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1.
Total and differential cell counts were determined on cytolytic specimens obtained by fiberoptic bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of five normal cynomolgus monkeys. Total nucleated cell counts ranged from 100 to 430 cells/microliters. Macrophages were approximately 91% of total nucleated cells, while lymphocytes were 3%, neutrophils 4%, and eosinophils 2% of the initial BAL from each monkey. Less than 1% of the cells were mast cells and ciliated or nonciliated epithelial cells. The effects of repeated saline BAL on pulmonary cell populations were evaluated. Saline lavage of individual lung lobes resulted in a marked rise in circulating blood neutrophils at 4 hr after BAL; there was a similar rise in neutrophils in lavage fluids 24 hr after the initial lavage. Differential and total cell counts of both blood and lavage fluid returned to normal if subsequent lavages were spaced at 48-hr intervals. Lymphocytes were not present in saline-lavaged lung lobes, and protein levels of lavage fluids did not rise significantly. BAL produced a transient, reversible, intra-alveolar influx of neutrophils which was preceded by mobilization of bone marrow-stored neutrophils. Neutrophilia in the lavage fluid and blood was not detectable if lavage and blood sampling procedures were done at 48-hr intervals (which did not alter Ia antigen expression among BAL cells). These observations indicate that BAL is a valid method for sampling and assessing pulmonary cellular and fluid constituents if the procedures are done at intervals of at least 48 hr.  相似文献   

2.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of longterm exposure to airborne dust and endotoxin on the respiratory system of pigs. A continuous flow exposure chamber was built for the purpose of exposing pigs to selected airborne contaminants. Pigs (n = 6) were exposed to a combination of a very fine corn/soybean meal (40.6 mg/m3) with added lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 12.4 microg/m3) for 8 h/d over 5 d for 15 wk (75 d of exposure). Control pigs (n = 6) were housed in a room with minimal contamination of these airborne contaminants. Surprisingly, dust in the exposure chamber and the control room was highly contaminated with peptidoglycan. Changes in the lung were monitored by collecting bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid for cytology at 5 different time points throughout the exposure period. Blood samples were collected at the same time for hematology. A non-specific respiratory inflammatory response was found in exposed and control pigs, as suggested by the increased neutrophils in BAL fluid and the small inflammatory areas in the lung tissue. No macroscopic lung lesions were observed in control or exposed pigs. The findings in the control pigs imply that even low dust concentrations and possibly peptidoglycan contamination can induce cellular changes in the BAL fluid and that a true control pig does not exist. In addition, the exposed pigs developed a mild eosinophilia, indicating an allergic response to the airborne contaminants.  相似文献   

3.
AIM: To develop a technique to estimate the volume of epithelial lining fluid (ELF) obtained during bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and pleural lavage (PL) in the dog, using the urea dilution method. METHODS: BAL and PL fluids were obtained by saline lavage of pulmonary and pleural cavities of nine clinically healthy mixed-breed dogs immediately after euthanasia. Cell counts in the BAL and PL fluids were measured using standard techniques. The concentration of ELF in each lavage fluid was calculated from the relative concentration of urea in plasma and in each type of lavage fluid. Cell counts in ELF were then calculated. RESULTS: There were substantially higher cell counts in ELF compared to BAL or PF fluid. However, nucleated cell counts in ELF could not be predicted from cell counts in BAL or PL fluid. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These results suggest that accurate assessment of cellular or non-cellular components in lavage fluids should include a calculation of the proportion of ELF recovered, using a method such as urea dilution.  相似文献   

4.
AIM: To develop a technique to estimate the volume of epithelial lining fluid (ELF) obtained during bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and pleural lavage (PL) in the dog, using the urea dilution method.

METHODS: BAL and PL fluids were obtained by saline lavage of pulmonary and pleural cavities of nine clinically healthy mixed-breed dogs immediately after euthanasia. Cell counts in the BAL and PL fluids were measured using standard techniques. The concentration of ELF in each lavage fluid was calculated from the relative concentration of urea in plasma and in each type of lavage fluid. Cell counts in ELF were then calculated.

RESULTS: There were substantially higher cell counts in ELF compared to BAL or PF fluid. However, nucleated cell counts in ELF could not be predicted from cell counts in BAL or PL fluid.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These results suggest that accurate assessment of cellular or non-cellular components in lavage fluids should include a calculation of the proportion of ELF recovered, using a method such as urea dilution.  相似文献   

5.
A technique to standardise the analysis of cellular and non-cellular components in epithelial lining fluid (ELF) collected during saline lavage of pulmonary and pleural cavities was developed using the urea dilution method. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and pleural lavage (PL) fluids were collected from 12 clinically healthy cats. Total and differential cell counts in BAL fluid were within normal ranges for the cat, while cell counts in PL fluid were assumed to be normal based on clinical health during examination, auscultation and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities being comparable with other species. The major clinical implication of this study was that nucleated cell counts within feline ELF could not be predicted from analysis of lavage fluid which suggests that calculation of the proportion of ELF in lavage fluid by the urea dilution method may be necessary to avoid misdiagnosis of health or disease in pulmonary or pleural cavities.  相似文献   

6.
This study examined whether an infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) potentiates respiratory signs upon exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Five-week-old conventional pigs were inoculated intratracheally with the Lelystad strain of PRRSV and received 5 days later one or two intratracheal LPS administrations. The necessary controls were included. After LPS administration, pigs were intensively monitored for clinical signs. Additionally, some pigs were euthanatized after a second LPS administration for broncho-alveolar cell analysis and virological examinations of the lungs. Broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) cells were counted and differentiated. Lung suspensions and BAL fluids were titrated for PRRSV. Exposure of pigs to PRRSV only resulted in a fever for time periods ranging from 1 to 5 days and slight respiratory signs. Exposure of pigs to LPS only resulted in general signs, characterized by fever and depression, but respiratory signs were slight or absent. PRRSV-LPS exposed pigs, on the other hand, developed severe respiratory signs upon LPS exposure, characterized by tachypnoea, abdominal breathing and dyspnoea. Besides respiratory signs, these pigs also showed enhanced general signs, such as fever and depression. Lung neutrophil infiltration was similar in non-infected and PRRSV-infected pigs upon LPS exposure. PRRSV quantities were similar in lungs and BAL fluids of pigs infected with PRRSV only and PRRSV-LPS exposed pigs. These data show a clear synergism between PRRSV and LPS in the induction of respiratory signs in conventional pigs. The synergism was observed in 87% of the pigs. So, it can be considered as reproducible and may be used to test the efficacy of preventive and therapeutic measures.  相似文献   

7.
The distribution of leukocytes in bovine bronchoalveolar lavage fluids was determined in 15 calves at various times after aerosol exposure to Pasteurella haemolytica. For comparison, 10 calves were exposed to aerosols of phosphate-buffered saline solution; 15 calves, to Staphylococcus epidermidis; and 10 calves, to Salmonella typhimurium endotoxin. At 10 minutes after inhalation exposure for each group, the predominant cell type was the macrophage. Macrophages remained the predominant cell type throughout each lavage interval for calves exposed to phosphate-buffered saline solution and Staph epidermidis. For calves exposed to P haemolytica, there was a decrease in the percentage of macrophages detectable by 30 minutes after exposure, with a corresponding increase in the percentage of neutrophils. Sixty minutes after the inhalation exposure to P haemolytica, the percentages of macrophages and neutrophils in the lavage fluid were equal. By 240 minutes after exposure to P haemolytica, greater than 90% of the cells in the lavage fluids was neutrophils. The increase in the percentage of neutrophils in lavage fluids from calves exposed to S typhimurium endotoxin was similar to that seen for the calves exposed to P haemolytica.  相似文献   

8.
The effects of long-term vitamin E-supplementation on phagocytic cells, lymphocyte sub-populations, and SWC3+ cell count were studied in pigs. Eighteen weaned pigs were divided into three groups: 1) 100 mg DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate/kg diet, 2) 200 mg DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate/kg diet, 3) control group (basic feed with 10 mg DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate/kg diet). The examination of the immune indices was performed on day 120 of feeding the supplemented diets. The higher dietary levels of vitamin E resulted in increased serum concentration of alpha-tocopherol for both experimental groups (p < 0.05) and there were no significant differences in counts of CD2+, CD4+, CD8+, B lymphocytes nor SWC3+ cells among the groups. Similarly, vitamin E supplementation did not affect the functions of phagocytic cells tested.  相似文献   

9.
Dust is an environmental stressor and can become extensive in agricultural production systems. Thirty-six female, Spanish goats (average BW 21.1 kg, SEM = 1.31; age = 4 mo) were randomly assigned to simulated dust events or no dust, with or without tilmicosin phosphate treatment in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to determine effects on performance, rectal temperature, and leukocyte changes. All goats were fed a standard growing diet (13.6% CP) consisting of 37% roughage and 63% concentrate (DM basis). Feed intake was measured daily, and BW (unshrunk) measured individually every 7 d. The tilmicosin-treated group received tilmicosin phosphate (10 mg/kg BW s.c.) before starting the study. Goats exposed to dust were enclosed as a group inside a canvass tent for 4 h each day and ground feed yard manure dust (mean particle size 100 microm) was aerosolized inside the tent to simulate a dust event. There was one single dust event (Phase I) followed by rectal temperature measurement, and heparinized blood collection for complete cell counts at 0 (pretrial), 4, 12, 20, 44, 68, and 210 h after dust exposure. This was followed by 21 d of chronic dust events (Phase II). The sampling procedures for Phase II were exactly the same as in Phase I, except that samples were obtained daily at 0 (before dust application), 4, 8, and 12 h after each dust event. Dust treatment had no effect (P > 0.05) on feed intake or ADG, but the gain:feed (G:F) ratio was lower (P < 0.05) in the control goats than the dust exposed group. Tilmicosin phosphate-treated goats had a higher (P < 0.05) G:F ratio than untreated goats. Dust exposure increased (P < 0.002), but tilmicosin treatment decreased (P < 0.05) rectal temperature at 4 and 8 h. Dust exposure increased (P < 0.02) blood lymphocyte counts compared with controls. These results suggest that simulated dust events altered rectal temperature and leukocyte counts of goats.  相似文献   

10.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical, clinicopathologic, and histologic effects of aerosolized feedyard dust that contains natural endotoxins on adult sheep. ANIMALS: Eighteen 3-year-old Saint Croix sheep. PROCEDURE: A prospective randomized controlled study was conducted. There were 2 treatment groups (dust-endotoxin group, n = 9; control group, 9). Aerosolized feedyard dust was provided continuously during a 4-hour period for each application (once in week 1, 3 times in week 2, and 7 times in week 3) to sheep in a semiairtight tent. All sheep were euthanatized and necropsied 8 hours after the treatment group received the last dust treatment. Variables measured before and after each dust treatment were rectal temperature, total WBC count, and concentrations of fibrinogen and haptoglobin. RESULTS: Mean amount of dust administered during each treatment was 451 g/4 h. Filter collection indicated 51 mg of dust/m3 and 7,423 ng of endotoxin. Mean rectal temperature at 8 hours (40.4 C) and mean WBC counts 12 and 24 hours after dust treatment were significantly higher for the treated group than the means of the respective variables for the control group. Similar responses were observed with repeated dust-endotoxin treatments; however, with each subsequent treatment, there was a diminished response. Sheep in the treatment group had generalized alveolar septal thickening and hypercellularity. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Feedyard dust induced a temporary febrile response and leukocytosis in sheep in the treatment group. Exposure to dust that contains endotoxins may be a stressor preceding acute infectious respiratory tract disease of marketed sheep.  相似文献   

11.
Apoptosis was studied in the lungs of pigs during an infection with a European strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and it was examined if cytokines were involved in the induction of apoptosis. Twenty-two 4- to 5-week-old gnotobiotic pigs were inoculated intranasally with 10(6.0) TCID50 of the Lelystad virus and euthanised between 1 and 52 days post inoculation (PI). The lungs and broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) cells were assessed both for virus replication and apoptosis; BAL fluids were examined for interleukin (IL)-1, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and IL-10. Double-labellings were conducted to determine the relation between virus replication and apoptosis and to identify the apoptotic cells. Apoptosis occurred in both infected and non-infected cells. The percentages of infected cells, which were apoptotic, ranged between 9 and 39% in the lungs and between 13 and 30% in the BAL cells. The majority of apoptotic cells were non-infected. Non-infected apoptotic cells in the lungs were predominantly monocytes/macrophages, whereas those in the broncho-alveolar spaces were predominantly lymphocytes. The peak of apoptosis in the lungs at 14 days PI was preceded by a peak of IL-1 and IL-10 production at 9 days PI, suggesting a possible role of these cytokines in the induction of apoptosis in non-infected interstitial monocytes/macrophages. However, the latter hypothesis was not confirmed in vitro, since blood monocytes or alveolar macrophages did not undergo apoptosis after treatment with recombinant porcine IL-1 or IL-10.  相似文献   

12.
The relationship between acute pulmonary cell injury and inflammatory response was investigated in rats killed 1, 3, and 7 days after intratracheal inoculation with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and bronchoalveolar cell (BAC) lysate supernatants were used as indicators of cell injury in the lung. Concentrations of protein in BAL fluid and the number and types of BAC were used as indicators of pulmonary inflammatory response. The magnitude of inflammation and cell injury was calculated as the percentage difference of cellular and biochemical values, compared with values of nontreated controls. Inoculation with LPS induced a significant and dramatic (greater than 18,000%) influx of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and a mild (approx 250%) increase in pulmonary alveolar macrophages. A moderate, significant and time-dependent increase in LDH (up to approx 260%) and AP (up to approx 220%) was detected in BAL fluid and BAC lysate supernatants after LPS inoculations. Inoculation with saline solution alone resulted in increased PMN (approx 975%), but did not alter LDH and AP values. In all rats evaluated, protein concentrations did not change. Numbers of PMN significantly and positively correlated with activities of LDH and AP. Protein concentrations and PMN counts had a negative nonsignificant association. Evidence of further cell injury was not detected after massive influx of PMN into the bronchoalveolar space. Therefore, the cellular influx of PMN induced by LPS probably was disproportionate to the magnitude of pulmonary cell injury.  相似文献   

13.
Bronchoalveolar lavages (BALs) were performed with a bronchoscope on 5- and 7.5-week-old, anesthetized, high health status pigs (n = 14). At 10 weeks of age, pigs (n = 28) were necropsied, lungs were removed, and BAL samples were collected from the right diaphragmatic lobe with a modified 12-Fr (4-mm) Foley catheter. Peripheral blood was sampled from all pigs (n = 28) before each BAL procedure. Peripheral blood and BAL samples were collected according to a similar study design at 5, 7.5, and 10 weeks of age from 12 low health status pigs, which were raised according to standard farm procedures (n = 6) or as segregated early weaned pigs (n = 6). Bronchoalveolar lavage cytology and hematologic 95% confidence intervals were determined for 5-, 7.5-, and 10-week-old high (group A) and low health status pigs (groups B and C). The results were compared between the different groups. Repeated BALs were easily performed in all pigs, making this an additional tool for evaluation of respiratory health. Total numbers of cells and neutrophils in peripheral blood and BAL samples were greater in low health status pigs than in high health status pigs. Hematologic results paralleled the findings in BAL fluid. Segregated early weaning of low health status pigs in a less challenging environment mainly reduced the number of neutrophils in BAL samples and peripheral blood.  相似文献   

14.
Comparisons were made between transtracheal aspirate (TTA) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cytology obtained from 50 horses with chronic lung disease and from 10 control horses. There was no significant correlation between the TTA cytology and the BAL cytology, suggesting that the cell population in the trachea is not representative of the cell population in the lower airways. In control horses the range of differential cell counts obtained from TTA fluid was remarkably large, whereas the variability in cell populations observed in BAL fluid was smaller. In the principal horses the total and differential cell counts of the TTA and BAL fluids were within the 95 per cent confidence interval in 38 and 24 per cent of cases, respectively; and an increase in percentage neutrophils was most common. It was concluded that BAL may be a useful diagnostic aid when evaluating horses with chronic lung disease, but that the clinical usefulness of cytological evaluations of TTA fluid may be limited in these cases.  相似文献   

15.
Total white blood cell (WBC) counts and percentages of CD4a+, CD8a+, CD5a+, CD45RA+, CD45RC+, wCD21+ and SWC3a+ cells in the peripheral blood of pigs were analysed in this study. Blood samples were collected before and on days 4, 10, 21 and 28 after vaccination. Group 1 pigs were vaccinated with a subunit E2 vaccine (gp E2 32 microg/dose), and Group 2 received a subunit vaccine combined with an attenuated ORF virus strain D1701 10(6.45) TCID50/dose. Control pigs received a placebo. The total WBC count and percentage of particular cell types were within the normal range in vaccinated and control pigs. Although the mechanism of attenuated ORF virus activity is not clear, changes were observed in CD4a+, CD5a+, CD8a+, CD45RA+ and CD45RC+ cells in pigs that received the combination of a subunit vaccine and ORF virus. However, the percentage of wCD21+ and SWC3a+ did not differ significantly from that recorded in pigs given only the subunit vaccine. At days 4 and 10 the number of pigs positive to E2 antibodies was higher in the group that received the subunit vaccine and ORF virus than in pigs vaccinated with the subunit vaccine only. A higher percentage of memory cells (CD45RC+) as well as Th and Tc lymphocytes in pigs that received the ORF virus and the subunit vaccine could be ascribed to a nonspecific influence of the ORF virus on the development (through cognate interactions between T and B cells) and the duration (presumed according to the finding of the clonal expression of memory cells) of humoral immunity (assessed by a higher number of seropositive pigs in this group). This seems likely since the proportion of these cells was found to be lower in the pigs that received E2 vaccine only.  相似文献   

16.
In this study, the efficacy of two attenuated porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccines was assessed. The virological protection in the lungs of vaccinated pigs upon challenge was studied. Also, challenged pigs were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to evaluate clinical protection. Six-week-old pigs were immunized intramuscularly with commercial vaccines based on either an attenuated American or an attenuated European virus strain. Non-immunized pigs and pigs intramuscularly inoculated with the virulent Lelystad strain were included as controls. Six weeks after immunization, pigs were challenged either intratracheally or intranasally with the Lelystad strain, and 3 and 6 days later intratracheally exposed to Escherichia coli LPS. After LPS administration, pigs were monitored for clinical signs. At 4 and 7 days after challenge, pigs were euthanized to determine virus quantities in broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) fluids and in lungs. Challenge virus was recovered from three out of eight pigs that had been primo-inoculated with the Lelystad strain with titers ranging between 0.3 and 3.1 log(10). Fifteen out of sixteen pigs vaccinated with the attenuated American strain were positive for challenge virus and their mean virus titers were similar to those of non-immunized challenge controls. Eleven out of 16 pigs vaccinated with the attenuated European strain were positive for challenge virus and their mean virus titers were 2.0-2.5 log(10) lower than those of non-immunized challenge controls. Thus, the virological protection in the lungs of vaccinated pigs upon challenge was incomplete, but was more pronounced in the homologous situation. Clinical signs upon LPS exposure in both vaccinated groups were not reproducible in two experiments.  相似文献   

17.
Percentages of T-helper (OKT4), T-suppressor (OKTB), and B (B1) lymphocytes were determined in peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) from six cynomolgus monkeys using an alkaline phosphatase based immunoenzymatic staining technique. The percent of each lymphocyte subset in lung lavage fluids were 40 +/- 9%, 26 +/- 7% and 11 +/- 4% for OKT4, OKT8 and B1, respectively. This cell distribution is similar to that obtained from normal human BAL samples using fluorescence techniques to evaluate binding. Values for peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets were not statistically different from BAL. This immunoenzymatic technique avoids the necessity for cell separation procedures which are used to alleviate problems with alveolar macrophage autofluorescence that can be encountered in fluorescence based assays of BAL samples. This technique also can be used by laboratories interested in lymphocyte characterization, but not equipped for fluorescence microscopy or flow cytometry.  相似文献   

18.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate retention of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in houseflies for various time frames and temperatures. SAMPLE POPULATION: Fifteen 2-week-old pigs, two 10-week-old pigs, and laboratory-cultivated houseflies. PROCEDURE: In an initial experiment, houseflies were exposed to PRRSV; housed at 15 degrees, 20 degrees, 25 degrees, and 30 degrees C; and tested at various time points. In a second experiment to determine dynamics of virus retention, houseflies were exposed to PRRSV and housed under controlled field conditions for 48 hours. Changes in the percentage of PRRSV-positive flies and virus load per fly were assessed over time, and detection of infective virus at 48 hours after exposure was measured. Finally, in a third experiment, virus loads were measured in houseflies allowed to feed on blood, oropharyngeal washings, and nasal washings obtained from experimentally infected pigs. RESULTS: In experiment 1, PRRSV retention in houseflies was proportional to temperature. In the second experiment, the percentage of PRRSV-positive houseflies and virus load per fly decreased over time; however, infective PRRSV was found in houseflies 48 hours after exposure. In experiment 3, PRRSV was detected in houseflies allowed to feed on all 3 porcine body fluids. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: For the conditions of this study, houseflies did not support PRRSV replication. Therefore, retention of PRRSV in houseflies appears to be a function of initial virus load after ingestion and environmental temperature. These factors may impact the risk of insect-borne spread of PRRSV among farms.  相似文献   

19.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of various environmental temperatures (ET) on the ability of neonatal pigs to cope with an endotoxin challenge. ANIMALS: 28 crossbred male pigs that were 24 hours old. PROCEDURE: At 24 hours of age, pigs were placed in environmentally controlled chambers maintained at 18 or 34 C (14 pigs/ET). Rectal temperatures (RT) were recorded at 15-minute intervals for 3 hours following an IP injection of 0.9% NaCl (7 control pigs/ET) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 150 microg/kg of body weight; 7 LPS-treated pigs/ET). Tissue specimens and blood samples were collected following the 3-hour challenge period. RESULTS: LPS-treated pigs exposed to 18 C had a period of hypothermia whereas RT for LPS-treated pigs at 34 C did not differ from control pigs. The LPS-treated pigs maintained at 18 C lost the most body weight during the 3-hour period and also had the greatest increase in serum cortisol concentration. Serum prolactin (PRL) concentration was decreased in pigs at 18 C, compared with pigs at 34 C. Challenge with LPS resulted in an increase in serum PRL concentration at 18 C but had no effect on serum PRL at 34 C. Challenge with LPS resulted in an increase in expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta, and interleukin-6 receptor mRNA in the hypothalamus. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Exposure to a cold ET can inhibit the ability of neonatal pigs to cope with an exogenous endotoxin challenge. When combined, cold stress and exposure to exogenous endotoxin induces a rapid and potentially dangerous loss of body temperature in neonatal pigs.  相似文献   

20.
The present study was designed to evaluate the possible effect of dietary oregano etheric oils as non-specific immunostimulating agents in growth-retarded, low-weight growing-finishing pigs. Forty-nine growth-retarded (> 10% under average weight in a group) growing-finishing pigs of the same age were assigned to two groups and treated as follows: Group 1 (n = 25): the animals weighed 58.2 +/- 2.4 kg and were fed until slaughter ad libitum with a commercial fattening diet supplemented with 3000 ppm commercial oregano feed additive (Oregpig Pecs, Hungary). Oregpig is dried leaf and flower of Origanum vulgare, enriched with 500 g/kg cold-pressed essential oils of the leaf and flower of Origanum vulgare. Analysis of Oregpig: 60 g carvacrol and 55 g thymol/kilogram. Group 2 (n = 24): the animals weighed 57.9 +/- 2.6 kg and were fed until slaughter with the same diet without Oregpig supplementation. Oregpig-receiving pigs showed a significantly (P < 0.05) better average daily gain and feed conversion rate than the non-treated animals (Oregpig group 788.1 +/- 31.3 g, control animals 709.3 +/- 42.2 g; 2.96, vs. 3.08, respectively). Mortality was significantly (P < 0.001) higher in the non-treated animals (Oregpig group, 1 animal = 4%; control, 8 animals = 33.3%). The proportion of CD4, CD8, MHC class II antigen, and non-T/non-B cells in peripheral blood lymphocytes was significantly higher in the Oregpig-receiving pigs than in the control animals. The proportion of CD4+ CD8+ double-positive T lymphocytes in peripheral blood and mesenteric lymph nodes was higher in the Oregpig-receiving pigs than in the control animals. Implication: Dietary oregano improves growth in growth-retarded growing-finishing pigs and has non-specific immunostimulatory effects on porcine immune cells.  相似文献   

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