigs had less ultrasound backfat (P < 0.05) at the end of the grower and finisher 2 phases. Serum urea N (P < 0.05) and leptin concentrations were lower in select-line pigs than in control-line pigs, but the effect of genotype on serum glucose, triglyceride, or insulin concentration was rather inconsistent. Select-line pigs had heavier heart (P < 0.05), liver (P = 0.08), and kidneys (P < 0.01), implying a higher metabolic activity. Less 10th-rib carcass backfat (P < 0.01) and a trend for larger carcass longissimus muscle area (P = 0.10) were reflected in the greater (P < 0.01) rate and efficiency of lean accretion in select-line pigs. Select-line pigs had lower subjective meat color (P < 0.01), marbling (P < 0.05), and firmness (P < 0.01) scores. Final serum leptin concentration was correlated positively with carcass backfat thickness (r = 0.73; P < 0.01) and negatively with overall feed intake (r = -0.77; P < 0.01). These results indicate that pigs with distinct genotypes exhibited differences in the growth rate, metabolite and hormonal profiles, and body composition. Further research is necessary to determine whether pigs with distinct genotypes respond differently to dietary manipulations, which would have an effect on developing optimal feeding strategies for efficient and sustainable pig production.  相似文献   

6.
体重相近的杜洛克生长母猪54头，随机分成3组（每组3个重复），研究脆茎全株水稻（3个水平0、10％和20％）用于生长肥育猪日粮，对猪的生长性能、养分消化、胴体品质和肉质的影响。结果表明，生长猪阶段（29～52kg）对照组、10％组和20％组的采食量、平均日增重和料重比均无显著差异（P〉0．05）。肥育猪阶段（54～85kg）采食量和平均日增重，20％组显著低于对照组（P〈0．01），10％组与对照组之间无显著差异（P〉0．05）；各组料重比均无显著差异（P〉0．05）。生长猪阶段10％组和20％组各种养分的消化率都低于对照组；而肥育猪阶段，两组NDF消化率显著低于对照组（P〈0．01），其它养分消化率与对照组无显著差异。与对照组相比，10％组和20％组屠宰率有所下降，而瘦肉率提高，眼肌面积增大，背膘厚降低，但差异均不显著（P〉0．05）。10％组和20％组的背最长肌蛋白含量增加，脂肪含量降低，其中20％组与对照组差异显著（P〈0．05）；滴水损失和大理石纹及肉色评分各组之间均无显著差异（P〉0．05），20％组宰后24h的pH，显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）。  相似文献   

7.
Sixteen castrated male pigs (averaging 21.2 +/- 4.9 kg) were used in two trials to investigate the effect of dietary amino acid content during the grower phase on growth performance and N balance. In each trial, pigs were assigned randomly to corn-soybean meal grower diets formulated to contain 5.0 or 11.0 g lysine/kg (as-fed basis). Common Finisher 1 and 2 diets were offered when pigs reached 51.2 +/- 3.3 and 79.5 +/- 3.4 kg, respectively. Pigs were placed in metabolism crates for a 9-d period during each of the grower, Finisher 1, and Finisher 2 phases when they weighed 43.3 +/- 3.9, 70.4 +/- 4.9, and 90.5 +/- 3.8 kg, respectively, to determine N balance. Blood samples were taken from each pig periodically after an overnight fast. Pigs were allowed ad libitum access to feed and water, except during the three adaptation/collection periods. There were no diet x trial interactions; thus, the data were combined. Pigs fed the low-amino acid grower diet grew more slowly and less efficiently (P < 0.001) during the grower phase and had more ultrasound backfat (P = 0.010) at the end of the grower phase than those fed the high-amino acid grower diet. During the Finisher 1 phase, however, pigs fed the low-amino acid diet grew more efficiently (P = 0.012) than those fed the high-amino acid diet, and the grower diet had no effect on overall weight gain, carcass traits, lean accretion, or meat quality scores. Although pigs fed the low-amino acid diet had less serum urea N (P < 0.001) and more glucose (P = 0.009) at 43.3 kg, there seemed to be no clear, long-term effect of the grower diet on serum metabolites. During the grower phase, pigs fed the high-amino acid diet consumed more N (P < 0.001), had higher apparent N digestibility (P = 0.041), N utilization (P = 0.027), and N retention (P < 0.001), and excreted more fecal (P = 0.034) and urinary (P < 0.001) N than those fed the low-amino acid diet. Pigs fed the low-amino acid grower diet, however, had a higher N utilization (P = 0.024) during the Finisher 1 phase, and excreted less urinary N during both the Finisher 1 (P = 0.029) and 2 (P = 0.027) phases than those fed the high-amino acid grower diet. These results indicate that pigs subjected to early dietary amino acid restrictions compensated completely and decreased N excretion during both the restriction and realimentation phases. Compensatory growth can, therefore, have a positive effect not only on the overall efficiency of pig production but also on environment.  相似文献   

8.
Growth traits with starter and grower pigs and a digestion trial were conducted to compare the nutritional value of Quality Protein Maize (QPM), food corn and conventional feed corn. The QPM, food and feed corn contained .45, .31 and .29% lysine, respectively. The growth trials evaluated a QPM-soybean meal diet formulated on a lysine basis (.96% in starter and .7% in grower diets) and four diets arranged in a 2 (food corn vs feed corn) X 2 (low vs high soybean meal) factorial. Soybean meal was either added in the same amount as in the QPM diet or was added to provide the lysine content of the QPM diet. Performance was similar for pigs fed food corn and feed corn in both trials. The QPM diets resulted in greater performance than food and feed corn diets containing the same level of soybean meal supplementation; starter pigs were more (P less than .10) efficient and grower pigs had a higher (P less than .01) rate and efficiency of gain. However, performance of pigs fed the QPM diets was not equal to that of pigs fed isolysinic food and feed corn diets; growth rate was lower (P less than .05) in starter pigs and gain:feed was lower (P less than .05) in grower pigs. Diets in the digestion trial consisted of the corns plus 3.25% casein. Energy digestibility was similar for all diets. Ileal N and amino acid digestibilities were highest for QPM, intermediate for food corn and lowest for feed corn. In most instances, these differences were significant (P less than .05). Apparent biological value was highest (P less than .05) for QPM. These trials indicate that food corn and feed corn have similar nutritional value, and that starter and grower pigs can benefit from the higher protein quality of QPM.  相似文献   

9.
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of low doses of Aspergillus niger (AN) phytase for growing and finishing pigs fed corn-soybean meal (SBM) diets with narrow Ca:P ratios that were about 0.9 g/kg deficient in available P and Ca. Experiment 1 utilized 120 pigs with an early finisher period from 51.5 +/- 0.2 to 89.7 +/- 0.9 kg of BW and a late finisher period that ended at 122.5 +/- 2.0 kg of BW. During each period, treatments were the low-P diets with 0, 150, 300, or 450 units (U) of AN phytase added/kg of diet, and a positive control (PC) diet. There were linear increases (P < or = 0.001) in bone strength and ash weight, the absorption of P (g/d and %) and Ca (%), and overall ADG (P = 0.01) with increasing concentration of AN phytase. Pigs fed the diets with 150, 300, or 450 U of AN phytase/kg did not differ from pigs fed the PC diet in growth performance overall, and pigs fed the diets with 300 or 450 U of AN phytase did not differ in P and Ca absorption (g/d) or bone ash weight from pigs fed the PC diet. However, only pigs fed the diet with 450 U of AN phytase/kg had bone strength similar to that of pigs fed the PC diet. Experiment 2 utilized 120 pigs in a grower phase from 25.3 +/- 0.1 to 57.8 +/- 0.8 kg of BW and a finisher phase that ended at 107.6 +/- 1.0 kg of BW. Treatments were the low-P diet with AN phytase added at 300, 500, or 700 U/kg of grower diet, and 150, 250, or 350 U/kg of finisher diet, respectively, resulting in treatments AN300/150, AN500/250, and AN700/350. Growth performance and the absorption (g/d) of P and Ca for the grower and finisher phases were not different for pigs fed the diets containing AN phytase and pigs fed the PC diets. However, pigs fed the PC diets excreted more fecal P (g/d, P < or = 0.01) during the grower and more P and Ca (g/d, P < 0.001) during the finisher phases than the pigs fed the diets with phytase. There were linear increases (P < or = 0.05) in bone strength and bone ash weight with increasing concentration of AN phytase. However, pigs fed the PC diets had a greater bone strength and bone ash weight than pigs fed diets AN300/150, AN500/250 (P < or = 0.02), or AN700/350 (P < or = 0.08). There were no treatment responses for N or DM digestibility in either experiment. Phytase supplementation reduced fecal P excretion from 16 to 38% and fecal Ca excretion from 21 to 42% in these experiments. In conclusion, 450 U of AN phytase/kg was effective in replacing 0.9 g of the inorganic P/kg of corn-SBM diet for finishing swine based on bone strength, whereas 300 or 150 U of AN phytase/kg of diet maintained growth performance of grower or finisher pigs, respectively.  相似文献   

10.
A 3 x 2 trial was conducted to determine the effects of adding canola oil (0, 5, or 10%) and copper sulfate (0 or 250 ppm Cu) to diets of growing-finishing swine on performance, carcass characteristics, and carcass fat fatty acid composition. The trial used 180 pigs (27 kg). Grower diets (.80% lysine for 0% canola oil diet) were given from 27 to 57 kg of BW and finisher diets (.64% lysine) from 57 to 102 kg. Diets were formulated to constant ME:lysine ratio within the grower and finisher phases. Over the entire growing-finishing period, the addition of canola oil to the diets resulted in linear improvements in rate of gain (P less than .05) and feed efficiency (P less than .01). Dietary additions of canola oil had no effect (P greater than .10) on resulting backfat thickness or longissimus muscle area but resulted in reductions (P less than .01) in loin marbling and color and carcass fat firmness, mostly noted in pigs fed the diets with 10% canola oil. Canola oil additions at 5 and 10% levels, respectively, resulted in a 23 and 37% reduction (P less than .01) in saturated fatty acids, 3 and 8% increase (P less than .01) in monounsaturated fatty acids, and 37 and 77% increase (P less than .01) in polyunsaturated fatty acids in the carcass fat compared with the diets without canola oil. The addition of canola oil to diets of growing-finishing swine had a favorable influence on animal performance and on increasing the unsaturated:saturated ratio of the carcass fat.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

11.
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of dietary L-carnitine on growth performance and carcass composition of nursery and growing-finishing pigs. In Exp. 1,216 weanling pigs (initially 4.9 kg and 19 to 23 d of age) were used in a 35-d growth trial. Pigs were blocked by weight in a randomized complete block design (six pigs per pen and six pens per treatment). Four barrows and four gilts were used to determine initial carcass composition. L-Carnitine replaced ground corn in the control diets to provide 250, 500, 750, 1,000, or 1,250 ppm. On d 35, three barrows and three gilts per treatment (one pig/block) were killed to provide carcass compositions. L-Carnitine had no effect (P > 0.10) on growth, percentages of carcass CP and lipid, or daily protein accretion. However, daily lipid accretion tended to decrease and then return to values similar to those for control pigs (quadratic P < 0.10) with increasing dietary L-carnitine. In Exp. 2, 96 crossbred pigs (initially 34.0 kg BW) were used to investigate the effect of increasing dietary L-carnitine in growing-finishing pigs. Pigs (48 barrows and 48 gilts) were blocked by weight and sex in a randomized complete block design (two pigs/pen and eight pens/treatment). Dietary L-carnitine replaced cornstarch in the control diet to provide 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 ppm in grower (34 to 56.7 kg; 1.0% lysine) and finisher (56.7 to 103 kg; 0.80% lysine) diets. At 103 kg, one pig/pen was slaughtered, and standard carcass measurements were obtained. Dietary L-carnitine did not influence growth performance (P > 0.10). However, increasing dietary carnitine decreased average and tenth-rib back-fat (quadratic, P < 0.10 and 0.05), and increased percentage lean and daily CP accretion rate (quadratic, P < 0.05). Break point analysis projected the optimal dosage to be between 49 and 64 ppm of L-carnitine for these carcass traits. It is concluded that dietary carnitine fed during the nursery or growing-finishing phase had no effect on growth performance; however, feeding 49 to 64 ppm of L-carnitine during the growing-finishing phase increased CP accretion and decreased tenth-rib backfat.  相似文献   

12.
A total of 120 pigs (60 barrows and 60 gilts; TR4 × PIC 1050; 54.4 kg initial BW) were used in an 83-d study to evaluate the effects of added fat in corn- and sorghum-based diets on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and carcass fat quality. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with grain source (corn or sorghum) and added fat (0, 2.5, or 5% choice white grease; CWG) as factors. There were 2 pigs (1 barrow and 1 gilt) per pen and 10 replicate pens per treatment. Pigs and feeders were weighed on d 14, 22, 39, 53, 67, and 83 to calculate ADG, ADFI, and G:F. At the end of the trial, pigs were slaughtered and jowl fat and backfat samples were collected and analyzed for fatty acid profile. No interactions were observed for growth performance. Pigs fed sorghum-based diets had greater (P < 0.01) ADG than pigs fed corn-based diets. Adding CWG improved (linear, P < 0.01) ADG. Pigs fed corn-based diets tended to have greater (P < 0.09) carcass yield, 10th-rib backfat, and percentage lean than pigs fed sorghum-based diets. Adding CWG increased (linear, P = 0.02) 10th-rib backfat, tended to increase (linear, P = 0.08) HCW, and tended to decrease (linear, P = 0.07) percentage lean. There was no grain source × fat level interaction for iodine value (IV) in backfat, but an interaction (P = 0.03) was observed for IV in jowl fat. Adding CWG increased (P < 0.01) IV in jowl fat for pigs fed sorghum- and corn-based diets; however, the greatest increase was between 0 and 2.5% CWG in sorghum-based diets and between 2.5 and 5% CWG in corn-based diets. Pigs fed corn-based diets had less (P = 0.01) C18:1 cis-9 and MUFA but greater (P = 0.01) C18:2n-6, PUFA, and backfat IV than pigs fed sorghum-based diets. Increasing CWG in the diet increased (linear, P = 0.01) backfat IV. Of the 2 fat depots, backfat generally had a reduced IV than jowl fat. In summary, feeding sorghum-based diets reduced carcass fat IV and unsaturated fats compared with corn-based diets. As expected, adding CWG increased carcass fat IV regardless of the cereal grain in the diet.  相似文献   

13.
We conducted two experiments to determine whether the efficacy of chromium picolinate (CrP) on growth performance, carcass composition, and tissue accretion rates is dependent on the lean gain potential of the pigs. In Exp. 1, 40 barrows (20 from each of two genetic backgrounds; two pigs per pen, five pens per treatment) were fed a fortified, corn-soybean meal basal diet (.95% lysine from 19 to 55 kg BW; .80% lysine from 55 to 109 kg BW) without or with 200 microg/kg of Cr from CrP. The addition of Cr had no effect on performance, carcass measurements, or accretion rates of carcass protein or lipid, regardless of the lean gain potential of the pigs. In Exp. 2, 60 group-penned pigs (three pigs per pen; five pens per treatment) were fed a fortified, corn-soybean meal basal diet without or with 200 microg/kg of Cr from CrP from 21 to 104 kg BW. Within the dietary Cr treatments, half of the pigs received daily injections of 3 mg of porcine somatotropin (pST) from 54 to 104 kg BW. The pST administration resulted in faster growth rates (P < .007), improved feed efficiency (P < .001), increased longissimus area (P < .001), and decreased 10th-rib backfat (P < .001). Administration of pST also increased the percentage and accretion rate of carcass protein (P < .001) and decreased the percentage and accretion rate of carcass lipid (P < .001). The addition of CrP to the diet had no effect on any variable measured in either the untreated or pST-treated pigs. In these studies, Cr was ineffective at altering the composition of the carcass and its effects were not dependent on the pig's potential for lean gain.  相似文献   

14.
Five experiments were conducted to determine if boars and barrows differ in the level of dietary lysine required to maximize growth rate, efficiency of feed utilization, carcass leanness and N retention. In Exp. 1, 48 boars and 48 barrows were fed fortified corn-soybean meal diets calculated to contain 14 (grower) and 12% protein (finisher) and supplemented with 0, .15 or .30% lysine from 27 to 105 kg body weight. The basal diets analyzed .60 and .47% lysine, respectively. Linear improvements in feed/gain (P less than .01), backfat thickness (P less than .10), longissimus muscle area (P less than .01), and ham-loin (P less than .05) and lean cuts percentage (P less than .1) were observed in boars as dietary lysine increased. In barrows, however, growth rate, feed:gain ratio and carcass characteristics (except longissimus muscle area) were not significantly affected by dietary lysine level. In Exp. 2, 18 boars and 18 barrows initially averaging 64 kg body weight were fed a 12% protein diet (.47% lysine) supplemented with 0, .15 or .30% lysine. Linear (P less than .05) increases in N retention occurred in boars, but not barrows, as dietary lysine was increased. In Exp. 3 and 4, 140 boars (34 to 103 kg) were fed a 14-12% protein sequence (analyzed .61 and .48% lysine) supplemented with 0, .1, .2, .3 or .4% lysine. In Exp. 5, 60 boars (23 to 103 kg) were fed a 16-14% protein sequence (analyzed .83 and .68% lysine) supplemented with 0, .075, .15 or .225% lysine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

15.
Seventy-two finishing pigs (initial weight = 57.6 kg) were utilized to determine the effects of porcine somatotropin (pST) and dietary lysine level on growth performance and carcass characteristics. Pigs were injected daily with 4 mg pST in the extensor muscle of the neck and fed either a pelleted corn-sesame meal diet (.6% lysine, 17.8% CP) or diets containing .8, 1.0, 1.2 or 1.4% lysine provided by additions of L-lysine.HCl. All diets were formulated to contain at least twice the required amounts of other amino acids. Control pigs received a placebo injection and the .6%-lysine diet. Increasing levels of dietary lysine resulted in increased ADG and improved feed conversion (quadratic, P less than .01) for pST-treated pigs. The calculated daily lysine intake was 16.6, 13.6, 19.6, 25.1, 29.6 and 33.6 g for the control and pST-treated pigs fed .6, .8, 1.0, 1.2 and 1.4% lysine, respectively, over the entire experiment. Breakpoint analysis indicated that cumulative ADG and feed conversion were optimized at 1.19 and 1.22% lysine, respectively. Longissimus muscle area and trimmed ham and loin weights increased as dietary lysine was increased among pST-treated pigs (quadratic, P less than .01). Breakpoint analysis indicated that 1.11% lysine maximized longissimus muscle area, whereas trimmed ham and loin weights were maximized at .91 and .98% lysine, respectively. Adjusted backfat thickness was not affected by dietary lysine, but pST-treated pigs had less backfat (P less than .05) than control pigs did. Percentage moisture of the longissimus muscle increased (linear, P less than .05), as did percentage CP (quadratic, P less than .05), whereas fat content decreased (linear, P less than .05) as lysine level increased. Similar trends in composition were observed for muscles of the ham (semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and biceps femoris). Shear-force values from the longissimus and semimembranosus were lowest for control pigs, but they increased as dietary lysine level increased among pST-treated pigs. Sensory panel evaluations indicated that juiciness and tenderness decreased (linear, P less than .05) as dietary lysine level increased. Plasma urea concentrations decreased linearly (P less than .01) on d 28 as lysine level increased, whereas plasma lysine and insulin were increased (quadratic, P less than .01). Plasma glucose and free fatty acid concentrations on d 28 tended to increase (quadratic, P less than .10) with increasing dietary lysine level.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)  相似文献   

16.
A total of 240 crossbred pigs were used in two experiments to determine the effect of feeding magnesium mica (MM) during the growing-finishing period on animal performance and pork carcass characteristics. All pigs were blocked by weight, and treatments were assigned randomly to pens (five pigs/pen) within blocks. In each experiment, eight pens were allotted randomly to one of three treatments: 1) a negative control corn-soybean meal starter, grower, and finisher diet devoid of supplemental magnesium; 2) the control diets supplemented with 1.25% MM; and 3) the control diets supplemented with 2.50% MM. In Exp. 1, pigs were slaughtered at the University of Arkansas Red Meat Abattoir, whereas pigs in Exp. 2 were transported to a commercial pork packing plant and slaughtered according to industry-accepted procedures. In both experiments, dietary supplementation of MM had no (P > .10) effect on ADG, ADFI, or gain:feed ratio at any phase during the growing-finishing period. In Exp. 1, MM supplementation had no (P > .10) effect on carcass fatness or muscling. Moreover, Japanese color scores were not (P > .10) affected by feeding pigs MM; however, American color scores increased linearly (P < .01) with increasing levels of MM in the diet. Although MM supplementation did not (P > .10) affect L* and b* values for the longissimus muscle (LM), there was a linear increase (P < .05) in LM a* and chroma values associated with increased MM levels in swine diets. In Exp. 2, carcasses from pigs fed 1.25% MM had less (P < .05) fat opposite the LM at the 10th rib than untreated controls and pigs fed 2.50% MM and higher (P < .10) percentages of muscle than carcasses of untreated controls. Moreover, the LM from pigs fed 1.25% MM was less (P < .05) red and less (P < .05) yellow than the LM from pigs fed the control or 2.50% MM-supplemented diets. Drip loss from the LM was unaffected (P > .10) by inclusion of MM in the diet. Results from this study confirm that inclusion of MM, an inexpensive, inorganic magnesium source, in diets of growing-finishing swine has beneficial effects on pork carcass cutability and quality with no deleterious effects on live animal performance.  相似文献   

17.
Nutritional value of quality protein maize for starter and finisher swine.   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
Growth trials with starter (n = 120, 6.8 kg initially, 28 d of age, Exp. 1) and finisher (n = 70, 59 kg initially, Exp. 2) pigs were conducted to compare quality protein maize (QPM, .40% lysine) and normal corn (.31% lysine) in simple corn-based diets containing the same levels of soybean meal. In Exp. 1, pig performance was similar (P greater than .10) on all diets, regardless of the level of soybean meal, suggesting that QPM and normal corn have similar feeding value in lysine-adequate (.99 to 1.11%) diets. In Exp. 2, less soybean meal was needed in QPM than in normal corn diets to maximize performance; increasing soybean meal from 10.8 to 13.8% improved rate (P less than .05) and efficiency (P less than .01) of gain of pigs fed normal corn diets but had no effect on performance of pigs fed QPM diets. A QPM-based diet containing 6% soybean meal and supplemental lysine and tryptophan failed to maximize feed efficiency, but growth rate was equal to that obtained on the normal corn diet with 13.8% soybean meal. The apparent fecal digestibility of GE and ileal digestibility of N were similar for QPM and normal corn, but apparent ileal digestibility of most essential amino acids was slightly higher for QPM (Exp. 3). Experiment 4 compared apparent digestibilities of QPM, conventional opaque-2 corn and two high-protein corns. Digestibilities differed (P less than .05) among the corns, but the absolute differences were small and were likely due to differences in amino acid content of the corns.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

18.
The efficacy of recombinantly derived porcine somatotropin (rpST) in improving the performance and carcass characteristics of heavyweight finishing pigs was determined. In Study 1, 36 pigs were killed for determination of initial carcass composition at 102 kg, and 36 pigs each were given 0, 1.5, 3, 6, or 9 mg of rpST/d from 102 to 136 kg live weight. Corn-soybean meal diets fed contained 19.8% CP and greater than 1% lysine. Study 2 tested the effects of 3 mg/d on pigs for 4 wk from 84 kg BW fed a corn-soybean meal or a triticale-barley-peas diet. Performance variables (ADG, average daily feed intake [ADFI], and feed efficiency [FE]) were measured weekly. Treatment with rpST increased (P less than .01) ADG and FE and decreased (P less than .01) ADFI in both studies. In Study 1, leaf fat, backfat thickness, belly thickness, and carcass fat were all decreased (P less than .01) linearly by rpST. Loin eye area (LEA), total trimmed lean, and total protein content were increased quadratically (P less than .01). At the 3-mg dose, ADFI, ADG, and FE were 87, 130, and 137% of control, and LEA, backfat, total protein gain, and total fat gain were 107, 80, 136, and 52% of control. Loin eye area was not increased (P greater than .05) in the pigs in Study 2; however, backfat thickness was reduced 16% by rpST (P less than .01). The effects of rpST were the same on both dietary regimens (P greater than .05). These studies demonstrate the effectiveness of rpST in increasing ADG and carcass leanness and improving FE in heavyweight pigs and in pigs fed alternative feedstuffs.  相似文献   

19.
Twenty-four barrows (approximately 25 kg initial wt) were used in each of three 2 X 2 factorially arranged trials to study effects of exercise (not exercised vs walking 30 min/d, 6 d/wk on a treadmill) and diet (low energy vs high energy) on performance during the growing-finishing period. Average daily gain (ADG) of barrows not exercised was greater (P less than .07) than that of those exercised. Barrows fed the high-energy diet had greater (P less than .05) ADG, lower (P less than .01) feed intake and lower (P less than .01) feed-to-gain ratio than barrows fed low-energy diets. In trials 1 and 2, pigs were slaughtered when removed from test and selected carcass measurements and internal organ weights were obtained. Exercise did not significantly affect carcass length, backfat thickness, loin muscle area or lean cuts (as a percentage of off-test weight). Pigs fed the high-energy diet had more (P less than .01) backfat than those fed the low-energy diet. Neither the exercise program nor the diet had a significant effect on organ weights. Pigs not exercised had a higher (P less than .05) plasma albumin-to-globulin ratio and lower (P less than .05) plasma creatinine concentration than did pigs that were exercised. Also, pigs not exercised had slightly higher (P less than .08) plasma albumin and glucose, but lower (P less than .06) plasma globulin levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

20.
A grower finisher performance trial with forty-eight pigs was designed to compare the growth performance of pigs fed diets containing either genetically modified (GM) Bt-maize (NX6262) or its parental maize (Prelude) line. During the experiment, the pigs were fed with a grower and a finisher diet both containing 70% maize investigated in a previously study which showed that they contained similar ME values and digestibility of crude nutrients. The pigs with an initial live weight of 23.9 +/- 3.0 kg were allotted to single boxes. During a 91 days growing period the pigs of both groups recorded equal performance in daily weight gain (AW) 815 +/- 93 vs. 804 +/- 64 g/d depending on equal amounts of feed intake 1.95 +/- 0.15 vs. 1.94 +/- 0.15 kg/d (parental vs. transgenic). The results confirm equal performance among growing-finishing pigs fed parental or genetically modified maize containing diets. For slaughtering the pigs were divided into 4 groups with a different duration of the finishing period. After slaughtering the carcass characteristic were registered.  相似文献   

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