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1.
山西省小麦苗期根系性状及抗旱特性分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
小麦苗期根系形态是成株期根系分布的基础,与抗逆和产量密切相关,全面认识苗期根系及抗旱特性,对于抗旱优异种质的利用和早期筛选具有重要意义。采用239份山西省小麦品种(系)在土培条件下,研究了苗期根系性状及对水分胁迫的响应。结果表明,正常生长下山西小麦苗期根系性状多样性丰富,地方种变异最大;不同年代品种中,除最大根长随年代略下降外,其他性状均呈先升后降的趋势;不同根系性状对水分胁迫响应存在差异,总根长对水分最敏感,其次为根表面积、根体积和根生物量,最大根长和平均根数不敏感。苗期根系综合抗旱能力随年代呈先降后升的趋势,地方种和20世纪70年代品种多为中抗,80和90年代的品种抗旱性较低,2000年以后审定品种的抗性较高,其中旱地品种抗性最好。苗期根系抗旱特性与产量性状相关分析发现,最大根长、总根长、根体积和根生物量与雨养条件下的千粒重和产量显著正相关,最大根长和根生物量与成株期抗旱性也显著正相关。因此苗期最大根长和根生物量可作为半干旱地区旱地育种过程中抗旱性和产量的早期筛选指标。 相似文献
2.
膜下滴灌水氮对棉花根系构型的影响 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
通过分层挖掘法,研究了膜下滴灌棉花根系构型对水氮的响应。结果表明：灌水量增加,根干重增加,根长、根表面积降低。表土层根干重、根长下降,深土层增加,各土层根表面积下降。高氮对根系具有明显的抑制作用,各土层根干重、根长、根表面积下降。水氮交互对根干重、平均根长、亚表土层根干重、表土层和深土层根长、根表面积影响明显。灌水300 mm,根干重及根干重在亚土层中的分布以276kg·hm-2最高。施氮对平均根长密度的影响差异不明显。低氮和高氮促进深土层根长、根表面积增加。灌水600 mm,深土层根长以276kg·hm-2最高,各土层根表面积随供氮水平的增加下降。水分是影响皮棉产量的主要因子,水分胁迫降低了氮肥的增产效应,氮肥促进了灌水的增产效果,但过多的氮肥供应降低增产效果。 相似文献
3.
《分子植物育种》2017,(6)
将长江中下游优良小麦品种引种到忻定盆地进行春播,为明确品种的适宜施氮量,本试验以扬麦13、川麦42、宁2038(对照)为材料,设高(施纯氮255 kg/hm~2)、中(施纯氮187.5 kg/hm~2)、低(施纯氮120 kg/hm~2)3种施肥处理,探究施氮量对南引小麦品种生长发育和籽粒产量的影响。试验表明扬麦13产量优势稳定,适宜中肥(5 353 kg/hm~2)处理;而川麦42则是高肥下产量(5 840 kg/hm~2)极显著地高于其它处理。南引小麦主茎叶片数、株高与产量(累计贡献率达84.29%)关系密切,且孕穗期主茎叶片可溶性糖含量与产量正相关(R=0.99**)。主茎叶片数是春播冬麦获得高产的物质基础,而施氮量对产量的影响因品种而异。本试验将为春播冬麦合理施肥提供参考。 相似文献
4.
不同年代玉米品种根系对低氮干旱胁迫的响应分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以1973年以来5个主推玉米品种中单2号、丹玉13、掖单13、农大108、郑单958以及新品种豫单606为材料,在低氮和低氮干旱复合胁迫下,研究了品种更替过程中根系变化特征。结果表明,随年代推进,玉米品种根干重、根长及根表面积呈先升后降又升的趋势,早期品种的3个根系性状逐渐增加,以获取更多的水分和养分,现代品种的3个根系性状逐渐减少,以减少冗余器官的消耗,而新品种有所上升,以满足产量持续增长所需水分和养分。在低氮和低氮干旱复合胁迫下,与早期品种相比,现代品种根干重变化小,但根长和根表面积增加多,根系平均直径变细,伤流量减少不显著。上述结果表明,不同年代玉米品种根系逐渐优化,现代品种根系形态调节能力增强,对低氮和低氮干旱复合胁迫的耐性提高。 相似文献
5.
为探究施氮处理对不同筋型小麦的植株性状、籽粒产量和品质的影响,采用盆栽试验,选用强筋小麦品种中麦578（A1）和中麦5051（A2）、弱筋小麦品种扬麦15（A3）和扬麦24（A4）为供试品种,在施氮量相同的条件下进行底施（B1）和追施（B2）处理。结果表明：在其他栽培措施相同条件下,强筋小麦穗长、总小穗数、千粒重和籽粒产量均优于弱筋小麦,其中A1籽粒产量分别比A2、A3和A4高0.44%、49.81%和15.27%;施氮处理中B2的株高、穗长、穗粒数、总小穗数和籽粒产量均高于B1;不同处理组合中,强筋小麦品种A1B2的植株和产量性状优于其他处理;强筋小麦品种的籽粒蛋白质含量和蛋白质产量均高于弱筋小麦品种,且具有极显著差异（P<0.01)。本试验中强筋小麦品种中麦5051在氮肥追施处理中可以兼顾籽粒产量、蛋白质含量和蛋白质产量。 相似文献
6.
江苏中籼水稻品种演进过程中根系形态生理性状的变化及其与产量的关系 总被引：9，自引：2，他引：7
以江苏省近60年来各阶段具有代表性的13个中熟籼稻品种(含杂交稻组合)为材料,依据品种种植年代结合株型特点将其分为早期高秆(ET)、矮秆(DC)、半矮秆 (SDC)和超级稻(SR) 4个类型,研究了中籼水稻品种演进过程中根系形态生理性状的变化及其与产量的关系。结果表明,在各主要生育期,根干重、根重密度、根长、根长密度和根直径随品种演进增加或显著增加。自抽穗期,地上部干物重随品种演进显著增加。在分蘖中期和穗分化始期,超级稻品种的根冠比显著大于其他类型品种,在生育进程中,各类型间无显著差异。在分蘖中期,随品种演进,比根长显著降低,但在生育进程中,各类型间无显著差异。在生长早期和中期,根系氧化力、叶片光合速率、根系总吸收表面积和活跃吸收表面积以及根系伤流液中细胞分裂素(玉米素+玉米素核苷)浓度随品种演进增加或显著增加。随着品种演进产量逐步提高,其原因主要是每穗粒数的增多导致总颖花量的增加。回归分析表明,根干重、根长、根直径、根系氧化力、根系总吸收表面积和根系活跃吸收表面积与产量呈极显著线性正相关关系。说明改善的根系和地上部的生长,促进了现代品种特别是超级稻品种产量的提高。 相似文献
7.
陕西省不同年代玉米品种产量和氮效率性状的变化 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
明确陕西省不同年代玉米产量和氮效率性状响应氮肥的变化趋势,对西北旱区玉米高产氮高效品种选育具有重要的实践意义。本文以1981—2010年间陕西省12个玉米主栽品种为材料,于2011年和2012年在典型旱区陕西长武进行3个氮水平(0、120和240 kg hm–2)的田间试验,分析了不同年代玉米品种农艺和氮效率性状变化趋势。结果显示,不同年代玉米品种籽粒产量随氮水平增加而提高,在施氮0、120和240 kg hm–2处理下籽粒产量增益分别为每年46、65和83 kg hm–2。所有氮水平下2000—2010年间品种产量和生物量显著高于1980—1989年间品种,而秸秆产量变化不明显;现代玉米品种(2000—2010年)产量的增加归因于穗粒数、千粒重和生物量的提高。不同年代玉米品种消光系数随氮水平增加而降低,说明现代玉米品种(2000—2010年)较老品种(1980—1989年)叶片直立,截获更多的光能,致使产量和生物量高。随着年代的递进,玉米品种氮肥农学利用率呈递增趋势,在低氮水平下现代品种氮肥利用效率最高,且显著高于老品种。氮肥农学利用率与氮吸收效率(NUpE)和花后氮素积累量呈显著相关(r=0.75;r=0.72),而与氮生理效率(NUtE)和花前氮素积累量相关性不显著(r=0.42;r=0.39)。说明现代玉米品种氮肥农学利用率提高主要来自氮肥吸收效率和花后氮素积累量的增加。上述结果表明,陕西玉米育种应注重穗粒数、千粒重、氮吸收效率性状和株型结构改良,低氮环境压力选择将有助于旱区玉米高产氮高效新品种培育。 相似文献
8.
为探究春小麦品种对氮肥的响应特征,采用盆栽方式,选用来自埃及的Egypt1和Egypt2、来自我国天津的津强6号和津强11号4个春小麦品种,设不施氮（B1）、施尿素1g/盆（B2）和施尿素1.5g/盆（B3）3个施氮处理,于小麦成熟期测定植株性状、产量和籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量。结果表明,Egypt2的穗长、穗粒数、小穗数、千粒重、产量均高于津强6号,但津强6号的籽粒总蛋白、清蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量最高;随着拔节期施氮量的增加,小麦穗粒数、千粒重、产量、蛋白质及其组分含量均逐渐增高,其中B3处理最高;不同处理组合中,施氮量较高处理下Egypt2的千粒重和产量最高,施氮量较高的津强6号的籽粒总蛋白质及其组分含量最高,拔节期施氮量增多,有利于提高小麦产量、总蛋白质及其组分含量。由此可知,不同品种中,Egypt2的产量最高,津强6号的总蛋白质含量最高;合理施氮肥可以提高小麦的产量和品质,施尿素1.5g/盆的氮肥处理小麦生长最好。品种和施氮量对小麦的产量和品质有较大影响。 相似文献
9.
饼肥与无机氮肥配施对水稻根系形态生理和产量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以扬稻6号(籼稻)和扬辐粳8号(粳稻)为材料,设置4个处理:(T1)不施氮肥;(T2)施用无机氮;(T3)施用饼肥;(T4)饼肥与无机氮肥配施.研究饼肥与无机氮肥配施对水稻根系形态生理和产量形成的影响.结果表明:各处理的产量表现为饼肥与无机氮肥配施(T4)＞施用无机氮(T2)＞施用饼肥(T3)＞不施氮肥(T1),4个处理间差异显著.饼肥与无机氮肥配施(T4)显著增加了穗数、结实率、千粒重和收获指数.饼肥与无机氮肥配施(T4)显著提高了抽穗期有效叶面积和高效叶面积、灌浆期叶片叶绿素含量和光合速率以及各主要生育时期的根干重、根长、根系氧化力、根系伤流量、根系总吸收表面积和活跃吸收表面积.表明饼肥与无机氮肥配施可以促进根部生长,进而促进地上部生长并提高产量. 相似文献
10.
栽培模式对杂交粳稻常优5号根系形态生理性状和地上部生长的影响 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
以杂交粳稻常优5号为材料, 设置未施氮肥处理(0N)、当地高产栽培(对照)、超高产栽培和氮肥高效利用栽培等4种栽培模式, 观察其对水稻不同生育期根系形态生理和地上部生长的影响。结果表明, 不同栽培模式下水稻产量差异极显著。超高产栽培与氮肥高效利用栽培两年的平均产量分别为12.29 t hm-2和9.62 t hm-2, 平均分别较对照增产41.4%和10.7%。上述两种栽培模式的氮肥农学利用率(每kg施氮量增加的产量)分别较对照增加80.7%和76.8%, 灌溉水利用效率分别较对照提高62.1%和32.3%。与对照相比, 超高产栽培与氮肥高效利用栽培均增加了水稻地上部干物重、叶面积指数、根干重、根长, 提高了粒叶比, 改善了库源关系, 并提高了根冠比与根系伤流量。同时也提高了灌浆期剑叶净光合速率、根系氧化力、根系总吸收表面积与根系活跃吸收表面积, 生育中后期根系、叶片以及根系伤流液中的玉米素(Z)与玉米素核苷(ZR)含量、灌浆期籽粒中蔗糖合酶(SuSase)以及腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPase)活性。这说明, 通过栽培技术的集成与优化可以提高水稻灌浆期根系和地上部的生理活性, 促进水稻高产与水分养分高效利用。 相似文献
11.
黄土高原不同年代旱地冬小麦品种产量及光合特性对密度的响应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为研究旱地冬小麦品种更替过程中产量与光合特征对群体大小的响应,选择1940-2004年先后培育的7个冬小麦品种,于2011-2012年在陕西长武农业生态试验站进行田间试验,并设置3个播种密度（100、250、350粒/m 2）。在所有密度处理中,子粒产量均随着品种的更替而呈线性增长,年均遗传增益在0.65%到1.29%之间。1980年后培育的小麦品种的产量对于播种密度更不敏感,具备更好的群体调节能力。现代品种收获指数和千粒重的提高与其产量的提升呈显著正相关。品种更替过程中花期旗叶净光合速率和叶面积指数持续增长,并提高千粒重,最终增加产量。花期时冠层下可见天空比随着品种更替呈显著下降趋势。在黄土高原的冬小麦育种工作中,应将耐密性、大库容、高光效的理想株型作为重要的筛选指标。 相似文献
12.
Genetic improvement in wheat yield and associated traits. A re-examination of previous results and the latest trends 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Two field experiments were carried out with seven wheat cultivars (three of them, including a commercial hybrid, released during the last 10 years) representing different eras of plant breeding, to evaluate genetic improvement over the last century in grain yield, height, biomass, harvest index and grain yield components. Plots were fertilized and irrigated, and lodging and diseases were prevented. Main culm height was negatively correlated with the year of release of the cultivars, probably as a consequence of selection for increased lodging resistance. There was no significant association between total above-ground biomass and year of release of the cultivars. On the other hand, grain yield increased as newer cultivars were released. Results indicate that during recent years harvest index has been kept as the main attribute responsible for increases in grain yield. In general, number of grains/m2 was associated with increases in grain yield during the century. However, the newest cultivars showed an increased grain weight. In both growing seasons, cultivars released before 1980 showed a trend towards reduced grain weight, but cultivars released after 1987 had a similar number of grains per m2 with a higher grain weight than their predecessors. This was probably because the most modern cultivars have a longer grain-filling duration with a similar length of growth cycle. 相似文献
13.
In recent decades, most winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeding in the United States has been done in field nurseries in which the soil receives ample fertilization. To determine the effects of these breeding efforts on productivity under low-fertility conditions, we evaluated twenty-nine winter wheat genotypes (seven Asian landraces; thirteen standard-height U.S. cultivars released between 1874 and 1971; and nine semidwarf cultivars released between 1977 and 1988) under severe fertility stress at three Kansas, USA locations. Experiments included fertilized and unfertilized treatments. The modern, semidwarf cultivars yielded 18% and 20% more, on average, than landraces and standard-height cultivars under low and high fertility, respectively; however, only the latter difference reached the 5% significance level. At only one location (Hays) was there a significant genotype X fertility interaction: there, 89% of the semidwarf cultivars, only 8% of the standard cultivars, and 57% of the landraces responded to fertilization. The regression coefficient of mean grain yield (unfertilized) on year of introduction or release for standard and semidwarf cultivars was zero, indicating that a century of breeding has produced no genetic improvement in performance under these low-fertility conditions. Although we found that the usual yield advantage of modern cultivars is not expressed under very low fertility, we saw no evidence that older cultivars are superior under those conditions. 相似文献
14.
B. Feil 《Plant Breeding》1992,108(1):1-11
The present paper reviews the results of comparative studies on old and modern small grain cereal cultivars. The contribution of genetic improvement to the increase in grain yield and the influence of environmental factors on the performance of old and modern cultivars are discussed. The evolution of grain yield components and the effects of breeding on numerous physiological, morphological and biochemical characteristics such as formation of above-ground biomass, havest index, total N uptake, N harvest index, N concentration in the grains, canopy structure, carbon dioxide exchange, tiller survival, root growth, course of development and enzyme activities are considered. 相似文献
15.
16.
The contribution of improvements in morphophysiological traits to increased gram yield in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and the achievements of breeding for high bread-making quality in Finland since the 1930s were assessed. Ten wheat cultivars released in Finland between 1939 and 1990 were evaluated in Held experiments at the Viikki Experimental Farm, University of Helsinki, Finland (60°13′N) in 1991 and 1992. Twenty-two traits representing maturity, plant architecture, plant stand structure and N accumulation, and nine quality traits, including protein concentration and protein quality, were assessed. A 20 % increase in grain yield arising from cultivar improvement was associated with a 7 % reduction in height, an 80 % improvement in lodging resistance, and a 15 % higher harvest index (HI). Ear weight was 30 % higher in the modern cultivars. The higher ear weight of the modern cultivars was a result of more grains per ear and a higher spikelet weight. No decrease in vegetative phytomass in modern cultivars was recorded in this study. Grain yield and total N accumulation increased simultaneously and a positive correlation between year of cultivar release and nitrogen index was established. Although use of high N fertilizer application rates resulted in significantly improved baking quality of the flour, no trend between baking quality and year of cultivar release was recorded. The relatively low HI recorded in this study suggests that further yield increases art-likely to be achieved by selecting for higher HI. 相似文献
17.
Summary Changes in nitrogen (N) economy and N to dry matter (DM) relationships were studied for six cultivars of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) released in Argentina at different times between 1912 and 1980. Experiments were performed on two successive years.N partitioning to reproductive organs was changed both at anthesis and at maturity. Grain N yield (GNY) was associated to both total N accumulated and N partitioning. Most of the changes produced by genetic improvement on N economy at maturity could be explained by parallel changes at anthesis. Neither biological N yield (BNY) at anthesis nor BNY at maturity showed any trend with the year of release of the cultivars.Grain N concentration (GNC) showed a negative trend with the year of release, and was inversely correlated to both grain yield (GY) and harvest index (HI). However, GNC was positively and significantly associated with NHI to HI ratio, indicating that the main reason for its behaviour along this century was the dilution of N on non N compounds.The N utilization efficiencies (NUE) for both GY and grain number were positively affected by breeding. Moreover, modern Argentinian cultivars are as efficient as the best cultivars showed by other authors.It is suggested that to increase GNC together with GY, breeders should improve N accumulation at anthesis maintaining high remobilization of vegetative N. 相似文献
18.
不同粒色小麦籽粒铁锌含量和生物有效性及其对氮磷肥的响应 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
明确不同粒色小麦籽粒铁锌含量和生物有效性及其对氮磷肥配施的响应, 对小麦高产优质高效生产具有重要意义。本文以6个不同粒色(白粒、红粒和黑粒)小麦品种为材料, 在大田条件下研究了不同氮磷肥配比(N1: 90 kg N hm -2; N2: 240 kg N hm -2; P1: 60 kg P2O5 hm -2; P2: 209 kg P2O5 hm -2)对小麦产量、籽粒铁锌含量及其生物有效性的影响。结果表明, 不同品种籽粒铁锌含量和积累量存在年际间差异, 黑粒小麦具有较高的铁锌生物有效性。小麦籽粒产量、铁锌含量及积累量在N2P1处理下最高; 铁锌生物有效性在N2P2或N2P1处理下最高, 两处理之间没有显著差异。红粒小麦扬麦15和扬麦22在N2P1水平下籽粒铁锌含量及其积累量最高, N2P2次之; 黑粒小麦周黑麦1号和紫麦1号在N2P2水平下铁含量及其积累量最高, N2P1次之; 不同品种的铁锌生物有效性多数在N2P1或N2P2水平下最高, 表明适量增施氮肥, 有利于提高籽粒产量、铁锌含量及其生物有效性。在本试验条件下综合考虑产量和效率, N2P1 (240 kg N hm -2、60 kg P2O5 hm -2)处理对提高产量、增加籽粒铁锌含量及其生物有效性效果最佳。 相似文献
19.
利用太谷显性雄性核不育基因Tal选育小麦新品种初报 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
太谷雄性不育基因Tal,是小麦遗传改良极为有用的工具,利用它特别适于多亲本聚合杂交和轮回选择育种。经过几年的研究,已初步育成一批各具特色的优良新品种和新种质。通过抗赤霉病基因库建拓育成了长江8809、长江8863、TFSL037、长江8807、长江8810、长江8862等,产量比对照扬麦5号增产或相当,抗赤、抗锈性明显优于扬麦5号,对赤霉病抗扩展性达抗病(R)级,大多对白粉病、纹枯病及湿害还兼具较好抗耐性,株高80～90cm,抗性与丰产,矮秆结合较好。经复合杂交育成的长江8877(红壳)和长江8877(白壳)平均亩产400公斤左右,比扬麦5号增产100公斤左右,籽粒白皮,容重较高。通过简单杂交育成的长江8802、长江8853和长江8897,各具特异优良性状。长江8802白皮抗穗发芽,长江8853早熟优质,长江8897特早熟大穗大粒,品质好。 相似文献
20.
水稻产量对氮肥响应的品种间差异及其与根系形态生理的关系 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
以籼稻天优华占、两优培九和粳稻陵香优18、宁粳1号为材料,研究了水稻产量对氮肥的响应。结果表明,水稻产量对施氮量的反应存在明显的品种间差异。上述4个水稻品种在获得最高产量(10.1~10.3 t hm-2)时,天优华占和陵香优18所需施氮量为242.5~255.5 kg hm-2,明显低于两优培九和宁粳1号的327.3~328.0 kg hm-2。天优华占和陵香优18的氮肥农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力均明显高于两优培九和宁粳1号,表明天优华占和陵香优18产量对氮肥的反应较两优培九和宁粳1号敏感。在高产(10.5~10.9 t hm-2)条件下,天优华占和陵香优18主要生育期根系的重量、长度和总吸收表面积低于两优培九和宁粳1号,而根系活跃吸收表面积及其占总吸收表面积的比例、根系伤流量以及根系活力则显著高于两优培九和宁粳1号。上述结果表明,通过栽培措施调控或选用根系活跃吸收表面积、根系伤流量和根系活力高的水稻品种将更有利于降低水稻施氮量和提高产量及氮肥利用效率。 相似文献