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1.
  【目的】  湖南怀化市花洋溪村“贡田”生产的稻米品质优良,历史上一直作为贡品。我们研究了品种和“贡田”的理化性状和环境,以分析形成优质稻米的影响因素。  【方法】  在湖南怀化市花洋溪村的“贡田”与非贡田中采集0—20 cm 耕层土样,测定土壤有机碳、全量及速效氮磷养分含量。在两块田中同时种植了‘禾中香’、‘穗晚香’、‘农香25’ 3个水稻品种,测定了灌溉水、稻谷和土壤的22种元素含量,分析了稻米的食味品质(外观、黏度、硬度、平衡度、食味值)及营养品质(蛋白质、脂肪、淀粉)。通过冗余分析、结构方程模型等方法,解析“贡田”对水稻食味及营养品质的影响。  【结果】  与非贡田相比,“贡田”土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效钾、有效磷含量,微生物量碳、微生物量氮、微生物量磷含量,以及铁、铝含量均明显较高。“贡田”中生长的水稻籽粒中含有较高的锌、铷、锶含量和较高的脂肪含量 (营养品质),而稻米的食味品质(黏度、外观及食味值)则更多地取决于水稻品种。冗余分析结果显示,土壤全量养分、速效养分及微生物生物量解释了59%的水稻食味及营养品质差异。结构方程模型显示,土壤中22种元素含量与水稻中的相应元素含量显著正相关。灌溉水元素含量较少,对稻米食味及营养品质影响也较小。  【结论】  “贡田”通过长期施用有机肥显著提高了土壤有机质和氮、磷、钾含量,维持了较好的土壤生物性状,因此,在同样施肥量下,可显著提高水稻的产量和营养品质。相比于土壤肥力,稻米品种特性决定着稻米的食味品质及其对土壤肥力的响应。依据当下的施肥量和施肥方法(含秸秆还田),稻米中较高的脂肪含量和较低的蛋白含量均有助于稻米食味值的增加。因此,维持高的土壤肥力和适当的施肥水平,是获得优质稻米和较高产量的关键。  相似文献   

2.
【目的】研究旱地高产小麦品种籽粒含磷量差异,明确籽粒含磷量与农艺性状、营养品质的关系,以期为旱地小麦科学施肥与高产优质品种选育提供理论依据。 【方法】设置施肥 (N 150 kg/hm2、P2O5 100 kg/hm2) 与不施肥两个处理,以123个小麦品种为试验材料,于2013—2016年在渭北旱塬连续三年进行田间试验,研究旱地高产小麦品种籽粒含磷量差异与生物量累积、产量构成及氮磷钾吸收利用的关系。 【结果】小麦籽粒产量每增加1000 kg/hm2,籽粒含磷量降低0.28 g/kg,两者呈显著负相关。高产品种的产量平均为6.9 t/hm2,品种间籽粒含磷量差异显著,介于2.5～3.7 g/kg,变幅为51.1%。高磷组和低磷组产量及构成要素差异均不显著,高磷组品种的籽粒含氮量显著高于低磷组,含钾量与低磷组无显著差异;高磷组的籽粒与营养器官氮磷吸收量均高于低磷组,向籽粒转移氮、磷的能力无显著差异,转移钾的能力却低于低磷组品种。施肥后,两组品种籽粒与营养器官氮、磷、钾吸收量均增加,高磷组品种的增幅高于低磷组;氮磷钾向籽粒转移的能力均降低,高磷组品种转移钾的能力降幅更大。 【结论】高产小麦品种中,高磷品种的籽粒含氮量与氮吸收量也更高,对施肥的响应也更显著。施肥后,高磷组的生物量与营养器官氮磷钾吸收量增幅均高于低磷组的,而养分收获指数降幅更大。因此,在选育高产小麦时,应选择籽粒含磷量适中的品种并提高养分收获指数。在小麦生产中,也要依据籽粒含磷量的高低,调整施肥方案,同步提高籽粒含氮量,实现旱地小麦高产优质。  相似文献   

3.
有机水稻品种产量、品质和氮素吸收利用的关系   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
Due to the relatively late start of organic rice (Oryza sativa L.) research in China, there is a still lack of systematic research on rice varieties, organic fertilizer management practices, and especially the mechanisms of nitrogen (N) uptake and utilization. Three rice varieties, Nanjing 5055, Nanjing 9108, and Nanjing 46, were grown at organic farming (OF) with three organic fertilizer levels (103.2, 160.8, and 218.4 kg N ha-1) and conventional farming (CF) with regular chemical fertilizers. Rice grain yields, yield components, and quality, dry matter accumulation, and plant N were measured at different growth stages during the 2012 and 2013 growing seasons. Compared with CF, OF had a significantly reduced yield. Nanjing 9108 showed significant reductions in number of panicles per unit area and the percentage of filled grains, and had the lowest yield. The effects of fertilizer type and application rate on dry matter accumulation during the main growth periods were significant for all varieties. The N content and uptake of organically grown rice were lower compared with that of rice under CF. The N recovery efficiency and N agronomic efficiency were significantly lower, whereas N physiological efficiency and N partial factor productivity were greater under OF than under CF. Under OF, the processing quality showed a slight but insignificant decline, protein content and gel consistency increased, and amylose content decreased compared with those under CF. Correlation analysis showed that under OF, grain yield was significantly correlated with N uptake. The medium organic fertilizer level (160.8 kg N ha-1) was found to be the optimum fertilizer treatment, and Nanjing 46 appeared to be the best variety for organic rice cultivation. To increase rice grain yields and reduce the potential risk of non-point source pollution in organic agriculture, further research is needed to improve the N use efficiency in organic rice cultivation.  相似文献   

4.
生态环境与施氮量协同对小麦籽粒微量元素含量的影响   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5  
【目的】铁、 锰、 铜、 锌等微量元素含量的高低不仅直接关系到小麦植株的生长发育也直接影响到小麦籽粒的营养价值。不同地区、 品种以及种植方式小麦微量元素营养品质不稳定。本试验主要研究不同生态环境与栽培措施协同对小麦籽粒微量元素含量的影响,以期为小麦高产优质生产提供参考。【方法】试验位于生态环境差异较大的北京、 河北任丘和河北赵县,采用裂区设计,以试验点为主区,即任丘、 北京、 赵县; 施氮量为副区,设5个氮素水平0、 90、 180、 270、 360 kg/hm2; 小麦品种为副副区,为济麦20、 皖麦38、 京冬8号、 中麦8号。收获后于每个小区中随机取样测定籽粒样品中Fe、 Mn、 Cu、 Zn等4种微量元素的含量。比较微量元素含量的差异显著性,分析不同试点生态条件与施氮量对小麦微量元素含量的影响,探讨不同生态环境下小麦微量元素含量的稳定性以及氮肥的调控补偿效应。【结果】 1）小麦籽粒中铁、 锰、 铜、 锌微量元素含量受生态环境、 栽培因素及品种遗传因素的共同作用,各试验因子均对其有显著影响。其中以生态环境的影响最大,生态环境差异越大,对小麦微量元素的影响作用越大。降水量可以影响小麦对铁和锰的吸收, 锌则受土壤有机质含量和试点纬度影响较大; 土壤中的钾可以促进小麦对铁、 锰、 铜、 锌的吸收利用。2）在0~360 kg/hm2 施氮范围内,氮肥有利于促进小麦对土壤中铁、 铜和锌的吸收,不利于锰的吸收积累。适当施用氮肥有利于缩小小麦籽粒铁、 锰、 铜元素含量的生态环境变异,提高其生态稳定性,但对锌元素试点间稳定性影响较小。施用氮肥对不同小麦品种微量元素含量差异有不同程度的调节效应,有利于缩小小麦品种间铁、 锰、 锌含量的差异。【结论】栽培环境对小麦籽粒微量元素含量的影响大于遗传因素,即小麦籽粒微量元素含量有较强的栽培可塑性。施氮有利于弥补生态环境或品种差异引起的微量元素含量不稳定性,调节品种差异并补偿生态环境对小麦造成的不利影响。适宜的栽培环境对提高小麦籽粒微量元素含量有明显效果。  相似文献   

5.
两个水稻品种富硒特性比较研究   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  
以前期田间试验筛选出的富硒能力较强的水稻品种捷丰优629和谷丰优8312为材料,采集硒含量不同的稻田土壤,通过盆栽试验进一步研究了两个水稻品种对土壤硒的吸收、分配及其糙米和精米中无机硒与有机硒含量的组成特点。结果表明:两个水稻品种植株的硒累积量、糙米和精米的硒含量与有机硒含量都是高硒土壤极显著高于低硒土壤,表明高硒土壤有利于稻米硒的累积与有机硒的合成,因此生产优质富硒大米最好选择硒含量较高的稻田土壤。无论在高硒土壤还是低硒土壤上,捷丰优629植株中硒累积量和籽粒中硒累积量与谷丰优8312的差异都不显著,但捷丰优629的糙米和精米中硒含量以及有机硒含量都极显著高于谷丰优8312,表明捷丰优629吸收的硒易分配到可食用部位(糙米和精米),而且其无机硒向有机硒的转化能力较强,因此综合比较来看捷丰优629富硒特性优于谷丰优8312。  相似文献   

6.
The effects of organic versus conventional farming practices on wheat functional and nutritional characteristics were compared. Soft white winter wheat and hard red spring wheat were obtained from multiyear replicated field plots near Pullman, Washington, and Bozeman, Montana. Test weight, kernel weight, and kernel diameter tended to be greater in both soft and hard organic wheat than in conventional wheat in the Pullman studies. Phenolic content and total antioxidant capacity tended to be lower in organic than in conventional wheat. Flour ash, P, and Mg contents in whole wheat flour varied in parallel among cropping systems, but levels were not consistently associated with either organic or conventional cropping systems. Protein contents of whole wheat and refined flours were similar in organic and conventional wheat from Pullman when fertility levels were similar. Higher fertility was associated with higher protein content in both organic and conventional cropping systems. Soft wheat flour from a low‐fertility organic cropping system had lower sodium carbonate, lactic acid, and sucrose solvent retention capacities, lower protein content, and greater cookie diameter and cake volume than soft wheat flour from the higher fertility organic and conventional cropping systems; the change in end‐product quality was significant in one out of two crop years. In the Bozeman hard wheat studies, higher fertility in both organic and conventional cropping systems tended to increase protein content and bread loaf volume. Results indicated that neither organic nor conventional cropping systems were associated with substantially improved mineral and antioxidant nutritional properties, and end‐use quality of wheat was more strongly associated with fertility level than with organic versus conventional cropping systems.  相似文献   

7.
【目的】 调查高产小麦品种籽粒氮含量差异,探讨引起籽粒氮含量差异的主要农学和营养学因素,对于品种选育和优化养分管理,提高旱地小麦产量与营养品质有重要意义。 【方法】 于2013—2016年,以我国不同麦区的123个小麦品种为供试材料,在陕西渭北旱塬连续三年开展田间试验。设置施肥 (N 150 kg/hm2、P2O5 100 kg/hm2) 和不施肥对照两个处理,收获后测产。在产量高于平均值的品种中,籽粒含氮量列前10名的定义为高氮品种,后10名的为低氮品种。分析了高产小麦品种植株和籽粒氮、磷、钾含量,干物质累积,产量构成及氮磷钾吸收利用的关系。 【结果】 小麦籽粒含氮量与产量呈极显著负相关,高产品种平均产量为6.9 t/hm2,籽粒产量每增加1000 kg/hm2,含氮量平均降低1.1 g/kg。高产品种间籽粒氮含量差异显著,高氮品种的籽粒含氮量平均分别为24.2 g/kg,低氮品种平均为19.4 g/kg,相差24.7%。两组品种的产量、生物量和产量构成因素差异均不显著,高氮品种的产量、生物量、收获指数、穗数和穗粒数对氮肥响应更敏感,施肥后分别显著增加70.0%、60.2%、9.8%、51.6%和14.3%,高氮品种营养器官含氮量较高,施肥后可显著增加150.0%;高、低氮品种籽粒的磷钾含量无显著差异,施肥后钾含量增加幅度均大于磷含量增加。高氮品种施肥后地上部氮、磷吸收量高于低氮品种,籽粒积累量增加幅度高于营养器官;籽粒钾吸收量无论施肥与否均显著低于低氮品种。施肥后,高氮品种地上部氮磷钾吸收量增幅高于低氮品种,营养器官的增幅高于籽粒。两类品种的氮磷收获指数无显著差异,但高氮品种的钾收获指数三年平均显著低于低氮品种。 【结论】 旱地土壤养分供应充足条件下,高产小麦高、低籽粒氮品种的产量、穗数、穗粒数和千粒重均无显著差异,但高籽粒氮品种对施肥响应更敏感。高产小麦品种间籽粒氮含量存在显著差异,高氮品种的籽粒含磷量高,含钾量低。施肥后,高氮品种的籽粒氮含量提高,磷、钾含量降低。高氮品种具有较高的地上部氮磷钾吸收量,但其向籽粒的转移能力并无优势。因此,在高产优质品种选育中,应进一步提升品种的氮磷钾收获指数,促进养分向籽粒分配,同时生产中需优化肥料投入,促进籽粒氮磷钾吸收与利用,实现产量和籽粒氮磷钾含量同步提高。   相似文献   

8.
为探究有机栽培对稻田土壤养分及不同食味型水稻产量和品质形成的影响,本研究以味优高产型粳稻(南粳46和苏香粳100)和味中高产型粳稻(常农粳8号和淮香粳15号)为材料,设置有机和常规2种栽培模式,对多个关键生育期(分蘖期、抽穗期、灌浆结实期和成熟期)的0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层养分含量及不同食味型粳稻的产量和品质进行比较。结果表明,分蘖期到成熟期,0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层速效磷和速效钾含量均表现为常规栽培<有机栽培;除成熟期外,有机栽培下0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层碱解氮和有机质含量在各生育时期均显著大于常规栽培。有机栽培较常规栽培降低了2种食味型粳稻的穗数,降幅均为20%左右,但提高了味中高产粳稻每穗粒数,分别提高了5.60%和6.35%,并降低了味优高产粳稻每穗粒数,分别降低了2.17%和2.52%。通径分析表明,栽培方式和品种对穗数均表现为负效应,其中栽培方式影响最大,品种较栽培方式对千粒重和结实率的影响最大。另外,有机栽培显著改善了2种食味型粳稻的外观品质、食味品质和RVA谱特征值。相关性分析表明,土壤碱解氮含量与直链淀粉含量呈显著负相关、与蛋白质含量呈显著正相关;而速效磷和速效钾含量均与直链淀粉和蛋白质含量呈显著负相关。本研究结果为优化水稻有机栽培技术、提高稻米的产量和品质提供了理论依据。  相似文献   

9.
With the increasing scarcity of rural labor, the rice transplanting pattern is encountering a shift from artificial transplanting (AT) to mechanical transplanting (MT) in numerous rice‐growing districts of China. The shift of transplanting patterns combined with altered growing environment during the grain‐filling stage in different years presumably affects rice quality. Nevertheless, related information is currently limited. This study investigated the effects of cultivars, transplanting patterns, environment, and their interactions on appearance, milling, eating, and nutritional qualities of four japonica rice varieties. The significant interactive effects of cultivars, environment, and transplanting patterns on almost all rice quality parameters (except Thr, Met, and Ile) were observed. Cultivars and environment were the main factors influencing rice appearance and milling and eating qualities. Cultivar was the primary factor affecting rice nutritional quality. Among all treatments, environment showed the strongest effect on percentage of chalky kernel, milled rice yield, peak viscosity, breakdown, setback, consistence, amylose, Glu, Tyr, and Met contents. However, Leu and Phe contents were unaffected by environment but only by cultivars and transplanting patterns. In addition to amylose and protein, Glu and Met contents were also involved in determining rice eating quality. Amino acid contents (except Cys, Tyr, and Met) were significantly negatively correlated with head rice yield, showing the function of amino acids in controlling rice milling quality. Percentage of chalky kernel as well as protein and almost all amino acid contents were significantly negatively correlated with the difference of maximum and minimum temperature (DMMT) and positively correlated with relative humidity (RH), whereas head rice yield did it reversely. Amylose content and setback were significantly negatively related to daily maximum temperature (DMAT), daily minimum temperature (DMIT), daily average temperature (DAT), and effective temperature accumulation (ETA). However, peak viscosity, breakdown, and consistence had contrary performances. According to these results, we can infer that DMMT and RH are important environmental factors affecting rice appearance, milling qualities, and nutritional qualities and that DMAT, DMIT, DAT, and ETA are key environmental factors influencing rice eating quality.  相似文献   

10.
为探明不同品种稻米脂肪酸与食味的关系及土壤水分的调控效应,进行了不同水稻品种及土壤水势为-30～-35 kPa和-60～-65 kPa的控水处理对糙米优势、中位、劣势粒成分及食味的影响研究.结果表明,"垦鉴稻5号"、"富士光"、"东农V10"的籽粒脂肪酸含量极显著高于"垦稻8号"和"空育131";"空育131"食味值极显著高于"东农V10"、"垦鉴稻5号"、"垦稻8号","富士光"、"东农V10"、"垦鉴稻5号"极显著高于"垦稻8号","富士光"显著高于"东农V10"和"垦鉴稻5号".食味值与脂肪酸、蛋白质含量呈极显著负相关(2002年r为-0.577**、-0.910**,2003年r为-0.845**、-0.980**)、蛋白质与脂肪酸含量呈极显著正相关(2002年,r为0.582**,2003年,r为0.866**):各品种籽粒成分的变异系数均表现脂肪酸>蛋白质>直链淀粉.抽穗前控水除"绥梗3号"分蘖期控水处理外,两品种("上育397"和"绥粳3号")各粒位籽粒的脂肪酸含量均极显著高于CK;同一生育时期两品种的脂肪酸含量多以控水强度大的处理高,但差异多不显著;长穗期控水对两品种各粒位籽粒的食味影响最大,均极显著低于CK;两品种各粒位籽粒成分的变异均以脂肪酸最大,但对食味的通径系数均以蛋白质最大.建议今后在稻米的食味及营养评价中列入脂肪酸指标.  相似文献   

11.
花后增温对双季优质稻产量和品质的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
为明确未来气候变暖对双季优质稻产量和稻米品质的影响,采用开放式主动增温系统,早稻以金早47(常规籼稻)、两优287(杂交籼稻),晚稻以象牙香珍(常规籼稻)、万象优华占(杂交籼稻)和甬优5550(籼粳杂交稻)为试验材料,研究花后增温对双季优质稻产量和稻米品质的影响。结果表明,花后増温(早稻1.29℃,晚稻1.73℃)对早晚稻产量均无显著影响。增温条件下,早稻加工品质和垩白粒率均无显著变化,垩白度平均提高了16.0%;晚稻糙米率、整精米率、垩白粒率和垩白度分别平均提高了1.8%、3.5%、30.3%和27.2%;早晚稻蛋白质含量平均提高了6.27%,但直链淀粉含量平均降低了3.53%,淀粉颗粒的平均粒径提高了0.09 μm。增温对稻米RVA谱特征值的影响在季别和品种间存在较大变异。综上,花后增温对早晚稻产量无显著影响,有利于改善稻米的加工品质和营养品质,但降低了稻米的外观品质。本研究结果为未来气候变暖下双季优质稻的优质丰产栽培提供了理论依据。  相似文献   

12.
不同栽培法对食用稻子粒氨基酸含量的影响及其机理初探   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
水稻属于低蛋白作物,稻米的蛋白质含量与氨基酸组成受遗传基因的控制,但环境条件与栽培措施的影响也不容忽视。采用田间小区试验和室内分析相结合的方法,以湘早籼31(早稻)和培两优210(晚稻)组合为材料,探讨了水稻高蛋白高产栽培技术体系、三壮三高栽培法、常规栽培法对稻米氨基酸含量的影响及其作用机理。结果表明,与常规栽培法相比,水稻高蛋白高产栽培综合技术体系能明显提高灌浆中后期水稻功能叶和子粒中谷草转氨酶和天冬氨酸激酶的活性,明显提高糙米氨基酸、人体7种必需氨基酸和蛋白质含量、产量和蛋白质产量;除早稻蛋白质产量外,其他指标与三壮三高栽培法之间差异不显著。水稻高蛋白高产栽培技术体系的早稻糙米的氨基酸含量比三壮三高栽培法、常规栽培法分别提高了4.09%和31.92%,人体7种必需氨基酸的含量分别提高了2.99%和33.06%,赖氨酸(稻米蛋白质的限制性氨基酸,猪的第一限制性氨基酸)的含量分别提高了1.95%1、8.55%,苏氨酸(稻米蛋白质的限制性氨基酸)的含量分别提高了6.54%和31.98%,蛋白氮含量分别提高了6.76%和27.57%,蛋白质产量分别提高了15.72%和38.64%;高蛋白高产栽培技术体系中晚稻糙米的氨基酸含量比三壮三高栽培法、常规栽培法分别提高了2.24%和42.98%,人体7种必需氨基酸的总量分别提高了9.20%和58.05%,蛋白氮含量分别提高了1.74%和26.06%,蛋白质产量分别提高了2.80%和59.42%。  相似文献   

13.
The structural features of rice starch that may contribute to differences in the functionality of three long‐grain rice cultivars were studied. Dried rough rice samples of cultivars Cypress, Drew, and Wells were analyzed for milling quality, grain physical attributes, and starch structures and physicochemical properties. Drew was lower in head rice yield and translucency and higher in percentage of chalky grains compared with Cypress and Wells. Apparent amylose content (21.3–23.1%), crude protein (8.3–8.6%), and crude fat (0.48–0.64%) of milled rice flours were comparable, but pasting properties of rice flours as measured by viscoamylography, as well as starch iodine affinity and thermal properties determined by differential scanning calorimetry were different for the three cultivars. Drew had higher peak, hot paste, and breakdown viscosities, and gelatinization temperature and enthalpy. Molecular size distribution of starch fractions determined by high‐performance size‐exclusion chromatography showed that the three samples were similar in amylose content (AM) (20.0–21.8%) but differed in amylopectin (AP) (64.7–68.3%) and intermediate material (IM) (10.9–13.5%). Drew had highest AP and lowest IM contents, whereas Cypress had the lowest AP and highest IM contents. High‐performance anion‐exchange chromatography of isoamylase‐debranched starch indicated that the AP of Drew was lower in A and B1 chains but higher in B2, B3, and longer chains.  相似文献   

14.
  【目的】  研究不同水旱轮作模式下秸秆还田对水稻产量、土壤养分和稻米品质的影响,为多元化轮作模式秸秆还田和水稻提质丰产提供科学依据。  【方法】  田间试验于2018—2020年在陕西省汉中市农业科学研究所韩塘试验基地进行。试验包含轮作模式和秸秆还田2个处理因素,采用随机区组设计,共设油菜–水稻(R–R)、绿肥(紫云英)–水稻(G–R)、冬闲–水稻(W–R) 3种轮作模式,每种轮作模式设秸秆不还田和秸秆还田,共6个处理。水稻收获后,测定了水稻产量和产量构成因素,以及0—20 cm土壤养分含量。  【结果】  轮作模式和秸秆还田对土壤养分影响显著,轮作模式的培肥效果表现为R–R>W–R>G–R。同一轮作模式下,与秸秆不还田相比,秸秆还田处理的土壤活性有机碳、有机碳、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量两年平均增幅分别为4.09%～18.89%、6.84%～24.06%、9.63%～17.43%、9.10%～41.05%、3.72%～17.36%。轮作模式对供试品种穗粒数影响显著,秸秆还田则对穗粒数和有效穗影响显著。轮作模式对水稻产量影响显著,而秸秆还田对产量无显著影响。R–R模式下‘荃香优1521’产量分别较G–R和W–R增产1.71%和8.95%,‘黄华占’产量分别较G–R和W–R增产5.51%和6.41%。轮作模式对稻米外观品质影响不显著,对整精米率、蛋白质、直链淀粉含量和食味值影响显著。G–R模式较R–R和W–R显著增加蛋白质含量,降低直链淀粉含量,增加胶稠度,平均增幅分别为11.01%、?2.56%、4.69%。与秸秆不还田相比,秸秆还田显著增加了整精米率和食味值,增幅分别为0.48%～3.12%和0.45%～4.79%。  【结论】  油菜–水稻、绿肥(紫云英)–水稻、冬闲–水稻3种模式下,周年秸秆全量还田可以提高土壤肥力,增加水稻穗粒数和有效穗,提高水稻产量,改善稻米外观品质和加工品质、提高营养品质和蒸食品质。绿肥(紫云英)–水稻轮作改善稻米品质的优势明显,因此,绿肥(紫云英)–水稻轮作结合稻草周年全量还田是一种适合汉中地区农业高质量发展的绿色栽培模式。  相似文献   

15.
Field experiments were conducted during summer (March–July) and kharif (June–September), 2008 at the wetland farm, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India, to study the performance of different rice cultivation methods on productivity and water usage using the hybrid CORH-3 as a test crop. Treatments consisted of different rice cultivation methods, namely, transplanted rice (conventional), direct sown rice (wet seeded), alternate wetting and drying method (AWD), system of rice intensification (SRI) and aerobic rice cultivation. Results revealed that maximum number of tillers m?2, higher shoot and root length at maturity were recorded under SRI followed by transplanted rice, while aerobic rice produced lower growth parameters in both the seasons. Chlorophyll content at flowering was higher under SRI in two seasons studied (42.74 and 39.48 SPAD value, respectively) and transplanted rice compared to aerobic rice and AWD. In both summer and kharif seasons, SRI produced higher grain yield (6014 and 6682 kg ha?1), followed by transplanted rice (5732 and 6262 kg ha?1), while the lowest grain yield (3582 and 3933 kg ha?1) was recorded under aerobic rice cultivation. Under SRI, 5 and 6.7% increase in grain yield and 12.6 and 14.8% water saving were noticed compared to transplanted rice, respectively, during summer and kharif seasons. In respect to water productivity, the SRI method of rice cultivation registered the highest water productivity (0.43and 0.47 kg m?3), followed by AWD and aerobic rice cultivation. The conventional rice cultivation and direct sown rice produced lower grain yield per unit quantity of water used.  相似文献   

16.
【目的】以海藻提取物和亚硒酸钠为原料,采用抗坏血酸还原法制备了海藻多糖–纳米硒(APS-SeNPs),以期为富硒大米生产提供高效的富硒肥料。【方法】采用单因素试验和响应面法优化APS-SeNPs的制备工艺;借助傅里叶红外光谱、透射电镜和表面张力仪对APS-SeNPs进行表征。通过开展大田试验,探究0、5、25mg/L APS-SeNPs叶面喷施对粳稻‘洛稻998’和籼稻‘川香优2号’硒累积的影响。【结果】1) APS-SeNPs的最佳制备工艺:硒添加量2800 mg/L,亚硒酸钠与抗坏血酸的摩尔比19∶100,反应温度32℃,时间20 min。APSSeNPs粒径为38.94 nm,Zeta电位为–52.17 mV。红外分析结果表明,海藻多糖与纳米硒形成了新的Se—O化学键。APS-SeNPs的表面张力为46.23 mN/m,显著低于Na2SeO3。APS-SeNPs在水稻叶片上的持液量为6.28mg/cm2,而Na2SeO3只有3.94 mg/cm2。2...  相似文献   

17.
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18.
为较全面评价秸秆覆盖旱作水稻栽培模式的生态意义,采用田间试验研究了常规淹水（F）、秸秆覆盖旱作（NF-M）和无覆盖旱作（NF-ZM）3种栽培模式稻田甲烷排放、水稻产量及土壤养分的变化规律。结果表明：3种水稻栽培模式的甲烷排放均集中在水稻生育期的前20d;在水稻生育期内,秸秆覆盖旱作稻田甲烷的排放总量为11.12g·m^-2,显著高于常规淹水稻田的7.78g·m^-2和无覆盖旱作稻田的4.23g·m^-2。秸秆覆盖旱作稻田的水稻产量为8.60t·hm^-2,与常规淹水处理没有显著差异,但二者均显著高于无秸秆覆盖旱作处理的6.78t·hm^-2;与常规淹水处理相比,秸秆覆盖旱作还可以提高水稻单株生物量10g以上。秸秆覆盖旱作还可以显著提高稻田表层土壤有机质含量,维持和改善表层土壤养分状况,对实现农业可持续性有重要意义。因此,在水资源缺乏地区,秸秆覆盖旱作是一种值得考虑的替代传统淹水栽培的水稻栽培模式,同时秸秆覆盖旱作还田也是一种值得推广的稻田秸秆管理技术。  相似文献   

19.
ZHOU Yanli  SUN Bo 《土壤圈》2017,27(6):1092-1104
There is a need for rice cultivars with high yields and nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE), but with low cadmium (Cd) accumulation in Cd-contaminated paddy soils. To determine the relative effects of rice genotype, soil type, and Cd addition on rice grain yield and NUE, a pot experiment consisting of nine rice cultivars was conducted in two types of paddy soils, red soil (RS) and yellow soil (YS), without or with Cd spiked at 0.6 mg kg-1. The N supply was from both soil organic N pools and N fertilizers; thus, NUE was defined as the grain yield per unit of total crop-available N in the soil. Cd addition decreased grain yield and NUE in most rice cultivars, which was mainly related to reduced N uptake efficiency (NpUE, defined as the percentage of N taken up by the crop per unit of soil available N). However, Cd addition enhanced N assimilation efficiency (NtUE, defined as the grain yield per unit of N taken up by the crop) by 21.9% on average in all rice cultivars. The NpUE was mainly affected by soil type, whereas NtUE was affected by rice cultivar. Hybrid cultivars had higher NUEs than the japonica and indica cultivars because of their greater biomass and higher tolerance to Cd contamination. Reduction of NUE after Cd addition was stronger in RS than in YS, which was related to the lower absorption capacity for Cd in RS. Canonical correspondence analysis-based variation partitioning showed that cultivar type had the largest effect (34.4%) on NUE, followed by Cd addition (15.2%) and soil type (10.0%).  相似文献   

20.
Physical characteristics, amino acids composition, protein profiling, pasting characteristics, and phenolic compounds of brown rice (BR) and germinated brown rice (GBR) from different paddy cultivars (PB1, PS44, PB1509, PB1121, and PS5) were investigated. L* (lightness) decreased, but a* (redness and greenness) and b* (yellowness and blueness) increased with germination. Protein and ash content increased, whereas fat and amylose contents decreased with germination. GBR showed lower hardness and gumminess than BR. Foam stability and water absorption capacity from GBR flour were higher compared with BR flour. Accumulation of γ‐aminobutyric acid, histidine, arginine, proline, methionine, and acidic amino acids increased significantly with germination, and increase was related to change in accumulation of glutelin and prolamins. The accumulation of prolamins and glutelin acidic and basic subunits decreased with germination. GBR flour showed lower pasting viscosities compared with BR flour. Ferulic acid, p‐coumaric acid, and quercetin were present in both fractions of the bound form. GBR showed improved nutritional quality that varied in different cultivars. PB1121 was observed to be the best for producing GBR owing to greater changes brought in protein content, essential amino acids, catechin, chlorogenic acid, protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid, and foam stability.  相似文献   

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