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1.
化学武器残留的二苯砷酸(Diphenylarsinic acid,DPAA)引起的土壤—水环境砷污染事件近年来受到广泛关注。国内外学者对土壤—水环境中DPAA的分析方法、污染状况、迁移转化和修复技术等的研究已取得一定进展。鉴于DPAA污染问题的严峻性和污染修复的迫切性,本文通过系统调研并结合笔者的研究工作,综述了土壤-水环境中DPAA分析方法、来源及污染状况的研究进展,探讨了DPAA吸附/解吸、迁移、转化过程及其关键影响因素和作用机制,阐述了对其污染的物理/化学、生物学修复机理研究;认为建立DPAA污染数据库,开展宏观及微观尺度上DPAA环境行为特征的研究,并系统构建DPAA污染的修复技术方法体系将是该领域今后研究的重点。同时,展望了未来的研究方向,旨在为促进土壤-水环境中DPAA污染及其修复的深入研究、有效降低DPAA的环境健康风险提供理论参考。 相似文献
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《农产品质量与安全》2015,(5)
油菜籽粒含有较高的油脂和蛋白,不利于油菜籽中不同形态砷的提取。本研究通过对提取方式、提取温度、提取剂的选择与浓度、样品质量与提取剂的比例、提取液的纯化等的选择与优化,找到了一种适合高油脂植物样品砷形态分析的前处理方法。试验表明,采用称取1g样品,20 m L甲醇水(v:v=1:1)在70℃微波辅助提取,正己烷脱脂提纯,高速离心处理,可以较好地实现油菜籽类高油脂植物样品中不同形态砷的提取。 相似文献
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不同价态无机砷胁迫下水稻秧苗的营养生理与分子响应 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为揭示水稻秧苗响应砷胁迫的营养生理机制,以"汕优63"为受体材料,采用水培方法研究了水稻秧苗在不同价态无机砷胁迫下其形态学指标(根长、株高和干重)及植株中N、P、K含量等生理响应,并采用实时荧光定量PCR (FQ-PCR)分析了不同价态无机砷胁迫下水稻秧苗根和叶中与N、P、K吸收相关的4个关键酶基因的表达差异.结果表明,砷胁迫可显著降低水稻的根长、株高、干重,As(Ⅲ)的抑制作用大于As(Ⅴ);As(Ⅲ)主要抑制水稻秧苗对磷、钾的积累,而As(Ⅴ)主要抑制氮的积累;不同价态无机砷胁迫下,水稻秧苗根部,叶部与N、P、K吸收相关的基因表达均下调,且As(Ⅲ)主要影响磷酸根离子转运蛋白和钾离子转运蛋白的表达,而As(Ⅴ)则主要影响硝酸根离子转运蛋白和氨离子转运蛋白的表达.可见,不同价态无机砷胁迫对水稻营养生理机制的影响存在差异. 相似文献
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外源硅和有机质对水稻土溶液中砷形态变化的影响 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
采用水稻种植区的砷污染土壤,结合高效液相色谱(HPLC)-电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)联用分析测试系统,探索了淹水模式下灭菌/不灭菌土壤中添加硅和有机质对砷污染土壤溶液中砷赋存形态的影响.结果表明:在土壤溶液中检测到的砷形态只有无机三价砷As(Ⅲ)、无机五价砷As(Ⅴ)和有机的二甲基砷DMA(Ⅴ),未检测到单甲基砷MMA(Ⅴ)的存在;As(Ⅲ)为砷的主要赋存形态,所占比例约为91％,As(Ⅴ)次之,约占8％,DMA(Ⅴ)含量相对最低,约为1％;在灭菌的情况下,随淹水时间的延长,添加外源硅增加了土壤溶液中As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)的浓度;而在自然淹水的土壤中添加有机质明显降低了土壤溶液中As(Ⅲ)、As(Ⅴ)、DMA(Ⅴ)和水溶性总砷的浓度(P＜0.05).结合水稻生长的实际环境条件和该研究结果进行分析显示,淹水20 d后添加有机质的不灭菌自然土壤溶液中总砷浓度较低,为99.2 ng/ml,因此,在砷污染的水稻种植区建议采用短周期干湿交替的水分管理模式和适量施用有机肥,尽量降低土壤溶液中总砷的浓度,从而控制土壤中砷的生物有效性. 相似文献
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利用室内砂培试验,研究砷胁迫对33个不同基因型玉米生长发育的影响,探讨不同基因型玉米的耐砷性,以期降低砷通过食物链对人体健康的危害,为育种和环境治理提供依据。结果表明,不同基因型玉米品种、不同性状指标对砷胁迫反应程度不同。砷从地下部向地上部的迁移情况因品种不同而异。全株砷富集量(RETP)与地下部砷富集系数(ECPU)、生物富集系数(BF)、地下部浓度(COPU)、地下部砷富集量(EOPU)呈极显著正相关,与转运系数(TF)呈极显著负相关。以全株相对干物重(RTDW)和全株砷富集量(RETP)为筛选指标,得出DH3622、SY511、XQ74-2、ND5、LY18是相对耐砷、砷富集量相对较高的玉米品种;DH11、JZN218、QL1等15个是砷富集量相对较低、耐砷性相对较差的玉米品种。 相似文献
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氢化物-原子荧光法测定水中的三价砷和五价砷 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
详细地研究了水中砷(Ⅲ)、砷(Ⅴ)。在一定的酸度条件下可以选择性地将砷(Ⅲ)用硼氢化钾溶液还原成砷化氢,从而将两种价态砷得以有效分离,用氢化物-原子荧光法测定;砷(Ⅴ)在加入还原剂后被还原成砷(Ⅲ),然后用相同方法测出总砷量,差减去砷(Ⅲ)量得到砷(Ⅴ)量。此方法灵敏度高,精度好,为研究砷在环境中的赋存状态与毒性关系提供了快速准确的分析方法。 相似文献
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为正确表征云南文山三七种植区土壤中植物可利用态砷,选取NaH2PO4（0.5mol·L-1）、H2O、H3PO4（0.2mol·L-1）、EDTA（0.0625mol·L-1,pH=7）、NH4C（l1.0mol·L-1）和（NH4）2SO（40.05mol·L-1）6种提取剂,比较了它们对土壤中砷的提取效果,及其所提取的砷与三七植株各部位砷含量之间的相关关系。结果表明,NaH2PO4、H3PO4和（NH4）2SO4这3种提取态砷与土壤总砷呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.8359、0.8177和0.8810。NaH2PO4和H3PO4的提取效率较高,平均提取效率分别为6%和11%;而（NH4）2SO4提取效率较低,平均仅为0.084%。NaH2PO4和（NH4）2SO4提取态砷与三七主根、须根和茎部砷含量呈显著正相关,H3PO4提取态砷与三七主根和须根砷含量呈显著正相关。综合考虑认为NaH2PO（40.5mol·L-1）是最佳提取剂,H3PO（40.2mol·L-1）提取剂次之,这两种提取剂均可较好地表征土壤中砷的三七可利用性。 相似文献
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磷影响下根际无机砷的形态分布及其对水稻生长的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
两种有代表性的紫色土的水稻盆栽试验结果表明 ,磷的加入可减轻受砷污染的红紫泥中砷对水稻的毒害 ;但磷的加入会加剧受砷污染的红棕紫泥中砷对水稻的毒害。根际无机砷的形态分布研究表明 :试验土壤上 ,根际砷各形态都比非根际高 ,砷在根际呈富集状态 ;在根际环境的作用下 ,红紫泥中 ,磷的加入加剧了砷由有效态砷 (Al As、Fe As)向相对无效态砷 (O As)转化 ,砷对水稻的毒性减弱 ;红棕紫泥中 ,磷的加入加剧了砷由相对无效态砷Fe As和Al As向有效态砷Ca As和A As(表示水溶态砷及松结合态砷 )的转化 ,砷对水稻的毒性增强 相似文献
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4种形态砷在盆栽水稻中的分布与转化研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《农产品质量与安全》2017,(4)
用盆栽实验研究了As(Ⅲ)、As(V)、MMAV和DMAV 4种形态的砷在水稻中的分布和转化规律。通过向土壤中添加4种分别5个浓度的砷,种植5种水稻300盆,获得了水稻根、茎、叶、穗、米中的As(V)、As(Ⅲ)、MMAV、DMAV和总砷的22 500个数据;对比分析了4种形态砷对水稻的生理影响、在水稻中的迁移和转化情况及土壤中的砷与稻米中砷含量的关系。结果表明,4种形态砷的转移转化规律差异较大,对砷的风险评估不能一概而论,应将砷分形态开展研究,科学评价不同形态砷毒性和控制水稻砷风险。 相似文献
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Appropriate compost standards are being considered in Canada. Five aspects of compost safety and quality are being evaluated; probably the most controversial aspect is the standards for metals in compost. In order to assist in the development of appropriate standards, the authors began an extensive research project in October, 1993 to determine the bioavailability of metals from compost and compost-metal mixtures. Swiss chard was grown in compost-amended soils or compost in a growth room using five treatments of increasing percentages of compost in the media (0, 25 percent, 50 percent, 75 percent, 100 percent compost (v/v)). A Truro loamy sand and a race-track manure-biosolids compost (RTM-biosolids) supplemented with a high metal biosolids were used in a completely randomized design with five replicates. Dry matter yield, metal content in plant tissue, and total metal uptake were evaluated as well as the total and DTPA-extractable metal content in the compost-soil mixes. The results of this and five other experiments conducted by the authors will help determine whether the suggested limits for As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn in composts are appropriate. 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(4):291-301
Abstract The seasonal patterns of foliage nutrient concentrations and contents were monitored for two growing seasons in an 11‐year—old Pinus el1iottii stand. In the first growing season after needle initiation, N, P, K, Mg, and Zn concentrations decreased, but this was followed by an increase in the fall and winter months. Another drop in concentration of all elements, except P, occurred in the second growing season. Decreases in total contents indicated that this drop was a result of translocation to other tissues. In contrast to the mobile elements, the concentration and fascicle contents of Ca, Mn, and Al increased with aging of the needles. Between‐tree variability was least for N, P, and Zn and the N, K, Mg, Mn, and Zn in the current foliage had consistently lower variation than that in the 1‐year‐old foliage. Between‐tree variation for K was lower in the winter than the spring. For pine foliage, recommended sampling period for N, P, Mg, and Zn is mid to late summer and for the other elements it is late fall to late winter. There are several sources of variation that influence the level of nutrients in tree foliage. The most important of these, apart from the tree nutrient status, are seasonal fluctuations, variation between trees, and age of needles . Smaller sources of variation are associated with position of the needles within the crown, diurnal changes, year to year variation, and analytical errors1,2. These variables must be studied in order to develop suitable sampling techniques and in Pinus this has been undertaken for P. banksiana 1, P. taeda 3, P. strobus 4, P. resinosa 4, P. sylvestris 5, and P. radiata 6,7. However, foliage sampling has not been studied in detail for slash pine (Pinus elliottii Englem var. elliottii) and earlier studies with other pines have been largely confined to temperate or cool climates. This study reports the variation in elemental concentrations with season, age of foliage, and between slash pine trees growing in a subtropical climate in Florida. 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(9):751-756
Abstract The phytotoxicity of five nonessential elements (Co, V, Ti, Ag, Cr) to higher plants was studied in solution culture experiments with bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. C.V. Improved Tendergreen). All, but in varying degrees, tended to concentrate in roots with a decreasing gradient to stems and leaves. Cobalt was one of the more mobile of the five trace metals. Its toxicity was expressed as severe chlorosis; 43 (with 10‐5 M) and 142 (with 10‐4 M) μg Co/g dry weight in leaves resulted in severe chlorosis. Vanadium as 10‐4 M vanadate resulted in smaller plants but not in chlorosis. Leaf, stem, and root V, respectively, were 13, 8, and 881 μg/g dry weight. Titanium was somewhat mobile with considerable yield decrease at 10‐4 M; leaf, stem, and root Ti concentrations, respectively, were 202, 48, and 2420 μg/g. Symptoms were chlorosis, necrotic spots on leaves, and stunting. Silver was very lethal at 10‐4 M AgNO3; at 10‐5 M yields were greatly decreased, but plants were grown without symptoms. Leaf, stem, and root concentrations of Ag for this treatment, respectively, were 5.8, 5.1, and 1760 μg/g dry weight. Plants grown with 10‐5 N Cr2O7 were decreased in yield by about 25% with or without EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) while the same level of Cr2(SO4)3 was essentially without effect. For the two salts, the leaf, stem, root concentrations for Cr, respectively were 2.2 and 1.3, 0.7 and 0. 7, and 140 and 104 μg/g. Most of the trace metals studied here had interactions in the uptake and/or distribution of other elements. 相似文献
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A Gimeno 《Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists》1979,62(3):579-585
A general method is described for determining 16 mycotoxins in mixed feeds and other food products used in the manufacture of these feedstuffs. The mycotoxins are extracted and cleaned up by extracting with solvents of different pH. Thin layer chromatography is used to separate the toxins; toxins are then quantitated by the limit detection method. The minimum detectable concentration of mycotoxins in various products is: aflatoxin B1 or G1, 4--5 micrograms/kg; ochratoxin A or ethyl ester A 140--145 micrograms/kg; citrinin 600--750 micrograms/kg; zearalenone, 410--500 micrograms/kg; sterigmatocystin, 140--145 micrograms/kg; diacetoxyscirpenol, 2400--2600 micrograms/kg; T-2 toxin, 800--950 micrograms/kg; patulin, 750--800 micrograms/kg; penitrem A 14,000--14,500 micrograms/kg; penicillic acid 3400--3650 micrograms/kg. 相似文献
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B S Kaphalia R Takroo S Mehrotra U Nigam T D Seth 《Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists》1990,73(4):509-512
A total of 244 samples of cereals (wheat flour, rice, and maize), pulses (arhar, moong, gram, lentil, and black gram), spices (turmeric, chili, coriander, and black pepper), vegetables (potato, onion, spinach, cabbage, brinjal, and tomato), fruits (mango, guava, apple, and grape), milk, butter, Deshi ghee, and edible oils (vegetable, mustard, groundnut, and sesame) collected from different cities of Northern Province (Utter Pradesh) were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography for the presence of organochlorine pesticide residues. Residues of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (DDT) were detected in about 85% of the total samples of cereals, spices, milk, butter, Deshi ghee, and edible oils analyzed in the present study. However, the residue levels were either very small (less than 0.06 ppm) or not detected at all in pulses, vegetables, and fruits as compared with very high concentrations in wheat flour (4.42 and 0.12 ppm), butter (1.19 and 4.85 ppm), mustard oil (1.26 and 2.42 ppm), Deshi ghee (1.10 and 3.84 ppm), vegetable oil (1.02 and 0.59 ppm), groundnut oil (0.51 and 1.49 ppm), and chili (0.48 and 1.92 ppm). The levels of HCH and DDT residues detected in rice, maize, turmeric, corlander, black pepper, and all the vegetables and fruits were also lower than those found in wheat flour, oil, and fat samples analyzed in the present study. These findings suggest that a restricted and controlled use of such persistent pesticides may be useful for decreasing their contamination levels in different food items. 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(19):2495-2501
Different procedures have been proposed to decompose soil samples. Most of them regard determination with fertility aims. In this case, the contents available to the plants are considered. On the other hand, there are procedures to determine total content. The objective of this work was to propose a new decomposition procedure to determine barium (Ba), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn) total content in tropical soils with high content of oxides and silicate. According to the results, the digestion procedure proposed in this study provided satisfactory results for the contents recovery for the elements Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, V, and Zn, above 90%, and the use of inverted aqua regia, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydrofluoric acid (HF), pre-digestions and agitation was shown as a new alternative for the high silicate content soil sample total digestion, such as the oxisols. 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7-8):945-959
Abstract The objectives of this study were 1) to recommend reference values (RVs) and tolerance limits (TLs) for representative Brazilian soils and 2) to propose a model to calculate natural contents of cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in a soil from the silt, clay, manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and cation exchange capacity (CEC) values. A set of 256 soil samples was classified by similarity in seven groups, and the concentrations corresponding to the upper quarter of data collected were then calculated. These concentrations are proposed as RVs for Brazilian soils. Additionally, TLs were obtained for each group from the antilog expression (m+2s), where m=mean value and s=standard deviation of data transformed in log10. The classification functions of discriminant analysis proved to be suitable to allocate new samples in the established groups. Thus, it is possible to evaluate soils under anthropic activity and, by comparison with reference values, to be aware of pollution risks in a given area. 相似文献
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Nigel J.H. Smith 《Biological conservation》1981,19(3):177-187
Amazonia, the world's largest tropical rain forest, is often assumed to be a virtually untouched wilderness. The region is often referred to as a demographic void; there is on average only about one person per sq. km. Yet in response to international market forces, the hand of man has penetrated deep into the imposing forests. Since colonial times, wildlife, particularly along rivers, has been exploited on a large-scale basis for commercial purposes. This paper focuses on the effects of the trade on some aquatic animals. 相似文献
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Rababah TM Hettiarachchy NS Horax R 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2004,52(16):5183-5186
The total phenolics and antioxidant activities of fenugreek, green tea, black tea, grape seed, ginger, rosemary, gotu kola, and ginkgo extracts, vitamin E, and tert-butylhydroquinone, were determined. Grape seed and green tea were analyzed for their phenolic constituents using high-performance liquid chromatography. The total phenolics of the plant extracts, determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, ranged from 24.8 to 92.5 mg of chlorogenic acid equivalent/g dry material. The antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts determined by conjugated diene measurement of methyl linoleate were 3.4-86.3%. The antioxidant activity of the extracts using chicken fat by an oxidative stability instrument (4.6-10.2 h of induction time) followed a similar trend in antioxidant activity as determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Seven phenolics in grape seed and green tea extracts were identified that ranged from 15.38 to 1158.49 and 18.3 to 1087.02 mg/100 g of extract, respectively. Plant extracts such as green tea and grape seed extracts can be used to retard lipid oxidation in a variety of food products. 相似文献