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1.
Field and lab-based methane (CH4) fluxes and methanogen community structure were characterized across three peatlands in central Ontario (Canada) representing a successional and nutrient gradient from rich to poor fens. Air temperature was a strong and significant predictor of both CH4 and carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes among the three sites. Net CH4 efflux and in vitro CH4 production potential were significantly greater in the rich and intermediate than the poor fen site. Although the poor fen site had the lowest water table position, this was not a significant predictor of CH4 emissions and in general the 3 sites were relatively wet compared to many northern peatlands. Consistently, during spring and fall, ethanol stimulated in vitro CH4 production potential from the poor fen, but not the rich and intermediate sites, indicating substrate limitation for CH4 production in the poor fen. Lower rates of CH4 production and emissions in the poor fen site were consistent with our hypotheses based on poorer substrate quality and a lack of sedges in that peatland type. However phylogeny of dominant methanogens inferred from terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analyses of 16S rDNA illustrated inconsistencies with previous reports of methanogens in northern peatlands. For example members likely of the family Methanosaetaceae (obligate high-affinity acetate fermenters) comprised a substantial portion of total methanogen population in the poor fen. In contrast, members of the order Methanomicrobiales (obligate CO2 reducers) were important methanogens in the rich and intermediate fens and not detected in the poor fen. Methanogen community structure based on T-RFLP across the 3 sites was distinct during spring, while during fall methanogen communities in the poor fen samples were still somewhat distinct from those in the rich and intermediate fens. Methanogen diversity (community richness and evenness) was not correlated with rates of CH4 production in the spring when soil respiration, and presumably rhizosphere activity, was slow. However, diversity was a significant predictor of CH4 production in the early fall (when both production and emissions rates were higher), indicating that methanogen diversity can potentially play a role in biogeochemical cycling and greenhouse gas emissions in northern peatlands.  相似文献   

2.
Agricultural management significantly affects methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from paddy fields. However, little is known about the underlying microbiological mechanism. Field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of the water regime and straw incorporation on CH4 and N2O emissions and soil properties. Quantitative PCR was applied to measure the abundance of soil methanogens, methane-oxidising bacteria, nitrifiers, and denitrifiers according to DNA and mRNA expression levels of microbial genes, including mcrA, pmoA, amoA, and nirK/nirS/nosZ. Field trials showed that the CH4 and N2O flux rates were negatively correlated with each other, and N2O emissions were far lower than CH4 emissions. Drainage and straw incorporation affected functional gene abundance through altered soil environment. The present (DNA-level) gene abundances of amoA, nosZ, and mcrA were higher with straw incorporation than those without straw incorporation, and they were positively correlated with high concentrations of soil exchangeable NH4+ and dissolved organic carbon. The active (mRNA-level) gene abundance of mcrA was lower in the drainage treatment than in continuous flooding, which was negatively correlated with soil redox potential (Eh). The CH4 flux rate was significantly and positively correlated with active mcrA abundance but negatively correlated with Eh. The N2O flux rate was significantly and positively correlated with present and active nirS abundance and positively correlated with soil Eh. Thus, we demonstrated that active gene abundance, such as of mcrA for CH4 and nirS for N2O, reflects the contradictory relationship between CH4 and N2O emissions regulated by soil Eh in acidic paddy soils.  相似文献   

3.
北方泥炭地甲烷排放研究: 综述   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  
D. Y. F. LAI 《土壤圈》2009,19(4):409-421
Northern peatlands store a large amount of carbon and play a significant role in the global carbon cycle. Owing to the presence of waterlogged and anaerobic conditions, peatlands are typically a source of methane (CH4), a very potent greenhouse gas. This paper reviews the key mechanisms of peatland CH4 production, consumption and transport and the major environmental and biotic controls on peatland CH4 emissions. The advantages and disadvantages of micrometeorological and chamber methods in measuring CH4 fluxes from northern peatlands are also discussed. The magnitude of CH4 flux varies considerably among peatland types (bogs and fens) and microtopographic locations (hummocks and hollows). Some anthropogenic activities including forestry, peat harvesting and industrial emission of sulphur dioxide can cause a reduction in CH4 release from northern peatlands. Further research should be conducted to investigate the in fluence of plant growth forms on CH4 flux from northern peatlands, determine the water table threshold at which plant production in peatlands enhances CH4 release, and quantify peatland CH4 exchange at plant community level with a higher temporal resolution using automatic chambers.  相似文献   

4.

Purpose  

CH4 emissions from peatlands are space and time dependent. The variety of efflux routes contributes to these variabilities. CH4 bubbling remains difficult to investigate since it occurs on a timescale of seconds. The aims of this study were to use for the first time the recently built infrared high-resolution spectrometer, SPectrometre Infra-Rouge In situ Troposphérique to (1) measure in situ CH4 fluxes in natural and artificial peatland plot and (2) observe online bubbling events with quantification of CH4 emission fluxes corresponding to this very sudden degassing event.  相似文献   

5.

Purpose

Our aim was to examine linkages between mass loss, chemical transformation and CH4 production during decomposition of leaf litters submerged under water. We hypothesised that (i) labile leaf litters would fuel a rapid, high rate of methane (CH4) production and that recalcitrant litters would fuel long-lasting but lower emissions, (ii) leaf litters experiencing a greater alteration to chemical properties would stimulate increased CH4 production and (iii) nitrogen (N) addition would increase CH4 emissions.

Materials and methods

Litters from six plant species were collected from a riparian ecosystem adjacent to Wyaralong Dam, located in Queensland, Australia, i.e., Lophostemon confertus, Cynodon dactylon, Heteropogon contortus, Chamaecrista rotundifolia, Chrysocephalum apiculatum and Imperata cylindrica. We evaluated the rate of mass loss and CH4 emissions for 122 days of incubation in inundated microcosms with and without N addition. We quantified the chemical changes in the decomposing litters with 13 C-cross polarization and magic angle spinning (CPMAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum.

Results and discussion

The inundation treatment of plant litters significantly affected decomposition rates. All litters decomposed in either inundated or aerobic microcosms were quite distinct with regard to the NMR spectra of their initial litters. N addition altered the NMR spectra under both inundation and aerobic conditions. The N treatment only marginally influenced the decomposition rates of I. cylindrica and C. apiculatum litters. The diurnal patterns of CH4 production in the H. contortus, C. rotundifolia and C. apiculatum litters under inundation incubation could be expressed as one-humped curves, with the peak value dependent on litter species and N treatment. N addition stimulated CH4 emission by C. rotundifolia and C. apiculatum litters and inhibited CH4 emission from microcosms containing the litters of the three gramineous species, i.e., I. cylindrica, C. dactylon and H. contortus.

Conclusions

Our results provide evidence that labile leaf litters could fuel a rapid, high rate of CH4 production and that recalcitrant litters fuelled a lower CH4 emission. We did not find that leaf litters with altered chemical properties stimulated increased CH4 production. We also found that N addition was able to increase CH4 emissions, but this effect was dependent on the litter species.
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6.
In this study, the impact of rose chafer (Cetonia aurata L.) larvae on net and gross methane (CH4) fluxes in soil from an old permanent grassland site (Giessen, Germany) was investigated. Previous studies at this site suggested the existence of Scarabaeidae larvae-induced “CH4-emitting hot spots” within the soil profile which may subsequently lead to increased CH4 oxidation. The net (soil + larvae) and gross (soil and larvae separated) CH4 fluxes were studied in a 3-month laboratory incubation. Addition of larvae changed the soil from a net sink (?330 ± 11 ng CH4 kg?1 h?1) to a net source (637 ± 205 ng CH4 kg?1 h?1). Supply of plant litter to the soil + larvae incubation jars tended to increase CH4 emissions which was not significant due to large variability. After 11–13 weeks of incubation, the net soil CH4 oxidation was significantly stimulated by 13–21% in the treatments containing larvae when these were taken out. Analysis of archaeal 16S rRNA genes revealed that the majority of the obtained clones were closely related to uncultured methanogens from guts of insects and other animals. Other sequences were relative to cultivated species of Methanobrevibacter, Methanoculleus, and Methanosarcina. Hence, Scarabaeidae larvae in soils (i) may represent an underestimated source of CH4 emissions in aerobic upland soils, (ii) may stimulate gross CH4 consumption in their direct soil environment, and, thus, (iii) contribute to the spatial heterogeneity often observed in the field with closed-chamber measurements. Long-term CH4-flux balances may be wrongly assessed when “exceptional” net CH4 flux rates (due to larvae hot spots) are excluded from data sets.  相似文献   

7.
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8.
The Zoige alpine peatlands cover approximately 4,605 km2 of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau and are considered to constitute the largest plateau peatland on the Eurasian continent. However, the Zoige alpine peatlands are undergoing major degradation because of human activities and climate change, which would cause uncertainty in the budget of greenhouse gases (CH4 and CO2) and carbon (C) storage in global peatlands. This study simultaneously investigates the CH4 and CO2 emission fluxes and C storage at three typical sites with respect to the peatland degradation gradient: peatland, wet meadow and dry meadow. Results show that peatland degradation would increase the CO2 emission and decrease the CH4 emission. Moreover, the average C emission fluxes were 66.05, 165.78 and 326.56 mg C m?2 hr?1 for the peatland, wet meadow and dry meadow, respectively. The C storage of the vegetation does not considerably differ among the three sampling sites. However, when compared with the peatland (1,088.17 t C ha?1), the soil organic C storage decreases by 420 and 570 t C ha?1 in case of wet and dry meadows, respectively. Although the C storage in the degraded peatlands decreases considerably, it can still represent a large capacity of C sink. Therefore, the degraded peatlands in the Zoige alpine area must be protected and restored to mitigate regional climate change.  相似文献   

9.
《Applied soil ecology》2005,28(2):147-162
In the EU, municipal sewage sludge application to agricultural land has increased dramatically since the ban on dumping at sea came into effect in 1998. There are many concerns related to potential contamination and reduction in plant productivity. In this study, the aim was to assess the impact of repeated long-term soil amendment with anaerobically digested sewage sludge on methanogen diversity in an upland soil ecosystem. Sludge-treated and untreated upland soil samples as well as samples of the sludge used, were analysed for the diversity of methanogens using TGGE, PCR-RFLP and DNA sequence analysis of approximately 490 bp of the mcrA operon. PCR analysis using mcrA specific oligonucleotide primers confirmed the presence of methanogen DNA in treated and untreated soil samples and in sewage sludge. TGGE was used to describe the diversity of methanogen mcrA sequences and the differences in community structure between samples. Ninety-six mcrA gene PCR products were screened using RFLP analysis representing methanogen DNA amplified from anaerobically digested sewage sludge, control soils and sludge treated soils. Fourteen RFP's were detected in all treatments, five of which were common to all three treatments. Thirty-eight cloned amplimers were selected for sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. These included representatives of each RFP. From control soils, sludge and sludged soil samples 15, 16 and 7 clones were sequenced, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that they represented hitherto uncharacterised mcr genes; 35 of the clones fell into 7 clusters supported by moderate to high bootstrap values. The diversity of methanogens in an upland soil (treated and untreated) and sludge was evaluated and marked differences in the diversity of the methanogen communities was observed between the treatments. Our results indicate that sludge application may reduce soil methanogen community diversity.  相似文献   

10.
We studied methanogen activity—measured by in vitro methane production potential and by detection of the messenger RNA (mRNA) of a functional gene—in two boreal fens under high and deep water table (WT) level conditions resulting from a rainy growing season and a dry growing season. The depth of the highest CH4-producing layers differed between the years. In the wet year, the highest CH4 production rate was around 20 cm below the mean WT. In the dry year, the highest rates were measured close to the peat surface, well above the mean WT. The distribution of activity in the peat profiles of the two fens appeared to be site specific. Under deep-WT conditions, CH4 production potential was generally lower than that under high-WT conditions. Detection of the mRNA of the methanogen-specific mcrA gene indicated in situ methanogenesis in both water-saturated peat (below the WT) and unsaturated peat (above the WT). Analyses of DNA-derived and mRNA-derived methanogen community structures showed greater similarity between those two in water-saturated peat than in unsaturated peat. This suggested that favorable conditions promoted the activity of most members in methanogen communities, but unfavorable conditions showed differences between distinct community members in adaptation to adverse conditions.  相似文献   

11.
Soil characteristics regulate various belowground microbial processes including methanogenesis and, consequently, affect the structure and function of methanogenic archaeal communities due to change in soil type which in turn influences the CH4 production potential of soils. Thus, five different soil orders (Alfisol, Entisol, Inceptisol, Podzol and Vertisol) were studied to assess their CH4 production potential and also the methanogenic archaeal community structure in dryland irrigated Indian paddy soils. Soil incubation experiments revealed CH4 production to range from 178.4 to 431.2 μg CH4 g-1 dws in all soil orders as: Vertisol<Inceptisol<Entisol<Podzol<Alfisol. The numbers of methanogens as quantified using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) targeting mcrA genes varied between 0.06 and 72.97 (×106 copies g-1 dws) and were the highest in Vertisol soil and the least in Alfisol soil. PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE)-based approach targeting 16S rRNA genes revealed diverse methanogenic archaeal communities across all soils. A total of 43 DGGE bands sequenced showed the closely related groups to Methanomicrobiaceae, Methanobacteriaceae, Methanocellales, Methanosarcinaceae, Methanosaetaceae and Crenarchaeota. The composition of methanogenic groups differed among all soils and only the Methanocellales group was common and dominant in all types of soils. The highest diversity of methanogens was found in Inceptisol and Vertisol soils. Methane production potential varied significantly in different soil orders with a positive relationship (p?<?0.05) with methanogens population size, permanganate oxidizable C (POXC) and CO2 production. The present study suggested that CH4 production potential of different soils depends on physicochemical properties, methanogenic archaeal community composition and the population size.  相似文献   

12.
Rewetting of agriculturally used peatlands has been proposed as a measure to stop soil subsidence, conserve peat and rehabilitate ecosystem functioning. Unintended consequences might involve nutrient release and changes in the greenhouse gas (GHG) balance towards CH4-dominated emission. To investigate the risks and benefits of rewetting, we subjected soil columns from drained peat- and clay-covered peatlands to different water level treatments: permanently low, permanently inundated and fluctuating (first inundated, then drained). Surface water and soil pore water chemistry, soil-extractable nutrients and greenhouse gas fluxes were measured throughout the experiment. Permanent inundation released large amounts of nutrients into pore water, especially phosphorus (up to 11.7 mg P-PO4 l?1) and ammonium (4.8 mg N-NH4 l?1). Phosphorus release was larger in peat than in clay soil, presumably due to the larger pool of iron-bound phosphorus in peat. Furthermore, substantial amounts of phosphorus and potassium were exported from the soil matrix to the surface water, risking the pollution of local species-rich (semi-)aquatic ecosystems. Rewetting of both clay and peat soil reduced CO2 emissions. CH4 emissions increased, but, in contrast to the expectations, the fluxes were relatively low. Calculations showed that rewetting reduced net cumulative GHG emissions expressed as CO2 equivalents.  相似文献   

13.
The aim of this study was to determine the responses of nitrifiers and denitrifiers to understand microbial pathways of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions in grassland soils that received inputs of sheep excreta. Sheep dung and synthetic sheep urine were applied at three different rates, simulating a single, double, or triple overlapping of urine or dung depositions in the field. Quantitative PCR and high-throughput sequencing were combined with process-based modeling to understand effects of sheep excreta on microbial populations and on pathways for N2O production. Results showed that emissions of N2O from urine were significantly higher than from dung, ranging from 0.12 to 0.78 kg N2O-N ha?1 during the 3 months. The N2O emissions were significantly related to the bacterial amoA (r?=?0.373, P?<?0.001) and nirK (r?=?0.614, P?<?0.001) gene abundances. It was autotrophic nitrification that dominated N2O production in the low urine-N rate soils, whereas it was denitrification (including nitrifier denitrification and heterotrophic denitrification) that dominated N2O production in the high urine-N rate soils. Nitrifier denitrification was responsible for most of the N2O emissions in the dung-treated soils. This study suggests that nitrifier denitrification is indeed an important pathway for N2O emissions in these low fertility and dry grazed grassland ecosystems.  相似文献   

14.
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15.
Peatlands are important ecosystems in the global carbon cycle, serving as both the largest terrestrial soil carbon pool and a significant source of the greenhouse gas methane (CH4). In Sphagnum moss-dominated wetlands, anaerobic decomposition, and in particular the production of CH4, is highly variable and controlling factors are poorly understood. The main objective of this study was to determine if leachates of Sphagnum can explain differences in anaerobic decomposition and CH4 production from three Sphagnum-dominated peatlands.Soils from each peatland were incubated anaerobically for 40 days with Sphagnum-derived organic matter (S-DOM) extracted using distilled water at 25 or 60 °C in a fully-crossed experimental design. S-DOM extracted at 25 °C had a minimal effect on decomposition, but S-DOM extracted at 60 °C increased CO2 production in all soils. The magnitude of the increased CO2 production in response to S-DOM depended on the source site of the S-DOM. The response of CH4 production to additions of S-DOM extracted at 60 °C was more complex. Soils from one peatland produced no CH4 during the incubation, regardless of S-DOM source. The same S-DOM additions led to an increase in CH4 production in a second soil, but a decrease in CH4 production in the third soil. Stable isotopic evidence suggests that these patterns were driven by the selective inhibition or stimulation of acetoclastic methanogenesis. Taken together, these data suggest S-DOM alone does not explain differences in anaerobic decomposition in peatlands, but may play a role in regulating CO2 and CH4 production.  相似文献   

16.
Peatlands, including fens, are important ecosystems in the context of the global carbon cycle. Future climate change and other anthropogenic activities are likely to increase nutrient loading in many peatland ecosystems and a better understanding of the effects of these nutrients on peatland carbon cycling is necessary. We investigated the effects of six years of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization, along with liming, on carbon mineralization dynamics in an intermediate fen in northern Minnesota. Specifically, we measured CO2 and CH4 emission from intact peat cores, as well as CH4 production and CH4 consumption at multiple depths in short-term laboratory incubations. Despite increased nitrogen and phosphorus availability in the upper 5 cm of peat, increased pH, and clear shifts in the vegetation community, fertilization and liming had limited effects on microbial carbon cycling in this fen. Liming reduced the net flux of CO2 approximately 3-fold compared to the control treatment, but liming had no effect on CH4 emissions from intact cores. There were no nutrient effects on CO2 or CH4 emissions from intact cores. In all treatments, rates of CH4 production increased with depth and rates of CH4 consumption were highest near the in situ water-table level. However, nutrient and liming had no effect on rates of CH4 production or CH4 consumption at any depth. Our results suggest that over at least the intermediate term, the microbial communities responsible for soil carbon cycling in this peatland are tolerant to wide ranges of nutrient concentrations and pH levels and may be relatively insensitive to future anthropogenic nutrient stress.  相似文献   

17.
The effects of earthworms on soil CH4 emissions remain ambiguous, as previous studies revealed both positive and negative effects on net rates of CH4 production. These differences may be linked to land-use history such as pasturing intensity, as the treading of livestock and the input of faeces will affect physical and chemical soil characteristics that are important to methanogenic and methanotrophic bacteria. In order to concomitantly measure the effects of earthworms on the activities of both of these bacterial groups, we performed an isotope dilution assay to measure gross CH4 production and consumption rates. Samples from three soil types, differing mainly in pasture intensity over the past 15 years, were incubated for 8 weeks in the presence or absence of the vermicomposting species Eisenia andrei. Following the incubation, earthworms had a positive effect on gross process rates in the non-pasture control soil, had no effect in the moderate pasture soil, and had a negative effect in the intensive pasture soil. Phospholipid fatty-acid profiles and chemical characteristics of the fresh soil samples suggested that the non-pasture soil would likely produce less CH4 than the control soil. Likewise, methanogenic specific mcrA gene abundance following the incubation was two orders of magnitude higher in the two pasture soils than in the control soil. The isotope dilution assay revealed, however, higher gross CH4 production rates in the control soil. It was also found that gross CH4 transformation rates were neither correlated to net production rates nor to mcrA gene abundance. We discuss the value and limitations of the isotope dilution assay for understanding the factors and underlying mechanisms governing net CH4 emissions rates from soils.  相似文献   

18.

Purpose

Ecosystem restorations can impact carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions which are important greenhouse gasses. Alpine meadows are degraded worldwide, but restorations are increasing. Because their soils represent large carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) pools, they may produce significant amounts of CO2 and N2O depending on the plant species used in restorations. In addition, warming and N deposition may impact soil CO2 and N2O emissions from restored meadows.

Materials and methods

We collected soils from degraded meadows and plots restored using three different plant species at Wugong Mountain (Jiangxi, China). We measured CO2 and N2O emissions when soils were incubated at different temperatures (15, 25 or 35 °C) and levels of N addition (control vs. 4 g m?2) to understand their responses to warming and N deposition.

Results and discussion

Dissolved organic C was higher in restored plots (especially with Fimbristylis dichotoma) compared to non-restored bare soils, and their soil inorganic N was lower. CO2 emission rates were increased by vegetation restorations, decreased by N deposition, and increased by warming. CO2 emission rates were similar for the three grass species at 15 and 25 °C, but they were lower with Miscanthus floridulus at 35 °C. Soils from F. dichotoma and Carex chinensis plots had higher N2O emissions than degraded or M. floridulus plots, especially at 25 °C.

Conclusions

These results show that the effects of restorations on soil greenhouse gas emissions depended on plant species. In addition, these differences varied with temperature suggesting that future climate should be considered when choosing plant species in restorations to predict soil CO2 and N2O emissions and global warming potential.
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19.
Methane (CH4) production varies greatly among different types of peatlands along an ombrotrophic–minerotrophic hydrogeomorphic gradient. pH is thought to be a dominant control over observed differences in CH4 production across sites, and previous pH manipulation experiments have verified the inhibitory effect of low pH on CH4 production. In this experiment, we asked (i) if the major effect of low pH is direct inhibition of one or both pathways of methanogenesis and/or inhibition of ‘upstream’ fermentation that provides substrates for methanogens, and (ii) to what extent is pH sufficient to explain differences in CH4 production relative to other factors that co-vary across the gradient. To address these questions, we adjusted the pH of peat slurries from 6 peatlands to 4 levels (3.5, 4.5, 5.5, and 6.5) that reflected their range of native pH, maintained these pH levels over a 43-day anaerobic laboratory incubation, and measured a suite of responses within the anaerobic carbon cycle. Higher pH caused a significant increase in CO2 production in all sites. Regardless of site, time, and pH level, the reduction of inorganic electron acceptors contributed to <12% of total CO2 production. Higher pH caused acetate pooling by Day 7, but this effect was greater in the more ombrotrophic sites and lasted throughout the incubation, whereas acetate was almost completely consumed as a substrate for acetoclastic methanogenesis by Day 43 in the minerotrophic sites. Higher pH also enhanced CH4 production and this process was up to 436% more sensitive to changes in pH than CO2 production. However, across all sites and pH levels, CH4 production accounted for <25% of the total gaseous C production. Fermentation appeared to be the main pathway for anaerobic C mineralization. Our results indicate that low pH inhibits CH4 production through direct inhibition of both methanogenesis pathways and indirectly through its effects on fermentation, but the direct effects are stronger. The inability of acetoclastic methanogenesis to fully compensate for acetate pooling in ombrotrophic peats at higher pH suggests that CH4 production is inhibited by some factor(s) in addition to pH in these sites. We examine a variety of other potential inhibitory mechanisms and postulate that humic substances may provide an important inhibitory effect over CH4 production in ombrotrophic peatlands.  相似文献   

20.
Temporal variations in diversity of methanogenic community and CH4 production potential were analyzed in an Indian tropical rice ecosystem. Laboratory incubations showed that methane production varied from 20.86 to 134.11 μg CH4 g−1 d.w.s. during the two consecutive years, 2009 and 2010. CH4 production potential was high at the flowering stage of the rice crop followed by ripening, tillering, post-harvest and pre-plantation stage. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA genes of methanogenic community indicated that flowering and ripening stages comprised of Methanomicrobiaceae, Methanosarcinaceae, Methanosaetaceae and RC I methanogenic groups, while only the members of Methanomicrobiaceae and RC I were present in the remaining stages. Further, the dominance of RC I was observed in all stages. This study demonstrates that flowering and ripening stages of rice crop offer relatively favorable ecological niche for methanogenic community. The overall analyses suggest that the temporal change in diversity of methanogens regulates CH4 production potential in rice field soils.  相似文献   

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