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1.
We have shown in vitro that mechanical stretch triggers activation of quiescent satellite cells of skeletal muscle to enter the cell cycle through an intracellular cascade of events including nitric oxide (NO) synthesis that results in the release of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) from its extracellular association and its subsequent presentation to signaling receptors. In order to explore the activation mechanism in vivo, stretch experiments were conducted in the living animal using our suspension model developed. This system used the weight of the hind portion of rats to stretch the inside muscles of the left hind limb suspended for a period of 0.5–2.0 h. At the end of the stretch period, the rats received an intraperitoneal injection of bromodeoxyuridine followed by immunocytochemistry for its incorporation as an index of satellite cell activation in vivo. Depending on the period of stretch, bromodeoxyuridine labeling was increased significantly over the contralateral unstretched leg or control muscle from untreated rats. A stretched muscle extract prepared from the 2 h stretched tissue by incubating it in PBS, showed the active form of HGF as revealed by immunoblotting and it could stimulate the activation of unstretched satellite cells. Also, administering NO synthase inhibitor L‐NAME prior to muscle stretch abolished the stretch activation of satellite cells. Therefore, the results from these experiments demonstrate that stretching muscle triggers NO synthesis and HGF release, which could activate satellite cells in vivo.  相似文献   

2.
The in vitro antiproliferative, apoptotic and cell‐cycle effects of 2‐methoxyestradiol (2ME2), an endogenous oestrogen metabolite, were investigated using a variety of canine tumour cell lines. The cells were cultured under standard conditions and incubated with varying concentrations of 2ME2. Inhibition of tumour cell proliferation was evaluated using a tetrazolium‐based colorimetric assay. DNA content analysis was performed using propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry. Cytologic analysis with Leukostat staining solution and Hoechst 33342 staining and Annexin V‐fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) fluorescence were used to quantify cell‐cycle distribution and apoptosis induction. Tumour cell proliferation was inhibited by 50% at concentrations of 2ME2 ranging from 0.88 to 7.67 µM, depending on the cell line tested. Profound G2/M phase arrest, an increase in binucleate cells and induction of apoptosis were observed in all cell lines tested, in a dose‐dependent manner. Based on these results, this compound has potential as an agent for the treatment of canine cancer and warrants further investigation. The canine lymphoma cell line, 1771, was inhibited at concentrations that may be achievable in vivo.  相似文献   

3.
Purinoceptors are membrane‐bound receptors for adenosine, purines and pyrimidines that are expressed in nearly all cell types throughout the organism. Previous studies demonstrated that they are involved in the regulation of proliferation of most target cells. Since it is well known that several purinoceptors are expressed in skin keratinocytes, we were interested in examining their involvement in wound healing. Primary skin keratinocytes from four different mouse strains were isolated and cultured for in vitro studies. The expression patterns of metabotropic purinoceptors of the primary cells as well as a murine cell line were determined by RT‐PCR analysis. The specificity of the amplification products was verified by sequence analysis. Proliferation assays with various purinoceptor agonists and antagonists were performed using the murine cell line MSC‐P5. Cell proliferation was determined by incorporation of 5‐bromo‐2‐deoxyuridine (BrdU). Female NMRI mice were used for in vivo trials. To inhibit the wound healing process, animals were treated once daily with dexamethasone. After a week of treatment, full thickness wounds were set with biopsy punches in depilated back skin. The wound healing process was measured by determination of the wound area and the incorporation of BrdU in vivo. The purinoceptor agonists and antagonists were administered topically on the wound area. Among the examined metabotropic purinoceptors, the murine cell line MSC‐P5 expressed the receptors A2b, P2Y1, P2Y2 and P2Y6. Primary cultured murine keratinocytes possessed the same expression profile and they additionally expressed the P2Y4 receptor. Furthermore, three of the four primary cultures showed a splicing variant of the P2Y2 receptor. The purinoceptor agonists ATP, UTP and 5’‐(N‐ethyl)‐carboxamidoadenosine (NECA) enhanced the cell growth of the murine cell line MSC‐P5. The mitogenic effect of ATP and UTP was inhibited by the P2Y1, P2Y2 and P2Y6 receptor antagonist suramin, while the effect of NECA was inhibited by the selective A2b receptor antagonist enprofylline. Taking into account that other tested purinoceptor agonists, 2‐Me‐S‐ATP and UDP, exhibited no proliferative activity on MSC‐P5 cells, it can be concluded that ATP and UTP act on proliferation via the P2Y2 receptor, and NECA via the A2b receptor. In vivo trials in an animal model of impaired wound healing confirm that pharmacological actions via purinoceptors offer an intriguing possibility in the treatment of wounds. Nevertheless, further investigations are needed to fully elucidate the role of purinergic mechanisms involved in wound healing. Funding: Self‐funded.  相似文献   

4.
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is one of the most common cancers in dogs, yet relatively little is known about the molecular events involved in its development. Increasing evidence implicates cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) in the pathogenesis of various cancers in humans and animals. COX‐2 overexpression has recently been demonstrated in canine SCCs. The objective of our study was to characterize the expression and regulation of COX‐2 in normal and neoplastic canine keratinocytes (CKs) to provide an in vitro system to investigate the implication of COX‐2 in SCC oncogenesis in dogs. Cell lines derived from normal CKs and neoplastic CKs (SCCs) were cultured in the absence or presence of agonists, and immunoblots, immunocytochemistry, radioimmunoassays and a cell proliferation assay were used to characterize COX‐2 expression and action. Results showed that neoplastic keratinocytes had a higher basal COX‐2 expression than normal keratinocytes. In both cell lines, stimulation with the tumour promoter phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate induced a time‐dependent increase in COX‐2 protein, with COX‐2 induction being stronger in cancerous SCC than in normal CK cells. Moreover, SCC cells produced significantly more PGE2 than CK cells, under both baseline and stimulated conditions (P < 0.05). NS‐398, a selective COX‐2 inhibitor, inhibited prostaglandin (PG)E2 synthesis and decreased proliferation of CK and SCC cells (P < 0.05). Collectively, our results indicate that the canine neoplastic keratinocyte SCC cell line expresses more COX‐2 and produces more PGE2 than the normal keratinocyte CK cell line, thus providing an in vitro system to study the molecular basis of elevated COX‐2 expression in SCCs in dogs.  相似文献   

5.
Successful regeneration and remodeling of neuromuscular junctions are critical for restoring functional capacities and properties of skeletal muscle after damage, and axon‐guidance molecules may be involved in the signaling that regulates such restoration. Recently, we found that early‐differentiated satellite cells up‐regulate a secreted neural chemorepellent Sema3A upon in vivo muscle‐crush injury. The study also revealed that Sema3A expression is up‐regulated in primary satellite‐cell cultures in response to hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) and is prevented by transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β2, 3. In order to verify the physiological significance of this regulation in vitro, the present study was designed to estimate the time‐course of extracellular HGF, FGF2 and TGF‐β3 concentrations after crush‐injury of Gastrocnemius muscle in the rat lower hind‐limb, using a combination of a non‐homogenization/non‐spin extraction of extracellular wound fluids and enhanced chemiluminescence–Western blotting analyses. Results clearly demonstrated that active HGF and FGF2 are prevalent in 2–8 days post‐crush, whereas active TGF‐β3 increases after 12 days, providing a better understanding of the time‐coordinated levels of HGF, FGF2 and TGF‐β3 that drive regulation of Sema3A expression during regenerative intramuscular moto‐neuritogenesis.  相似文献   

6.
Many observations have been made on cloned embryos and on adult clones by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), but it is still unclear whether the progeny of cloned animals is presenting normal epigenetic status. Here, in order to accumulate the information for evaluating the normality of cloned cattle, we analyzed the DNA methylation status on satellite I region in blastocysts obtained from cloned cattle. Embryos were produced by artificial insemination (AI) to non‐cloned or cloned dams using semen from non‐cloned or cloned sires. After 7 days of AI, embryos at blastocyst stage were collected by uterine flushing. The DNA methylation levels in embryos obtained by using semen and/or oocytes from cloned cattle were similar to those in in vivo embryos from non‐cloned cattle. In contrast, the DNA methylation levels in SCNT embryos were significantly higher (P < 0.01) than those in in vivo embryos from non‐cloned and cloned cattle, approximately similar to those in somatic cells used as donor cells. Thus, this study provides useful information that epigenetic status may be normal in the progeny of cloned cattle, suggesting the normality of germline cells in cloned cattle.  相似文献   

7.
Benzimidazole anthelmintics have reported anti‐neoplastic effects both in vitro and in vivo. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro chemosensitivity of three canine glioma cell lines to mebendazole and fenbendazole. The mean inhibitory concentration (IC50) (±SD) obtained from performing the MTT [3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay after treating J3T, G06‐A, and SDT‐3G cells for 72 h with mebendazole were 0.030 ± 0.003, 0.080 ± 0.015 and 0.030 ± 0.006 μM respectively, while those for fenbendazole were 0.550 ± 0.015, 1.530 ± 0.159 and 0.690 ± 0.095 μM; treatment of primary canine fibroblasts for 72 h at IC50 showed no significant effect. Immunofluorescence studies showed disruption of tubulin after treatment. Mebendazole and fenbendazole are cytotoxic in canine glioma cell lines in vitro and may be good candidates for treatment of canine gliomas. Further in vivo studies are required.  相似文献   

8.
It has previously been shown that mechanical stretch induces activation of cultured quiescent satellite cells by rapid release of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) from its extracellular association with satellite cells and its subsequent presentation to the c‐met receptor. The present study provides evidence that the stretch activation activity varies according to the origin of satellite cells from back and leg skeletal muscles in vitro. Satellite cells were isolated from three muscle groups, back (BK), upper hind limb (UL) and lower hind limb (LL) muscles, of adult male rats and stretch activation activities were compared. In response to stretch, lower hind limb satellite cells showed significantly greater response than upper hind limb and back muscles (LL > UL > BK). Immunoblots of stretched culture media revealed a higher HGF‐releasing capacity of lower hind limb satellite cells than back muscle satellite cells. In addition, lower hind limb satellite cells exhibited a greater activation activity in response to exogenous HGF added to culture media than compared to satellite cells from back and upper hind limb (LL > UL > BK). The increased ability to release HGF and the increased cellular responsiveness might account for higher stretch activation activities of lower hind limb satellite cells. Electrophoretic analysis of myosin heavy chain isoforms verified a higher content of slow muscle fibers in lower limb muscles (LL > UL > BK), suggesting a difference in stretch‐induced activation activity between satellite cells associated with fast and slow muscle fibers.  相似文献   

9.
To investigate the effect of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on the proliferation of bovine skeletal muscle satellite cells,bovine skeletal muscle satellite cells were isolated and cultured in the medium with bFGF,the growth and differentiation state of muscle satellite cells were observed,and the growth curve and EDU cell proliferation assay were conducted.The results showed that cell morphology of bovine skeletal muscle satellite cells cultured in medium containing bFGF was better and proliferation rate was significantly higher than that in control group (P<0.05).The results indicated that bFGF could promote proliferation of bovine skeletal muscle satellite cells efficiently in growth medium and differential medium.Our study established an efficient method to culture bovine skeletal muscle satellite cells,which could provide reference for studying and using of skeletal muscle satellite cells.  相似文献   

10.
为研究碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(basic fibroblast growth factor,bFGF)对牛骨骼肌卫星细胞增殖的影响,试验对牛骨骼肌卫星细胞进行体外分离培养,在生长培养基和分化培养基中分别添加bFGF,观察细胞生长及分化情况,绘制细胞生长曲线,并进行EDU细胞增殖检测试验。结果显示,添加了bFGF培养基的细胞生长状态较对照组良好,细胞增殖速度快,细胞增殖率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),说明bFGF对牛骨骼肌卫星细胞在生长培养基和分化培养基中增殖都具有良好的促进作用。本研究建立了一种高效的牛骨骼肌卫星细胞培养方案,为骨骼肌卫星细胞的研究利用提供参考。  相似文献   

11.
Intramuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) is observed in some skeletal muscle pathologies. IMAT is implicated not only in the disorders of muscle contraction, but also of metabolism and insulin sensitivity due to its nature as a secretary organ. Several studies indicate the presence of cells with adipogenic potential in skeletal muscle. However, the mechanism of fate specification that triggers these cells to enter an adipogenic program in vivo remains to be solved. In the present study, we examined whether activation of the adipogenic program of muscle‐resident cells precedes their proliferation upon muscle injury. For this purpose, muscle injury was induced by injecting bupivacaine (BPVC) to excised skeletal muscle ex vivo. Cells isolated from ex vivo BPVC‐treated muscle exhibited higher adipogenic potential than those from saline‐treated muscle. Pre‐plating exposure of skeletal muscle cells to basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) mimicked the effect of ex vivo BPVC‐treatment, suggesting that bFGF released from extracellular matrix in response to muscle injury activates their adipogenic program. Interestingly, the number of myotubes were significantly reduced in the culture from BPVC‐treated muscle, suggesting that adipocytes negatively regulate myogenesis.  相似文献   

12.
Regenerative mechanisms that regulate intramuscular motor innervation. including configuration of the neuromuscular connections are thought to reside in the spatiotemporal expression of axon‐guidance molecules. Our previous studies proposed a heretofore unexplored role of satellite cells as a key source of a secreted neural chemorepellent semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) expression. In order to verify this concept, there is still a critical need to provide direct evidence to show the up‐regulation of Sema3A protein in satellite cells in vivo upon muscle injury. The present study employed a Sema3A/MyoD double‐immunohistochemical staining for cryo‐sections prepared from cardiotoxin injected gastrocnemius muscle of adult mouse lower hind‐limb. Results clearly demonstrated that Sema3A expression was up‐regulated in myogenic differentiation‐positive satellite cells at 4–12 days post‐injury period, the time that corresponds to the cell differentiation phase characterized by increasing myogenin messenger RNA expression. This direct proof encourages a possible implication of satellite cells in the spatiotemporal regulation of extracellular Sema3A concentrations, which potentially ensures coordinating a delay in neurite sprouting and re‐attachment of motoneuron terminals onto damaged muscle fibers early in muscle regeneration in synchrony with recovery of muscle‐fiber integrity.  相似文献   

13.
This study was conducted to evaluate the differential proliferation ability of satellite cells (SCs) derived from pectoral muscles (PM) with different fiber characteristics and further to explore the underlying molecular mechanism. WENS Yellow Feather Chicks (WYFC) were chosen as the animal model, with White Plymouth Rock Chicks (WPRC) as a comparison. The results showed that WPRC had higher body and pectoral muscle weight than WYFC at 4 days old (P < 0.05). However, WYFC showed greater fiber numbers/mm2 but smaller fiber cross‐sectional area compared with WPRC in PM (P < 0.05). SCs derived from PM of WYFC had a faster proliferation rate but smaller cell size compared with that from PM of WPRC (P < 0.05). The percentage of cell population in G2/M phase and the messenger RNA abundance of TSC1 (P = 0.08), Rheb (P = 0.07) and target of rapamycin (TOR, P = 0.06) in WYFC were higher than that in WPRC. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that SCs isolated from PM of WYFC had faster proliferation rate but smaller cell size than that in WPRC. The higher SC proliferation in WYFC may be due to higher gene expression of TOR signaling pathway than in WPRC, and the larger cell size of WPRC may be due to higher insulin‐like growth factor‐1 expression than in WYFC.  相似文献   

14.
The development of chicken embryo culture techniques, from single‐cell stage to hatching, makes it possible to manipulate developing embryos at any developmental stage. Production of germline chimeric chickens by the transfer of stage X blastodermal cells or primordial germ cells enables the manipulation of germline cells in vitro. Production of transgenic chickens has been attempted by the retroviral vector method, microinjection of DNA into a fertilized ovum at the single‐cell stage, use of chimeric intermediates produced by the transfer of stage X blastodermal cells or primordial germ cells, manipulation of spermatozoa, and in vivo manipulation of gonads. So far, the only non‐viral method that has successfully produced transgenic chickens is microinjection of DNA into a fertilized ovum. Manipulation of primordial germ cells could become an efficient system for producing transgenic chickens by combining it with the highly efficient transfection method or the in vitro culture system for primordial germ cells. Preservation of avian genetic resources has now become possible by cryopreservation of stage X blastodermal cells or primordial germ cells as well as spermatozoa. The development of nuclear transfer techniques for avian species is necessary.  相似文献   

15.
Reasons for performing study: Post operative ileus (POI) in horses is a severe complication after colic surgery. A commonly used prokinetic drug is lidocaine, which has been shown to have stimulatory effects on intestinal motility. The cellular mechanisms through which lidocaine affects smooth muscle activity are not yet known. Objectives: To examine the effects of lidocaine on smooth muscle in vitro and identify mechanisms by which it may affect the contractility of intestinal smooth muscle. Hypothesis: Ischaemia and reperfusion associated with intestinal strangulation can cause smooth muscle injury. Consequently, muscle cell functionality and contractile performance is decreased. Lidocaine can improve basic cell functions and thereby muscle cell contractility especially in ischaemia‐reperfusion‐challenged smooth muscle. Methods: To examine the effects of lidocaine on smooth muscle function directly, isometric force performance was measured in vitro in noninjured and in vivo ischaemia‐reperfusion injured smooth muscle tissues. Dose‐dependent response of lidocaine was measured in both samples. To assess membrane permeability as a marker of basic cell function, release of creatine kinase (CK) was measured by in vitro incubations. Results: Lidocaine‐stimulated contractility of ischaemia‐reperfusion injured smooth muscle was more pronounced than that of noninjured smooth muscle. A 3‐phasic dose‐dependency was observed with an initial recovery of contractility especially in ischaemia‐reperfusion injured smooth muscle followed by a plateau phase where contractility was maintained over a broad concentration range. CK release was decreased by lidocaine. Conclusion: Lidocaine may improve smooth muscle contractility and basic cell function by cellular repair mechanisms which are still unknown. Improving contractility of smooth muscle after ischaemia‐reperfusion injury is essential in recovery of propulsive intestinal motility. Potential relevance: Characterisation of the cellular mechanisms of effects of lidocaine, especially on ischaemia‐reperfusion injured smooth muscle, may lead to improved treatment strategies for horses with POI.  相似文献   

16.
Satellite cells attached to skeletal muscle fibers play a crucial role in skeletal muscle regeneration. During regeneration, the satellite cells proliferate, migrate to the damaged region, and fuse to each other. Although it is important to determine the cellular mechanisms controlling myoblast behavior, their regulators are not well understood. In this study, we evaluated the roles of Fbxw7 in primary myoblasts and determined its potential as a therapeutic target for muscle disease. We originally found that Fbxw7β, one of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Fbxw7 subtypes, negatively regulates differentiation, proliferation and migration of myoblasts and satellite cells on muscle fiber. However, these phenomena were not observed in myoblasts expressing a dominant‐negative, F‐box deleted Fbxw7β, mutant. Our results suggest that myoblast differentiation potential and muscle regeneration can be regulated by Fbxw7β.  相似文献   

17.
Plane of nutrition effects on body, tissue and cellular growth in the neonatal calf are poorly understood. The hypothesis that a low plane of nutrition (LPN) would limit skeletal muscle size by reducing fibre growth and muscle progenitor cell activity was tested. At birth, calves were randomly assigned to either a LPN (20% CP, 20% fat; GE=1.9 Mcal/days) or a high plane of nutrition (HPN; 27% CP, 10% fat, GE = 3.8 Mcal/days) in a 2 × 3 factorial design to test the impact of diet on neonatal calf growth, organ weight and skeletal muscle morphometry with time. Groups of calves (n = 4 or 5) were euthanised at 2, 4 and 8 week of age and organ and empty carcass weights were recorded. Body composition was measured by DXA. Longissimus muscle (LM) fibre cross‐sectional area (CSA), fibre/mm2 and Pax7 were measured by immunohistology. Satellite cells were isolated at each time point and proliferation rates were measured by EdU incorporation. Calves fed a HPN had greater (p < 0.05) BW, ADG and hip height than those fed a LPN for 2, 4 or 8 weeks. HPN calves contained a greater (p < 0.05) percentage of fat tissue than LPN calves. Liver, spleen and thymus weights were less (p < 0.05) in LPN calves than HPN animals. Calves fed HPN had larger (p < 0.05) LM CSA at 8 weeks than LPN fed animals with no differences between the groups in numbers of satellite cells per fibre. Proliferation rates of satellite cells isolated from HPN fed calves were greater (p < 0.05) at 2 weeks than LPN fed animals, which exhibited greater (p < 0.05) proliferation rates at 4 weeks than HPN fed calves. We conclude a LPN diet reduces body growth and organ size and metabolically reprograms satellite cell activity.  相似文献   

18.
为探究二甲双胍对牛骨骼肌卫星细胞增殖和分化的影响，本研究将体外培养的牛骨骼肌卫星细胞分别用0（对照组）、1、2、4 mmol/L二甲双胍进行处理，采用CCK-8法筛选出二甲双胍作用于牛骨骼肌卫星细胞的最适浓度，接着通过EdU染色法检测二甲双胍处理牛骨骼肌卫星细胞后对其增殖的影响，然后对二甲双胍处理的牛骨骼肌卫星细胞进行体外成肌诱导分化，通过显微镜观察牛骨骼肌卫星细胞分化时期的细胞状态，然后利用Western blotting技术检测牛骨骼肌卫星细胞的分化标志因子肌球蛋白重链（MyHC）、肌细胞生成素（MyoG）在分化24、48和72 h的表达情况。结果表明，二甲双胍作用于牛骨骼肌卫星细胞的最适浓度为2 mmol/L。2 mmol/L二甲双胍处理牛骨骼肌卫星细胞后，其细胞增殖率显著降低（P<0.05），说明二甲双胍可以抑制牛骨骼肌卫星细胞的增殖；牛骨骼肌卫星细胞诱导分化后形成的肌管数量和直径均呈现减少趋势，牛骨骼肌卫星细胞成肌分化标志因子MyHC、MyoG在分化24、48和72 h的表达均显著低于0 mmol/L （对照）组（P<0.05），说明2 mmol/L二甲双胍能够抑制牛骨骼肌卫星细胞的成肌分化过程。研究结果表明，二甲双胍可以显著抑制牛骨骼肌卫星细胞的增殖及成肌分化过程。该研究为二甲双胍在肌肉发育调控及肌损伤修复方面的应用提供一定的理论依据。  相似文献   

19.
The value‐added products in livestock industry is one of the key issues in order to maximize the revenue and to create a new business model. Numerous studies have suggested application of herbal plants as feed additives to increase health, productivity, and/or high‐quality product in livestock. In this study, the first experiment was designed to develop in vitro evaluation system by using primary chicken myoblast (pCM) cells isolated from pectoralis major of 10‐day‐old male embryos. Subsequently, to evaluate effects of Korean Danggui Angelica gigas Nakai (AGN), we optimized the concentration of AGN root extract for treatment of primary pCM cells. After the treatment of AGN root extract, we compared proliferation and differentiation capacity, and also examined the gene expression. In the second experiment, the next generation sequencing analysis was performed to compare the different patterns of the global gene expression in pCM cells treated with AGN extract. Three up‐regulated (pancreas beta cells, fatty acid metabolism and glycolysis) and one down‐regulated (adipogenesis) gene sets were characterized suggesting that the AGN extract affected the metabolic pathways for the utilization of fat and glucose in chicken muscle cells. Furthermore, we validated the expression patterns of the up‐regulated genes (GCLC, PTPN6, ISL1, SLC25A13, TGFBI, and YWHAH) in the AGN‐treated pCM cells by quantitative RT‐PCR. These results demonstrated that the treatment of AGN extract decreased proliferation and differentiation of pCM cells, and affected the metabolic pathways of glucose and fatty acids. Moreover, AGN extract derived from byproducts such as stem and leaf also showed the reduced proliferation patterns on AGN‐treated pCM cells. Taken together, pCM cell‐based in vitro assay system could be primarily and efficiently applied for evaluating the biofunctional efficacy of various feed additive candidates.  相似文献   

20.
Epigenetic abnormalities in cloned animals are caused by incomplete reprogramming of the donor nucleus during the nuclear transfer step (first reprogramming). However, during the second reprogramming step that occurs only in the germline cells, epigenetic errors not corrected during the first step are repaired. Consequently, epigenetic abnormalities in the somatic cells of cloned animals should be erased in their spermatozoa or oocytes. This is supported by the fact that offspring from cloned animals do not exhibit defects at birth or during postnatal development. To test this hypothesis in cloned cattle, we compared the DNA methylation level of two imprinted genes (H19 and PEG3) and three non‐imprinted genes (XIST, OCT4 and NANOG) and two repetitive elements (Satellite I and Satellite II) in blood and sperm DNAs from cloned and non‐cloned bulls. We found no differences between cloned and non‐cloned bulls. We also analyzed the DNA methylation levels of four repetitive elements (Satellite I, Satellite II, Alpha‐satellite and Art2) in oocytes recovered from cloned and non‐cloned cows. Again, no significant differences were observed between clones and non‐clones. These results suggested that imprinted and non‐imprinted genes and repetitive elements were properly reprogramed during gametogenesis in cloned cattle; therefore, they contributed to the soundness of cloned cattle offspring.  相似文献   

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